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# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
"""Weight initializers for use with layers."""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
import math
from tensorflow.python.framework import dtypes
from tensorflow.python.ops import random_ops
__all__ = ['xavier_initializer', 'xavier_initializer_conv2d',
'variance_scaling_initializer']
def xavier_initializer(uniform=True, seed=None, dtype=dtypes.float32):
"""Returns an initializer performing "Xavier" initialization for weights.
This function implements the weight initialization from:
Xavier Glorot and Yoshua Bengio (2010):
Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural
networks. International conference on artificial intelligence and
statistics.
This initializer is designed to keep the scale of the gradients roughly the
same in all layers. In uniform distribution this ends up being the range:
`x = sqrt(6. / (in + out)); [-x, x]` and for normal distribution a standard
deviation of `sqrt(3. / (in + out))` is used.
Args:
uniform: Whether to use uniform or normal distributed random initialization.
seed: A Python integer. Used to create random seeds. See
@{tf.set_random_seed} for behavior.
dtype: The data type. Only floating point types are supported.
Returns:
An initializer for a weight matrix.
"""
return variance_scaling_initializer(factor=1.0, mode='FAN_AVG',
uniform=uniform, seed=seed, dtype=dtype)
xavier_initializer_conv2d = xavier_initializer
def variance_scaling_initializer(factor=2.0, mode='FAN_IN', uniform=False,
seed=None, dtype=dtypes.float32):
"""Returns an initializer that generates tensors without scaling variance.
When initializing a deep network, it is in principle advantageous to keep
the scale of the input variance constant, so it does not explode or diminish
by reaching the final layer. This initializer use the following formula:
```python
if mode='FAN_IN': # Count only number of input connections.
n = fan_in
elif mode='FAN_OUT': # Count only number of output connections.
n = fan_out
elif mode='FAN_AVG': # Average number of inputs and output connections.
n = (fan_in + fan_out)/2.0
truncated_normal(shape, 0.0, stddev=sqrt(factor / n))
```
* To get [Delving Deep into Rectifiers](
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.01852v1.pdf), use (Default):<br/>
`factor=2.0 mode='FAN_IN' uniform=False`
* To get [Convolutional Architecture for Fast Feature Embedding](
http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.5093), use:<br/>
`factor=1.0 mode='FAN_IN' uniform=True`
* To get [Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural
networks](http://jmlr.org/proceedings/papers/v9/glorot10a/glorot10a.pdf),
use:<br/>
`factor=1.0 mode='FAN_AVG' uniform=True.`
* To get `xavier_initializer` use either:<br/>
`factor=1.0 mode='FAN_AVG' uniform=True`, or<br/>
`factor=1.0 mode='FAN_AVG' uniform=False`.
Args:
factor: Float. A multiplicative factor.
mode: String. 'FAN_IN', 'FAN_OUT', 'FAN_AVG'.
uniform: Whether to use uniform or normal distributed random initialization.
seed: A Python integer. Used to create random seeds. See
@{tf.set_random_seed} for behavior.
dtype: The data type. Only floating point types are supported.
Returns:
An initializer that generates tensors with unit variance.
Raises:
ValueError: if `dtype` is not a floating point type.
TypeError: if `mode` is not in ['FAN_IN', 'FAN_OUT', 'FAN_AVG'].
"""
if not dtype.is_floating:
raise TypeError('Cannot create initializer for non-floating point type.')
if mode not in ['FAN_IN', 'FAN_OUT', 'FAN_AVG']:
raise TypeError('Unknow mode %s [FAN_IN, FAN_OUT, FAN_AVG]', mode)
# pylint: disable=unused-argument
def _initializer(shape, dtype=dtype, partition_info=None):
"""Initializer function."""
if not dtype.is_floating:
raise TypeError('Cannot create initializer for non-floating point type.')
# Estimating fan_in and fan_out is not possible to do perfectly, but we try.
# This is the right thing for matrix multiply and convolutions.
if shape:
fan_in = float(shape[-2]) if len(shape) > 1 else float(shape[-1])
fan_out = float(shape[-1])
else:
fan_in = 1.0
fan_out = 1.0
for dim in shape[:-2]:
fan_in *= float(dim)
fan_out *= float(dim)
if mode == 'FAN_IN':
# Count only number of input connections.
n = fan_in
elif mode == 'FAN_OUT':
# Count only number of output connections.
n = fan_out
elif mode == 'FAN_AVG':
# Average number of inputs and output connections.
n = (fan_in + fan_out) / 2.0
if uniform:
# To get stddev = math.sqrt(factor / n) need to adjust for uniform.
limit = math.sqrt(3.0 * factor / n)
return random_ops.random_uniform(shape, -limit, limit,
dtype, seed=seed)
else:
# To get stddev = math.sqrt(factor / n) need to adjust for truncated.
trunc_stddev = math.sqrt(1.3 * factor / n)
return random_ops.truncated_normal(shape, 0.0, trunc_stddev, dtype,
seed=seed)
# pylint: enable=unused-argument
return _initializer
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