path: root/tensorflow/contrib/estimator/python/estimator/replicate_model_fn.py

# Copyright 2017 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
"""Utilities to replicate model_fn's over local GPUs.

This file contains util that allow to replicate `Estimator.model_fn` over
GPUs.  Replicated version of a `model_fn` is returned that can subsequently
be used with `Estimator`.
"""

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

from collections import defaultdict
from contextlib import contextmanager
import copy

import six

from tensorflow.core.framework import node_def_pb2
from tensorflow.python.client import device_lib
from tensorflow.python.estimator import model_fn as model_fn_lib
from tensorflow.python.estimator import util
from tensorflow.python.estimator.export import export_output as export_output_lib
from tensorflow.python.framework import device as framework_device
from tensorflow.python.framework import ops as ops_lib
from tensorflow.python.framework import sparse_tensor
from tensorflow.python.ops import array_ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import control_flow_ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import math_ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import sparse_ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import state_ops
from tensorflow.python.ops import variable_scope
from tensorflow.python.ops.losses import losses
from tensorflow.python.platform import tf_logging
from tensorflow.python.training import device_setter as device_setter_lib
from tensorflow.python.training import optimizer as optimizer_lib


def replicate_model_fn(model_fn,
                       loss_reduction=losses.Reduction.SUM_BY_NONZERO_WEIGHTS,
                       devices=None):
  """Replicate `Estimator.model_fn` over GPUs.

  The given `model_fn` specifies a single forward pass of a model.  To replicate
  such a model over GPUs, each GPU gets its own instance of the forward pass
  (a.k.a. a tower).  The input features and labels get sharded into the chunks
  that correspond to the number of GPUs.  Each tower computes a loss based
  on its input.  For each such loss, gradients are computed.  After that, the
  available losses are aggregated to form aggregated loss.  Available
  gradients are summed.  Then, they update weights using the specified
  optimizer.

  If `devices` are `None`, then all available GPUs are going to be used for
  replication.  If no GPUs are available, then the model is going to be
  placed on the CPU.

  Two modes of local replication over available GPUs are supported:
    1)  If exactly 1 GPU is detected, then variables and operations are placed
        onto the GPU.
    2)  If more than 1 GPU is detected, then variables are going to be placed on
        the CPU.  Replicas of operations are placed on each individual GPU.

  Here is an example of how one might use their `model_fn` to run over GPUs:
    ```python
       ...
       def model_fn(...):  # See `model_fn` in `Estimator`.
         loss = ...
         optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(learning_rate=0.001)
         optimizer = tf.contrib.estimator.TowerOptimizer(optimizer)
         if mode == tf.estimator.ModeKeys.TRAIN:
           #  See the section below on `EstimatorSpec.train_op`.
           return EstimatorSpec(mode=mode, loss=loss,
                                train_op=optimizer.minimize(loss))

         #  No change for `ModeKeys.EVAL` or `ModeKeys.PREDICT`.
         return EstimatorSpec(...)
       ...
       classifier = tf.estimator.Estimator(
         model_fn=tf.contrib.estimator.replicate_model_fn(model_fn))
    ```

  Please see `DNNClassifierIntegrationTest` for an example with a canned
  Estimator.

  On `EstimatorSpec.train_op`:
  `model_fn` returns `EstimatorSpec.train_op` for
  `tf.estimator.GraphKeys.TRAIN`. It is typically derived using an optimizer.
  Towers are expected to populate it in the same way.  Gradients from all towers
  are reduced and applied in the last tower.  To achieve that in the case of
  multiple towers, `TowerOptimizer` needs to be used.  See `TowerOptimizer`.

  On sharding input features and labels:
  Input features and labels are split for consumption by each tower. They are
  split across the dimension 0.  Features and labels need to be batch major.

  On reduction algorithms:
  Certain algorithms were chosen for aggregating results of computations on
  multiple towers:
    - Losses from all towers are reduced according to `loss_reduction`.
    - Gradients from all towers are reduced according to `loss_reduction`
      for each trainable variable.
    - `eval_metrics_ops` are reduced per metric using `reduce_mean`.
    - `EstimatorSpec.predictions` and `EstimatorSpec.export_outputs` are
      reduced using concatenation.
    - For all other fields of `EstimatorSpec` the values of the first tower
      are taken.

  On distribution of variables:
  Variables are not duplicated between towers.  Instead, they are placed on a
  single device as defined above and shared across towers.

  On overhead:
  If only one device is specified, then aggregation of loss and gradients
  doesn't happen. Replication consists of placing `model_fn` onto the
  specified device.

  On current limitations:
    - `predictions` are not supported for `ModeKeys.EVAL`.  They are required
       for `tf.contrib.estimator.add_metrics`.

  Args:
    model_fn: `model_fn` as defined in `Estimator`.  See the section above about
      the train_op argument of `EstimatorSpec`.
    loss_reduction: controls whether losses are summed or averaged.
    devices: Optional list of devices to replicate the model across.  This
      argument can be used to replicate only on the subset of available GPUs.
      If `None`, then all available GPUs are going to be used for replication.
      If no GPUs are available, then the model is going to be placed on the CPU.

  Raises:
    ValueError: if there is no `loss_reduction` or if TowerOptimizer is
      mis-used.

  Returns:
    A replicated version of the supplied `model_fn`. Returned function that
      conforms to the requirements of `Estimator`'s `model_fn` and can be used
      instead of the supplied `model_fn`.
  """
  return _replicate_model_fn_with_mode(
      model_fn,
      loss_reduction,
      devices,
      # TODO(isaprykin): Query the system configuration to choose modes other
      # than `SHARED_LOCAL_PARAMETER_SERVER`, even though it is often
      # appropriate.
      mode=_VariableDistributionMode.SHARED_LOCAL_PARAMETER_SERVER)


class _VariableDistributionMode(object):
  """Modes for variable distribution used for forcing a particular one.

  Forcing a mode is meant for performance experimentation purposes rather than
  for general use cases.
  """

  SHARED_LOCAL_PARAMETER_SERVER = 1
  """Variables are placed on a single device and shared across all devices.

  Two ways to achieve this distribution over available GPUs are supported:
    1)  If exactly 1 GPU is detected, then variables and operations are placed
        onto GPU.
    2)  If more than 1 GPU is detected, then variables are going to be placed on
        the CPU.  Replicas of operations are placed on each individual GPU.
  """

  SHARED_ROUND_ROBIN = 2
  """Variables are placed on all devices in a round-robin fashion.

  Every subsequent variable is placed on the next device.  There is only one
  copy of each variable that is shared across all devices.
  """


def _replicate_model_fn_with_mode(
    model_fn,
    loss_reduction,
    devices=None,
    mode=_VariableDistributionMode.SHARED_LOCAL_PARAMETER_SERVER):
  """A version of `replicate_model_fn` that allows to specify a `mode`."""
  if loss_reduction == losses.Reduction.NONE:
    raise ValueError('Tower losses need to be reduced in some way, yet {} '
                     'reduction is specified.'.format(loss_reduction))
  if not devices:
    devices = _get_local_devices('GPU') or _get_local_devices('CPU')

  is_a_single_gpu_case = len(devices) == 1 and 'GPU' in devices[0].upper()
  consolidation_device = devices[0] if is_a_single_gpu_case else '/CPU:0'

  ps_devices = [consolidation_device]
  if mode == _VariableDistributionMode.SHARED_ROUND_ROBIN:
    ps_devices = devices

  tf_logging.info('Replicating the `model_fn` across {}.  Variables are going '
                  'to be placed on {}.  Consolidation device is going to be {}.'
                  .format(devices, ps_devices, consolidation_device))

  def single_device_model_fn(features, labels, mode, params=None, config=None):
    """`model_fn` on a single device without reduction overhead."""
    return _get_loss_towers(
        model_fn=model_fn,
        mode=mode,
        features=[features],
        labels=[labels],
        params=params,
        loss_reduction=loss_reduction,
        config=config,
        devices=devices,
        local_ps_devices=ps_devices)[0]  # One device, so one spec is out.

  def replicated_model_fn(features, labels, mode, params=None, config=None):
    """Replicated version of `model_fn` to be used instead."""
    feature_shards, label_shards = _split_batch(
        features, labels, len(devices), device=consolidation_device)
    tower_specs = _get_loss_towers(
        model_fn=model_fn,
        mode=mode,
        features=feature_shards,
        labels=label_shards,
        params=params,
        loss_reduction=loss_reduction,
        config=config,
        devices=devices,
        local_ps_devices=ps_devices)

    if mode == model_fn_lib.ModeKeys.TRAIN:
      train_op = _minimize_towers(tower_specs)
      return _train_spec(
          tower_specs, train_op, aggregation_device=consolidation_device)
    elif mode == model_fn_lib.ModeKeys.EVAL:
      return _eval_spec(tower_specs, aggregation_device=consolidation_device)
    elif mode == model_fn_lib.ModeKeys.PREDICT:
      return _predict_spec(tower_specs, aggregation_device=consolidation_device)

  if len(devices) == 1:
    return single_device_model_fn
  else:
    return replicated_model_fn


class TowerOptimizer(optimizer_lib.Optimizer):
  """Gathers gradients from all towers and reduces them in the last one."""

  COLLECTION_FOR_GRAPH_STATES = 'replicate_model_fn_graph_states'

  def __init__(self, optimizer_or_optimizer_fn):
    """Wrap an existing optimizer for gathering gradients across towers.

    Each invocation of model_fn has to call the same optimizers in the same
    order.

    Multiple optimizers that use the same or different losses are supported.

    If TowerOptimizer is used but `replicate_model_fn` isn't, then no
    aggregation will happen.  All calls will simply be forwarded to the
    underlying optimizer. The behavior is similar if there is only one tower.

    If TowerOptimizer is used together with SyncReplicasOptimizer that wraps
    the user's optimizer, then it's the SyncReplicasOptimizer that needs to be
    wrapped with TowerOptimizer.

    Args:
      optimizer_or_optimizer_fn: an instance of optimizer to wrap.  That
        instance is going to be used for optimizer-specific logic.  This can
        also be a no-argument function that returns such an optimizer instance.
    """
    self._optimizer_or_optimizer_fn = optimizer_or_optimizer_fn

  @staticmethod
  def has_been_used():
    return TowerOptimizer._graph_state().has_tower_optimizer_been_used

  def get_slot(self, *args, **kwargs):
    return self._get_optimizer().get_slot(*args, **kwargs)

  def get_slot_names(self, *args, **kwargs):
    return self._get_optimizer().get_slot_names(*args, **kwargs)

  def get_name(self, *args, **kwargs):
    return self._get_optimizer().get_name(*args, **kwargs)

  def variables(self, *args, **kwargs):
    return self._get_optimizer().variables(*args, **kwargs)

  def compute_gradients(self, loss, *args, **kwargs):
    """Compute gradients, but first, if needed, scale the loss."""
    loss = _scale_loss(loss,
                       self._graph_state().loss_reduction,
                       self._graph_state().number_of_towers)
    return self._get_optimizer().compute_gradients(loss, *args, **kwargs)

  def apply_gradients(self, grads_and_vars, global_step=None, **kwargs):
    """Collect gradients updates to apply them with the last tower."""
    if self._graph_state().number_of_towers == 1:
      # Avoid the overhead of reduction if there's only one tower.
      #
      # There assumed to be only one tower if aggregation-related methods were
      # not called by `_get_loss_towers`, for example if the model_fn uses
      # TowerEstimator, but `replicate_model_fn` isn't used.
      return self._get_optimizer().apply_gradients(grads_and_vars, global_step,
                                                   **kwargs)

    self._graph_state().collect_gradients(grads_and_vars)

    if not self._graph_state().is_the_last_tower:
      with ops_lib.control_dependencies(_extract_tensors(grads_and_vars)):
        return self._construct_no_op_train_op()
    else:
      # Gradients need to be gathered and applied in the scope of the first
      # tower, so that the tensors are accessible via names without prefixes.
      var_scope, name_scope = self._graph_state().scopes_of_the_first_tower
      with variable_scope.variable_scope(var_scope):
        with ops_lib.name_scope(name_scope):
          return self._apply_gathered_gradients(global_step, **kwargs)

  def _apply_gathered_gradients(self, global_step, **kwargs):
    graph_state = self._graph_state()
    optimizer = self._get_optimizer()

    grad_lists = {}
    for grad, var in graph_state.get_latest_gradients_from_all_towers():
      if grad is not None:
        grad_lists.setdefault(var, []).append(grad)

    aggregated_grads = []
    with ops_lib.name_scope('gradient_aggregating'):
      for var, grads in six.iteritems(grad_lists):
        grad = _compute_sum_on_device(grads, var.device)
        aggregated_grads.append((grad, var))
    return optimizer.apply_gradients(
        aggregated_grads, global_step=global_step, **kwargs)

  def _get_optimizer(self):
    if callable(self._optimizer_or_optimizer_fn):
      # If optimizer is given as a function then we need to wait till we are
      # under the right graph context before constructing it.  That's why the
      # optimizer is constructed in _get_optimizer() rather than __init__().
      self._optimizer_or_optimizer_fn = self._optimizer_or_optimizer_fn()
    self._graph_state().has_tower_optimizer_been_used = True
    return self._optimizer_or_optimizer_fn

  def _construct_no_op_train_op(self):
    return control_flow_ops.no_op(name='train_op_placeholder')

  @staticmethod
  def _graph_state():
    graph_states = ops_lib.get_default_graph().get_collection_ref(
        TowerOptimizer.COLLECTION_FOR_GRAPH_STATES)
    if not graph_states:
      graph_states.append(TowerOptimizer._PerGraphState())
    return graph_states[-1]

  @staticmethod
  def _did_towers_have_same_optimizer_calls():
    graph_state = TowerOptimizer._graph_state()
    return graph_state.did_towers_have_same_optimizer_calls()

  @staticmethod
  def _clear_graph_state():
    # Clearing the Graph collection will prevent _PerGraphState from being
    # serialized.
    ops_lib.get_default_graph().clear_collection(
        TowerOptimizer.COLLECTION_FOR_GRAPH_STATES)

  class _PerGraphState(object):
    """Gradient reduction related state of a Tensorflow graph."""

    def __init__(self):
      self._collected_grads_and_vars = defaultdict(list)
      self._current_tower_index = 0
      self._number_of_towers = 1
      self._loss_reduction = None
      # Scopes of the first tower that don't have a prefix:
      self._variable_scope = None
      self._name_scope = None
      # If needed, alert that TowerOptimizer needs to be used with model_fn.
      self._has_tower_optimizer_been_used = False

    def collect_gradients(self, grads_and_vars):
      self._collected_grads_and_vars[self._current_tower_index].append(
          grads_and_vars)

    def get_latest_gradients_from_all_towers(self):
      """Get gradients across towers for the last called optimizer."""
      grads_and_vars = []
      index_of_last_gradients = len(
          self._collected_grads_and_vars[self._current_tower_index]) - 1
      for tower_id in range(self._current_tower_index + 1):
        grads_and_vars.extend(
            self._collected_grads_and_vars[tower_id][index_of_last_gradients])
      return grads_and_vars

    def set_reduction_across_towers(self, loss_reduction, number_of_towers):
      self._loss_reduction = loss_reduction
      self._number_of_towers = number_of_towers

    @contextmanager
    def tower(self, tower_id, var_scope, name_scope):
      if tower_id == 0:
        self._variable_scope = var_scope
        self._name_scope = name_scope
      self._current_tower_index = tower_id
      yield

    @property
    def scopes_of_the_first_tower(self):
      return self._variable_scope, self._name_scope

    @property
    def is_the_last_tower(self):
      return self._current_tower_index == (self._number_of_towers - 1)

    @property
    def number_of_towers(self):
      return self._number_of_towers

    @property
    def loss_reduction(self):
      return self._loss_reduction

    @property
    def has_tower_optimizer_been_used(self):
      return self._has_tower_optimizer_been_used

    @has_tower_optimizer_been_used.setter
    def has_tower_optimizer_been_used(self, value):
      self._has_tower_optimizer_been_used = value

    def did_towers_have_same_optimizer_calls(self):
      total_number_of_grads = sum([
          len(grads)
          for _, grads in six.iteritems(self._collected_grads_and_vars)
      ])
      return total_number_of_grads % self._number_of_towers == 0


def _get_local_devices(device_type):
  local_device_protos = device_lib.list_local_devices()
  return [
      device.name
      for device in local_device_protos
      if device.device_type == device_type
  ]


def _split_batch(features, labels, number_of_shards, device):
  """Split input features and labes into batches."""

  def ensure_divisible_by_shards(sequence):
    batch_size = ops_lib.convert_to_tensor(sequence).get_shape()[0]
    if batch_size % number_of_shards != 0:
      raise ValueError(
          'Batch size {} needs to be divisible by the number of GPUs, which '
          'is {}.'.format(batch_size, number_of_shards))

  def split_dictionary(dictionary):
    """Split a dictionary into shards."""
    shards = [{} for _ in range(number_of_shards)]
    for name, tensor in six.iteritems(dictionary):
      if isinstance(tensor, sparse_tensor.SparseTensor):
        for i, shard in enumerate(
            sparse_ops.sparse_split(
                sp_input=tensor, num_split=number_of_shards, axis=0)):
          shards[i][name] = shard
      else:
        ensure_divisible_by_shards(tensor)
        for i, shard in enumerate(array_ops.split(tensor, number_of_shards)):
          shards[i][name] = shard
    return shards

  with ops_lib.name_scope('split_inputs'):
    with ops_lib.device(device):
      if isinstance(features, dict):
        feature_shards = split_dictionary(features)
      else:
        ensure_divisible_by_shards(features)
        feature_shards = array_ops.split(features, number_of_shards)

      if labels is None:
        label_shards = None
      elif isinstance(labels, dict):
        label_shards = split_dictionary(labels)
      else:
        ensure_divisible_by_shards(labels)
        label_shards = array_ops.split(labels, number_of_shards)
  return feature_shards, label_shards


_DEFAULT_NAME_SCOPE_PATTERN = 'tower_{}'


def _get_loss_towers(model_fn,
                     mode,
                     features,
                     labels,
                     params,
                     config,
                     devices,
                     local_ps_devices,
                     loss_reduction,
                     name_scope_pattern=_DEFAULT_NAME_SCOPE_PATTERN):
  """Replicate the loss computation across devices."""
  tower_specs = []

  model_fn_args = util.fn_args(model_fn)
  optional_params = {}
  if 'params' in model_fn_args:
    optional_params['params'] = copy.deepcopy(params)
  if 'config' in model_fn_args:
    optional_params['config'] = copy.deepcopy(config)

  # pylint: disable=protected-access
  round_robin_strategy = device_setter_lib._RoundRobinStrategy(
      num_tasks=len(local_ps_devices))
  TowerOptimizer._graph_state().set_reduction_across_towers(
      loss_reduction, len(devices))

  for i, device in enumerate(devices):
    is_the_first_tower = (i == 0)

    device_setter = _local_device_setter(
        worker_device=device,
        ps_devices=local_ps_devices,
        ps_strategy=round_robin_strategy)

    # We would like to preserve the names of the variables and ops that the user
    # might be relying on. Names without a prefix are going to resolve to
    # variables and ops of the first tower.
    name_scope = name_scope_pattern
    if is_the_first_tower:
      name_scope = ''

    with variable_scope.variable_scope(
        '', reuse=not is_the_first_tower) as var_scope:
      with ops_lib.name_scope(name_scope.format(i)) as name_scope:
        with TowerOptimizer._graph_state().tower(
            tower_id=i, var_scope=var_scope, name_scope=name_scope):
          with ops_lib.device(device_setter):
            labels_shard = None
            if labels:
              labels_shard = labels[i]

            tower_spec = model_fn(
                mode=mode,
                features=features[i],
                labels=labels_shard,
                **optional_params)

            if (tower_spec.train_op is not None and len(devices) > 1 and
                not TowerOptimizer.has_been_used()):
              raise ValueError('Please wrap optimizers with TowerOptimizer'
                               ' in order to use replicate_model_fn with'
                               ' multiple `devices`.')

            # Scaling the loss here doesn't actually affect gradients.  Another
            # instance of scaling happens inside the TowerOptimizer.
            tower_spec = _scale_tower_loss(
                tower_spec, loss_reduction, number_of_towers=len(devices))
            tower_specs.append(tower_spec)

  if not TowerOptimizer._did_towers_have_same_optimizer_calls():
    raise ValueError('Each invocation of model_fn was supposed to make the same'
                     ' optimizer calls.')
  TowerOptimizer._clear_graph_state()
  # pylint: enable=protected-access
  return tower_specs


def _local_device_setter(worker_device, ps_devices, ps_strategy):
  """A device setter that puts distributes Var/Ops to PS/workers."""
  ps_ops = ['Variable', 'VariableV2', 'VarHandleOp']

  def local_device_chooser(op):
    current_device = framework_device.DeviceSpec.from_string(op.device or '')

    node_def = op if isinstance(op, node_def_pb2.NodeDef) else op.node_def
    if node_def.op in ps_ops:
      ps_device_spec = framework_device.DeviceSpec.from_string(
          '{}'.format(ps_devices[ps_strategy(op)]))

      ps_device_spec.merge_from(current_device)
      return ps_device_spec.to_string()
    else:
      worker_device_spec = framework_device.DeviceSpec.from_string(
          worker_device or '')
      worker_device_spec.merge_from(current_device)
      return worker_device_spec.to_string()

  return local_device_chooser


def _scale_tower_loss(tower_spec, loss_reduction, number_of_towers):
  """Produce an EstimatorSpec with approproriately scaled loss."""
  if tower_spec.loss is None:
    return tower_spec

  estimator_spec = _asdict(tower_spec)
  estimator_spec['loss'] = _scale_loss(tower_spec.loss, loss_reduction,
                                       number_of_towers)
  return model_fn_lib.EstimatorSpec(**estimator_spec)


def _scale_loss(loss, loss_reduction, number_of_towers):
  """If needed, scale down the loss for averaging loss by summing."""
  if loss is None:
    return None
  if number_of_towers == 1:
    return loss

  if loss_reduction != losses.Reduction.SUM:
    return math_ops.div(loss, 1.0 * number_of_towers, name='averaged_loss')
  else:
    return loss


def _minimize_towers(tower_specs):
  """`train_op` of the last tower applies aggregated gradients."""
  return tower_specs[-1].train_op


def _compute_sum_on_device(values, device, name=None):
  with ops_lib.device(device):
    if isinstance(values[0], ops_lib.IndexedSlices):
      if name:
        raise ValueError('The name {} is not expected to be given to '
                         'IndexedSlices {}'.format(name, values))

      values_concat = array_ops.concat([v.values for v in values], axis=0)
      indices_concat = array_ops.concat([v.indices for v in values], axis=0)
      return ops_lib.IndexedSlices(values_concat, indices_concat,
                                   values[0].dense_shape)
    else:
      return math_ops.add_n(values, name=name)


def _train_spec(tower_specs,
                train_op,
                aggregation_device,
                aggregated_loss_name='loss'):
  """Populate replicated EstimatorSpec for `GraphKeys.TRAIN`."""
  # Spec of the last tower is used as the template for the final spec, because
  # some `EstimatorSpec.training_hooks` rely on calls made in model_fn.  For
  # example, `SyncReplicasOptimizerHook` validates the
  # `SyncReplicasOptimizer.apply_gradients` call. `TowerEstimator` makes that
  # call only in the last tower.
  estimator_spec = _asdict(tower_specs[-1])
  estimator_spec['mode'] = model_fn_lib.ModeKeys.TRAIN
  estimator_spec['train_op'] = train_op
  estimator_spec['loss'] = _compute_sum_on_device(
      [spec.loss for spec in tower_specs], aggregation_device,
      aggregated_loss_name)
  return model_fn_lib.EstimatorSpec(**estimator_spec)


def _eval_spec(tower_specs, aggregation_device, aggregated_loss_name='loss'):
  """Populate replicated EstimatorSpec for `GraphKeys.EVAL`."""
  estimator_spec = _asdict(tower_specs[0])
  estimator_spec['mode'] = model_fn_lib.ModeKeys.EVAL
  estimator_spec['loss'] = _compute_sum_on_device(
      [spec.loss for spec in tower_specs], aggregation_device,
      aggregated_loss_name)

  update_ops = []
  for tower_spec in tower_specs:
    for name, (_, update_op) in six.iteritems(tower_spec.eval_metric_ops):
      update_ops.append(update_op)

  with ops_lib.control_dependencies(update_ops):
    reduced_update_op = _reduce_metric_variables(len(tower_specs))

  eval_metric_ops = {}
  for name, (metric_tensor, _) in six.iteritems(tower_specs[0].eval_metric_ops):
    eval_metric_ops[name] = (metric_tensor, reduced_update_op)
  estimator_spec['eval_metric_ops'] = eval_metric_ops
  return model_fn_lib.EstimatorSpec(**estimator_spec)


def _reduce_metric_variables(number_of_towers):
  """Aggregate local variables used in metrics into the first tower."""
  if number_of_towers == 1:
    return control_flow_ops.no_op(name='no_eval_metric_reduction')

  metric_variables = ops_lib.get_collection(ops_lib.GraphKeys.METRIC_VARIABLES)
  variables_per_tower = len(metric_variables) // number_of_towers

  if len(metric_variables) % number_of_towers != 0:
    raise ValueError(
        'Different `EstimatorSpec.eval_metric_ops` across `model_fn()` calls.'
        ' Expected {} local variables, but got {} instead.'.format(
            variables_per_tower * number_of_towers, len(metric_variables)))

  # `metric_variables` has the size of `variables_per_tower` x
  #  number_of_towers.  Each tower is produced by calling the same model_fn.
  #  First `variables_per_tower` correspond to the first tower.  Each such
  #  variable has an replica at the `(variables_per_tower * i)` position, where
  #  `i` is `[1.. number_of_towers]`.  We are going to add values from replicas
  #  to each variable of the first tower.  We then zero out replica values, so
  #  that `_reduce_metric_variables` operation is idempotent.  If a metric
  #  is then computed based on local variables from the first tower, then the
  #  resulting metric is an estimate for all `number_of_towers` towers.
  ops = []
  for i in range(0, variables_per_tower):
    next_replica_id = i + variables_per_tower
    replicas = [
        metric_variables[replica_id]
        for replica_id in range(next_replica_id, len(metric_variables),
                                variables_per_tower)
    ]  #  `replicas` doesn't contain the first-tower variable.

    reduce_op = state_ops.assign_add(metric_variables[i],
                                     math_ops.add_n(replicas))

    with ops_lib.control_dependencies([reduce_op]):
      for replica in replicas:
        zeros_for_replica = array_ops.zeros(
            array_ops.shape(replica), dtype=replica.dtype)
        zero_out_replica_op = state_ops.assign(replica, zeros_for_replica)
        ops.append(zero_out_replica_op)

  return control_flow_ops.group(*ops)


def _predict_spec(tower_specs, aggregation_device):
  """Populate replicated EstimatorSpec for `GraphKeys.PREDICT`."""
  estimator_spec = _asdict(tower_specs[0])
  estimator_spec['mode'] = model_fn_lib.ModeKeys.PREDICT

  with ops_lib.device(aggregation_device):
    estimator_spec['predictions'] = _concat_tensor_dicts(
        *[tower_spec.predictions for tower_spec in tower_specs])

    export_outputs_dict = _dict_concat(
        *[tower_spec.export_outputs for tower_spec in tower_specs])

    export_outputs = {}
    for name, export_output_list in six.iteritems(export_outputs_dict):
      if isinstance(export_output_list[0], export_output_lib.PredictOutput):
        export_outputs[name] = export_output_lib.PredictOutput(
            outputs=_concat_tensor_dicts(*[
                export_output.outputs for export_output in export_output_list
            ]))
      elif isinstance(export_output_list[0],
                      export_output_lib.RegressionOutput):
        export_outputs[name] = export_output_lib.RegressionOutput(
            value=array_ops.concat(
                [export_output.value for export_output in export_output_list],
                axis=0))
      elif isinstance(export_output_list[0],
                      export_output_lib.ClassificationOutput):
        scores = None
        if export_output_list[0].scores is not None:
          scores = array_ops.concat(
              [export_output.scores for export_output in export_output_list],
              axis=0)

        classes = None
        if export_output_list[0].classes is not None:
          classes = array_ops.stack(
              [export_output.classes for export_output in export_output_list],
              axis=0)

        export_outputs[name] = export_output_lib.ClassificationOutput(
            scores=scores, classes=classes)

  estimator_spec['export_outputs'] = export_outputs
  return model_fn_lib.EstimatorSpec(**estimator_spec)


def _concat_tensor_dicts(*tensor_dicts):
  return {
      name: array_ops.concat(tensors, axis=0, name=name)
      for name, tensors in six.iteritems(_dict_concat(*tensor_dicts))
  }


def _extract_tensors(tensors_and_vars):
  tensors = []
  for tensor_and_var in tensors_and_vars:
    tensor, _ = tensor_and_var
    if isinstance(tensor, ops_lib.IndexedSlices):
      tensors.append(tensor.values)
    elif tensor is not None:
      tensors.append(tensor)
  return tensors


def _dict_concat(*dicts):
  list_dict = {}
  for d in dicts:
    if d is None:
      continue

    for k, v in six.iteritems(d):
      list_dict.setdefault(k, []).append(v)
  return list_dict


def _asdict(namedtuple):
  """Returns a namedtuple as a dictionary.

  This is required because `_asdict()` in Python 3.x.x is broken in classes
  that inherit from `collections.namedtuple`. See
  https://bugs.python.org/issue24931 for more details.

  Args:
    namedtuple: An object that inherits from `collections.namedtuple`.

  Returns:
    A dictionary version of the tuple.
  """
  return {k: getattr(namedtuple, k) for k in namedtuple._fields}