Protect the Args field of NAryExpr when it is immutable.

* Made changing the reference throw an exception if the NAryExpr was
constructed as immutable
* Changed the type of NAryExpr.Args to be IList<Expr> rather than
List<Expr> so that when the NAryExpr is immutable I can return
``_Args.AsReadOnly()`` (instead of ``_Args``) which returns a read
only wrapper around the List<Expr> so that clients cannot change the
list.

I came across two problems

* Making this change required changing types all over the place (from
List<Expr> to IList<Expr>). I feel that changes are extensive enough
that there's a good chance that out of tree clients using Boogie's
libraries might break. I've waited for a code review but this didn't
happen so I'm committing anyway.

* I came across something that looks like bad design of the IAppliable
interface which potentially breaks immutability enforcement. I've left
this as a "FIXME" in this. Here's the problematic method.

```
Type Typecheck(ref List<Expr>/*!*/ args, out
TypeParamInstantiation/*!*/ tpInstantiation, TypecheckingContext/*!*/
tc);
```

It potentially allows the instance of the args to be changed which
seems very suspect.

5 files changed, 66 insertions, 38 deletions

diff --git a/Source/Core/Absy.cs b/Source/Core/Absy.cs
index 9f7e57cf..a1a54024 100644
--- a/Source/Core/Absy.cs
+++ b/Source/Core/Absy.cs
@@ -4129,6 +4129,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
   }

 

   public static class Emitter {

+

     public static void Emit(this List<Declaration/*!*/>/*!*/ decls, TokenTextWriter stream) {

       Contract.Requires(stream != null);

       Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(decls));

@@ -4156,7 +4157,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       }

     }

 

-    public static void Emit(this List<Expr> ts, TokenTextWriter stream) {

+    public static void Emit(this IList<Expr> ts, TokenTextWriter stream) {

       Contract.Requires(stream != null);

       string sep = "";

       stream.push();

diff --git a/Source/Core/AbsyExpr.cs b/Source/Core/AbsyExpr.cs
index 4efabe97..3938e396 100644
--- a/Source/Core/AbsyExpr.cs
+++ b/Source/Core/AbsyExpr.cs
@@ -1105,7 +1105,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
     /// <param name="stream"></param>

     /// <param name="contextBindingStrength"></param>

     /// <param name="fragileContext"></param>

-    void Emit(List<Expr>/*!*/ args, TokenTextWriter/*!*/ stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext);

+    void Emit(IList<Expr>/*!*/ args, TokenTextWriter/*!*/ stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext);

 

     void Resolve(ResolutionContext/*!*/ rc, Expr/*!*/ subjectForErrorReporting);

 

@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
     /// <summary>

     /// Returns the result type of the IAppliable, supposing the argument are of the correct types.

     /// </summary>

-    Type/*!*/ ShallowType(List<Expr>/*!*/ args);

+    Type/*!*/ ShallowType(IList<Expr>/*!*/ args);

 

     T Dispatch<T>(IAppliableVisitor<T>/*!*/ visitor);

   }

@@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       }

     }

 

-    public void Emit(List<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

+    public void Emit(IList<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

       Contract.Requires(args != null);

       Contract.Requires(stream != null);

       throw new NotImplementedException();

@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       throw new NotImplementedException();

     }

 

-    public Type ShallowType(List<Expr> args) {

+    public Type ShallowType(IList<Expr> args) {

       Contract.Requires(args != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<Type>() != null);

 

@@ -1278,7 +1278,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       }

     }

 

-    public void Emit(List<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

+    public void Emit(IList<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

       //Contract.Requires(stream != null);

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       stream.SetToken(ref this.tok);

@@ -1346,7 +1346,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
         this.FunctionName, arg0type);

       return null;

     }

-    public Type ShallowType(List<Expr> args) {

+    public Type ShallowType(IList<Expr> args) {

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<Type>() != null);

       switch (this.op) {

@@ -1494,7 +1494,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       }

     }

 

-    public void Emit(List<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

+    public void Emit(IList<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

       //Contract.Requires(stream != null);

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       stream.SetToken(ref this.tok);

@@ -1716,7 +1716,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       return null;

     }

 

-    public Type ShallowType(List<Expr> args) {

+    public Type ShallowType(IList<Expr> args) {

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<Type>() != null);

       switch (this.op) {

@@ -1954,7 +1954,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       return Func.GetHashCode();

     }

 

-    virtual public void Emit(List<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

+    virtual public void Emit(IList<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

       //Contract.Requires(stream != null);

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       this.name.Emit(stream, 0xF0, false);

@@ -2027,7 +2027,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
         return actualResultType[0];

       }

     }

-    public Type ShallowType(List<Expr> args) {

+    public Type ShallowType(IList<Expr> args) {

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<Type>() != null);

       Contract.Assume(name.Type != null);

@@ -2075,7 +2075,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       }

     }

 

-    public void Emit(List<Expr>/*!*/ args, TokenTextWriter/*!*/ stream,

+    public void Emit(IList<Expr>/*!*/ args, TokenTextWriter/*!*/ stream,

                      int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       //Contract.Requires(stream != null);

@@ -2127,7 +2127,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       return this.Type;

     }

 

-    public Type ShallowType(List<Expr> args) {

+    public Type ShallowType(IList<Expr> args) {

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<Type>() != null);

       return this.Type;

@@ -2206,7 +2206,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       }

     }

 

-    virtual public void Emit(List<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

+    virtual public void Emit(IList<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

       //Contract.Requires(stream != null);

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       stream.Write(this.name);

@@ -2237,7 +2237,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       return this.type;

     }

 

-    public Type ShallowType(List<Expr> args) {

+    public Type ShallowType(IList<Expr> args) {

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<Type>() != null);

       return this.type;

@@ -2264,8 +2264,21 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
         _Fun = value;

       }

     }

-    // FIXME: Protect this field when immutable

-    public List<Expr> Args;

+    private List<Expr> _Args;

+    public IList<Expr> Args {

+      get {

+        if (Immutable)

+          return _Args.AsReadOnly();

+        else

+          return _Args;

+      }

+      set {

+        if (Immutable)

+          throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot change Args of Immutable NAryExpr");

+

+        _Args = value as List<Expr>;

+    }

+  }

 

     [ContractInvariantMethod]

     void ObjectInvariant() {

@@ -2279,16 +2292,30 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
     public TypeParamInstantiation TypeParameters = null;

 

     [Captured]

-    public NAryExpr(IToken/*!*/ tok, IAppliable/*!*/ fun, List<Expr>/*!*/ args, bool immutable=false)

+    public NAryExpr(IToken/*!*/ tok, IAppliable/*!*/ fun, IList<Expr>/*!*/ args, bool immutable=false)

       : base(tok, immutable) {

       Contract.Requires(tok != null);

       Contract.Requires(fun != null);

       Contract.Requires(args != null);

       _Fun = fun;

-      Args = args;

       Contract.Assert(Contract.ForAll(0, args.Count, index => args[index] != null));

-      if (immutable)

-        CachedHashCode = ComputeHashCode();

+      if (immutable) {

+          // We need to make a new list because the client might be holding

+          // references to the list that they gave us which could be used to

+          // circumvent the immutability enforcement

+          _Args = new List<Expr>(args);

+          CachedHashCode = ComputeHashCode();

+      } else {

+        if (args is List<Expr>) {

+          // Preserve NAryExpr's old behaviour, we take ownership of the List<Expr>.

+          // We can only do this if the type matches

+          _Args = args as List<Expr>;

+        }

+        else {

+          // Otherwise we must make a copy

+          _Args = new List<Expr> (args);

+        }

+      }

     }

     [Pure]

     [Reads(ReadsAttribute.Reads.Nothing)]

@@ -2365,7 +2392,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
         // typechecked and does not need to be checked again

                TypeParameters == null) {

         TypeParamInstantiation tpInsts;

-        Type = Fun.Typecheck(ref Args, out tpInsts, tc);

+        Type = Fun.Typecheck(ref _Args, out tpInsts, tc); // FIXME: Might break immutability

         TypeParameters = tpInsts;

       }

       IOverloadedAppliable oa = Fun as IOverloadedAppliable;

@@ -2431,7 +2458,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       return Arity.GetHashCode() * 2823;

     }

 

-    public void Emit(List<Expr>/*!*/ args, TokenTextWriter/*!*/ stream,

+    public void Emit(IList<Expr>/*!*/ args, TokenTextWriter/*!*/ stream,

                      int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       //Contract.Requires(stream != null);

@@ -2439,7 +2466,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       Emit(args, stream, contextBindingStrength, fragileContext, false);

     }

 

-    public static void Emit(List<Expr>/*!*/ args, TokenTextWriter/*!*/ stream,

+    public static void Emit(IList<Expr>/*!*/ args, TokenTextWriter/*!*/ stream,

                             int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext,

                             bool withRhs) {

       Contract.Requires(args != null);

@@ -2464,7 +2491,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
 

       if (withRhs) {

         stream.Write(" := ");

-        cce.NonNull(args.FindLast(Item => true)).Emit(stream);

+        cce.NonNull(args.Last()).Emit(stream);

       }

 

       stream.Write("]");

@@ -2550,7 +2577,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
     /// <summary>

     /// Returns the result type of the IAppliable, supposing the argument are of the correct types.

     /// </summary>

-    public Type ShallowType(List<Expr> args) {

+    public Type ShallowType(IList<Expr> args) {

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<Type>() != null);

       Expr a0 = cce.NonNull(args[0]);

@@ -2612,7 +2639,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       return Arity.GetHashCode() * 28231;

     }

 

-    public void Emit(List<Expr>/*!*/ args, TokenTextWriter/*!*/ stream,

+    public void Emit(IList<Expr>/*!*/ args, TokenTextWriter/*!*/ stream,

                      int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       //Contract.Requires(stream != null);

@@ -2633,7 +2660,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
     }

 

     // it is assumed that each of the arguments has already been typechecked

-    public static Type Typecheck(List<Expr>/*!*/ args, out TypeParamInstantiation/*!*/ tpInstantiation,

+    public static Type Typecheck(IList<Expr>/*!*/ args, out TypeParamInstantiation/*!*/ tpInstantiation,

                                  TypecheckingContext/*!*/ tc,

                                  IToken/*!*/ typeCheckingSubject,

                                  string/*!*/ opName) {

@@ -2656,9 +2683,9 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
         // error messages have already been created by MapSelect.Typecheck

         return null;

       }

-      Type rhsType = cce.NonNull(cce.NonNull(args.FindLast(Item => true)).Type);

+      Type rhsType = cce.NonNull(cce.NonNull(args.Last()).Type);

       if (!resultType.Unify(rhsType)) {

-        tc.Error(cce.NonNull(args.FindLast(Item => true)).tok,

+        tc.Error(cce.NonNull(args.Last()).tok,

                  "right-hand side in {0} with wrong type: {1} (expected: {2})",

                  opName, rhsType, resultType);

         return null;

@@ -2681,7 +2708,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
     /// <summary>

     /// Returns the result type of the IAppliable, supposing the argument are of the correct types.

     /// </summary>

-    public Type ShallowType(List<Expr> args) {

+    public Type ShallowType(IList<Expr> args) {

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<Type>() != null);

       return cce.NonNull(args[0]).ShallowType;

@@ -2743,7 +2770,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       return 1;

     }

 

-    public void Emit(List<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

+    public void Emit(IList<Expr> args, TokenTextWriter stream, int contextBindingStrength, bool fragileContext) {

       //Contract.Requires(stream != null);

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       stream.SetToken(this);

@@ -2800,7 +2827,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
     /// <summary>

     /// Returns the result type of the IAppliable, supposing the argument are of the correct types.

     /// </summary>

-    public Type ShallowType(List<Expr> args) {

+    public Type ShallowType(IList<Expr> args) {

       //Contract.Requires(args != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<Type>() != null);

       return cce.NonNull(args[1]).ShallowType;

diff --git a/Source/Core/Duplicator.cs b/Source/Core/Duplicator.cs
index 4350571a..becd1791 100644
--- a/Source/Core/Duplicator.cs
+++ b/Source/Core/Duplicator.cs
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<Expr>() != null);

       return base.VisitExpr((Expr)node.Clone());

     }

-    public override List<Expr> VisitExprSeq(List<Expr> list) {

+    public override IList<Expr> VisitExprSeq(IList<Expr> list) {

       //Contract.Requires(list != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<List<Expr>>() != null);

       return base.VisitExprSeq(new List<Expr>(list));

diff --git a/Source/Core/StandardVisitor.cs b/Source/Core/StandardVisitor.cs
index 82cd5025..8c3d6326 100644
--- a/Source/Core/StandardVisitor.cs
+++ b/Source/Core/StandardVisitor.cs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
     public virtual void TransferStateTo(Visitor targetVisitor) {

     }

 

-    public virtual List<Expr> VisitExprSeq(List<Expr> list) {

+    public virtual IList<Expr> VisitExprSeq(IList<Expr> list) {

       Contract.Requires(list != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<List<Expr>>() != null);

       lock (list)

@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       Expr e = (Expr)this.Visit(node);

       return e;

     }

-    public override List<Expr> VisitExprSeq(List<Expr> exprSeq) {

+    public override IList<Expr> VisitExprSeq(IList<Expr> exprSeq) {

       //Contract.Requires(exprSeq != null);

       Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<List<Expr>>() != null);

       for (int i = 0, n = exprSeq.Count; i < n; i++)

@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
           Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<Expr>() == node);

           return (Expr)this.Visit(node);

       }

-      public override List<Expr> VisitExprSeq(List<Expr> exprSeq)

+      public override IList<Expr> VisitExprSeq(IList<Expr> exprSeq)

       {

           Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<List<Expr>>() == exprSeq);

           for (int i = 0, n = exprSeq.Count; i < n; i++)

diff --git a/Source/Core/Util.cs b/Source/Core/Util.cs
index 4afd6f69..3b8412b9 100644
--- a/Source/Core/Util.cs
+++ b/Source/Core/Util.cs
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ namespace Microsoft.Boogie {
       } else if (e is NAryExpr) {

         NAryExpr ne = (NAryExpr)e;

         IAppliable fun = ne.Fun;

-        List<Expr> eSeq = ne.Args;

+        var eSeq = ne.Args;

         if (fun != null) {

           if ((fun.FunctionName == "$Length" || fun.FunctionName == "$StringLength") && eSeq.Count == 1) {

             Expr e0 = eSeq[0];