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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"><span dir="auto">Go (programming language)</span></h1>
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</div><div class="dablink">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Go!_(programming_language)" title="Go! (programming language)">Go! (programming language)</a>, an agent-based language released in 2003.</div>
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<td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may not adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> all of its contents</b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of <i>all</i> of the article's key points.</span> <small><i>(March 2012)</i></small> </span></td>
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<caption class="summary" style="">Go</caption>
<tr class="">
<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Golang.png" class="image"><img alt="Golang.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/23/Golang.png" width="153" height="55" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm(s)</a></th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_programming" title="Concurrent programming" class="mw-redirect">concurrent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Appeared in</th>
<td class="" style="">2009</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Designed by</th>
<td class="organiser" style="">Robert Griesemer<br />
<a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a><br />
<a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google Inc.</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th>
<td class="" style="">version 1.0.2<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> (14 June 2012<span class="noprint">; 2 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012-06-14</span>)</span>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Strong_typing" title="Strong typing">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" title="Static typing" class="mw-redirect">static</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Major implementations</a></th>
<td class="" style="">gc (8g, 6g, 5g), gccgo</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Influenced by</th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modula" title="Modula">Modula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak">Newsqueak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-langfaq_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langfaq-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X" class="mw-redirect">Mac OS X</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">MS Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th>
<td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a>-style<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> + Patent grant<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Usual <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extensions</a></th>
<td class="" style="">.go</td>
</tr>
<tr class="">
<th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Website</th>
<td class="" style=""><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golang.org">golang.org</a></span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Go</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage-collected</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_programming_language" title="Concurrent programming language" class="mw-redirect">concurrent</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The initial design of Go was started in September 2007 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Griesemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Griesemer (page does not exist)">Robert Griesemer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-langfaq_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langfaq-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Go was officially announced in November 2009. In May 2010, Rob Pike publicly stated that Go was being used "for real stuff" at Google.<sup id="cite_ref-register_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-register-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Go's "gc" compiler targets the <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X" class="mw-redirect">Mac OS X</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> operating systems and the <a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386" class="mw-redirect">i386</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amd64" title="Amd64" class="mw-redirect">amd64</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ARM" title="ARM" class="mw-redirect">ARM</a> processor architectures.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Goals"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Goals</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Type_system"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Type system</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Name_visibility"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Name visibility</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Concurrency"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Concurrency</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Implementations"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Implementations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Hello_world"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hello world</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Echo"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Echo</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Reception"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Reception</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Naming_dispute"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Naming dispute</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Goals">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Goals">Goals</span></h2>
<p>Go aims to provide the efficiency of a <a href="/wiki/Statically_typed" title="Statically typed" class="mw-redirect">statically typed</a> compiled language with the ease of programming of a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">dynamic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-go_lang_video_2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-go_lang_video_2009-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Other goals include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Safety: <a href="/wiki/Type-safe" title="Type-safe" class="mw-redirect">Type-safe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_safety" title="Memory safety">memory-safe</a>.</li>
<li>Good support for concurrency and communication.</li>
<li>Efficient, latency-free garbage collection.</li>
<li>High-speed compilation.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> of Go is broadly similar to that of <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>: blocks of code are surrounded with <a href="/wiki/Curly_brace" title="Curly brace" class="mw-redirect">curly braces</a>; common <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> structures include <code><a href="/wiki/For_loop" title="For loop">for</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Switch_statement" title="Switch statement">switch</a></code>, and <code><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(programming)" title="Conditional (programming)">if</a></code>. Unlike C, line-ending semicolons are optional, variable declarations are written differently and are usually optional, type conversions must be made explicit, and new <code>go</code> and <code>select</code> control keywords have been introduced to support concurrent programming. New built-in types include maps, Unicode strings, array slices, and channels for inter-thread communication.</p>
<p>Go is designed for exceptionally fast compiling times, even on modest hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-techtalk-compiling_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techtalk-compiling-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> The language requires <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a>. Certain concurrency-related structural conventions of Go (<a href="/wiki/Channel_(programming)" title="Channel (programming)">channels</a> and alternative channel inputs) are borrowed from <a href="/wiki/C._A._R._Hoare" title="C. A. R. Hoare" class="mw-redirect">Tony Hoare's</a> <a href="/wiki/Communicating_sequential_processes" title="Communicating sequential processes">CSP</a>. Unlike previous concurrent programming languages such as <a href="/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)" title="Occam (programming language)">occam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a>, Go does not provide any built-in notion of safe or verifiable concurrency.<sup id="cite_ref-memmodel_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memmodel-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Of features found in C++ or Java, Go does not include <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">type inheritance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assertion_(computing)" title="Assertion (computing)">assertions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Method_overloading" title="Method overloading" class="mw-redirect">method overloading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pointer_arithmetic" title="Pointer arithmetic" class="mw-redirect">pointer arithmetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-langfaq_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langfaq-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Of these, the Go authors express an openness to generic programming, explicitly argue against assertions and pointer arithmetic, while defending the choice to omit type inheritance as giving a more useful language, encouraging heavy use of <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Protocol (object-oriented programming)">interfaces</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-langfaq_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langfaq-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Initially, the language did not include <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>, but in March 2010 a mechanism known as <code>panic</code>/<code>recover</code> was implemented to handle exceptional errors while avoiding some of the problems the Go authors find with exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Type system">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Type_system">Type system</span></h2>
<p>Go allows a programmer to write functions that can operate on inputs of arbitrary type, provided that the type implements the functions defined by a given interface.</p>
<p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, the interfaces a type supports do not need to be specified at the point at which the type is defined, and Go interfaces do not participate in a type hierarchy. A Go interface is best described as a set of methods, each identified by a name and signature. A type is considered to implement an interface if all the required methods have been defined for that type. An interface can be declared to "embed" other interfaces, meaning the declared interface includes the methods defined in the other interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-memmodel_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memmodel-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Unlike Java, the in-memory representation of an object does not contain a pointer to a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_method_table" title="Virtual method table">virtual method table</a>. Instead a value of interface type is implemented as a pair of a pointer to the object, and a pointer to a dictionary containing implementations of the interface methods for that type.</p>
<p>Consider the following example:</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi mw-code mw-content-ltr">
<div class="go source-go">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="kw1">type</span> Sequence <span class="sy1">[]</span><span class="kw4">int</span>
<span class="kw4">func</span> <span class="sy1">(</span>s Sequence<span class="sy1">)</span> Len<span class="sy1">()</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="sy1">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> <span class="kw3">len</span><span class="sy1">(</span>s<span class="sy1">)</span>
<span class="sy1">}</span>
<span class="kw1">type</span> HasLength <span class="kw4">interface</span> <span class="sy1">{</span>
Len<span class="sy1">()</span> <span class="kw4">int</span>
<span class="sy1">}</span>
<span class="kw4">func</span> Foo <span class="sy1">(</span>o HasLength<span class="sy1">)</span> <span class="sy1">{</span>
<span class="sy4">...</span>
<span class="sy1">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>These four definitions could have been placed in separate files, in different parts of the program. Notably, the programmer who defined the <code>Sequence</code> type did not need to declare that the type implemented <code>HasLength</code>, and the person who implemented the <code>Len</code> method for <code>Sequence</code> did not need to specify that this method was part of <code>HasLength</code>.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Name visibility">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Name_visibility">Name visibility</span></h2>
<p><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(software)" title="Linkage (software)">Visibility</a> of structures, structure fields, variables, constants, methods, top-level types and functions outside their defining package is defined implicitly according to the capitalization of their identifier.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concurrency">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Concurrency">Concurrency</span></h2>
<p>Go provides <i>goroutines</i>, small lightweight threads; the name alludes to <a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutines</a>. Goroutines are created with the <code>go</code> statement from anonymous or named functions.</p>
<p>Goroutines are executed in parallel with other goroutines, including their caller. They do not necessarily run in separate threads, but a group of goroutines are multiplexed onto multiple threads — execution control is moved between them by blocking them when sending or receiving messages over channels.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Implementations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Implementations">Implementations</span></h2>
<p>There are currently two Go compilers:</p>
<ul>
<li>6g/8g/5g (the compilers for AMD64, x86, and ARM respectively) with their supporting tools (collectively known as "gc") based on Ken's previous work on <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9</a>'s C toolchain.</li>
<li>gccgo, a <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> frontend written in C++,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> and now officially supported as of version 4.6, albeit not part of the standard binary for gcc.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<p>Both compilers work on Unix-like systems, and a port to Microsoft Windows of the gc compiler and runtime have been integrated in the main distribution. Most of the standard libraries also work on Windows.</p>
<p>There is also an unmaintained "tiny" runtime environment that allows Go programs to run on bare hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span></h2>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hello world">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Hello_world">Hello world</span></h3>
<p>The following is a <a href="/wiki/Hello_world_program" title="Hello world program">Hello world program</a> in Go:</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi mw-code mw-content-ltr">
<div class="go source-go">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="kw1">package</span> main
<span class="kw1">import</span> <span class="st0">"fmt"</span>
<span class="kw4">func</span> main<span class="sy1">()</span> <span class="sy1">{</span>
fmt<span class="sy3">.</span>Println<span class="sy1">(</span><span class="st0">"Hello, World"</span><span class="sy1">)</span>
<span class="sy1">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Go's automatic <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a> insertion feature requires that opening braces not be placed on their own lines, and this is thus the preferred <a href="/wiki/Brace_style" title="Brace style" class="mw-redirect">brace style</a>; the examples shown comply with this style.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Echo">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Echo">Echo</span></h3>
<p>Example illustrating how to write a program like the Unix <a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo command</a> in Go:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi mw-code mw-content-ltr">
<div class="go source-go">
<pre class="de1">
<span class="kw1">package</span> main
<span class="kw1">import</span> <span class="sy1">(</span>
<span class="st0">"os"</span>
<span class="st0">"flag"</span> <span class="co1">// command line option parser</span>
<span class="sy1">)</span>
<span class="kw1">var</span> omitNewline <span class="sy2">=</span> flag<span class="sy3">.</span>Bool<span class="sy1">(</span><span class="st0">"n"</span><span class="sy1">,</span> <span class="kw2">false</span><span class="sy1">,</span> <span class="st0">"don't print final newline"</span><span class="sy1">)</span>
<span class="kw1">const</span> <span class="sy1">(</span>
Space <span class="sy2">=</span> <span class="st0">" "</span>
Newline <span class="sy2">=</span> <span class="st0">"<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>
<span class="sy1">)</span>
<span class="kw4">func</span> main<span class="sy1">()</span> <span class="sy1">{</span>
flag<span class="sy3">.</span>Parse<span class="sy1">()</span> <span class="co1">// Scans the arg list and sets up flags</span>
<span class="kw1">var</span> s <span class="kw4">string</span>
<span class="kw1">for</span> <span class="nu2">i</span> <span class="sy2">:=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy1">;</span> <span class="nu2">i</span> < flag<span class="sy3">.</span>NArg<span class="sy1">();</span> <span class="nu2">i</span><span class="sy2">++</span> <span class="sy1">{</span>
<span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="nu2">i</span> > <span class="nu0">0</span> <span class="sy1">{</span>
s <span class="sy2">+=</span> Space
<span class="sy1">}</span>
s <span class="sy2">+=</span> flag<span class="sy3">.</span>Arg<span class="sy1">(</span><span class="nu2">i</span><span class="sy1">)</span>
<span class="sy1">}</span>
<span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="sy3">!*</span>omitNewline <span class="sy1">{</span>
s <span class="sy2">+=</span> Newline
<span class="sy1">}</span>
os<span class="sy3">.</span>Stdout<span class="sy3">.</span>WriteString<span class="sy1">(</span>s<span class="sy1">)</span>
<span class="sy1">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</span></h2>
<p>Go's initial release led to much discussion.</p>
<p>Michele Simionato wrote in an article for artima.com:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<div class="Bug6200">Here I just wanted to point out the design choices about interfaces and inheritance. Such ideas are not new and it is a shame that no popular language has followed such particular route in the design space. I hope Go will become popular; if not, I hope such ideas will finally enter in a popular language, we are already 10 or 20 years too late :-(</div>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="/wiki/Dave_Astels" title="Dave Astels">Dave Astels</a> at <a href="/wiki/Engine_Yard" title="Engine Yard">Engine Yard</a> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<div class="Bug6200">Go is extremely easy to dive into. There are a minimal number of fundamental language concepts and the <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> is clean and designed to be clear and unambiguous. Go is still experimental and still a little rough around the edges.</div>
</blockquote>
<p><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i> interviewed Rob Pike, one of the authors of Go, and asked why a new language was needed. He replied that:<sup id="cite_ref-ars_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<div class="Bug6200">It wasn't enough to just add features to existing programming languages, because sometimes you can get more in the long run by taking things away. They wanted to start from scratch and rethink everything. ... [But they did not want] to deviate too much from what developers already knew because they wanted to avoid alienating Go's target audience.</div>
</blockquote>
<p>Go was in 15th place on the <a href="/wiki/TIOBE_Programming_Community_Index" title="TIOBE Programming Community Index" class="mw-redirect">TIOBE Programming Community Index</a> of programming language popularity in its first year, 2009,<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> surpassing established languages like <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>. As of March 2012<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it ranked 66th in the index.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Eckel" title="Bruce Eckel">Bruce Eckel</a> stated:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<blockquote class="templatequote">
<div class="Bug6200">The complexity of <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> (even more complexity has been added in the new C++), and the resulting impact on productivity, is no longer justified. All the hoops that the C++ programmer had to jump through in order to use a C-compatible language make no sense anymore -- they're just a waste of time and effort. Now, Go makes much more sense for the class of problems that C++ was originally intended to solve.</div>
</blockquote>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Naming dispute">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Naming_dispute">Naming dispute</span></h2>
<p>On the day of the general release of the language, Francis McCabe, developer of the <a href="/wiki/Go!_(programming_language)" title="Go! (programming language)">Go! programming language</a> (note the <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_point" title="Exclamation point" class="mw-redirect">exclamation point</a>), requested a name change of Google's language to prevent confusion with his language.<sup id="cite_ref-infoweek_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoweek-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> The issue was closed by a Google developer on 12 October 2010 with the custom status "Unfortunate", with a comment that "there are many computing products and services named Go. In the 11 months since our release, there has been minimal confusion of the two languages."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="dablink">This article incorporates material from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golang.org/doc/go_tutorial.html">official Go tutorial</a>, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license.</div>
<div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;">
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<li id="cite_note-langfaq-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-langfaq_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langfaq_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langfaq_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langfaq_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golang.org/doc/go_faq.html">"Language Design FAQ"</a>. <i>golang.org</i>. 16 January 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://golang.org/doc/go_faq.html">http://golang.org/doc/go_faq.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 February 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Language+Design+FAQ&rft.atitle=golang.org&rft.date=16+January+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgolang.org%2Fdoc%2Fgo_faq.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go-lang.cat-v.org/os-ports">"Go Porting Efforts"</a>. <i>Go Language Resources</i>. cat-v. 12 January 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://go-lang.cat-v.org/os-ports">http://go-lang.cat-v.org/os-ports</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 January 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Go+Porting+Efforts&rft.atitle=Go+Language+Resources&rft.date=12+January+2010&rft.pub=cat-v&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo-lang.cat-v.org%2Fos-ports&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golang.org/LICENSE">"Text file LICENSE"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://golang.org/LICENSE">http://golang.org/LICENSE</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 January 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Text+file+LICENSE&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgolang.org%2FLICENSE&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/browse/PATENTS">"Additional IP Rights Grant"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/browse/PATENTS">http://code.google.com/p/go/source/browse/PATENTS</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 26 July 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Additional+IP+Rights+Grant&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fgo%2Fsource%2Fbrowse%2FPATENTS&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Kincaid, Jason (10 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/11/10/google-go-language/">"Google’s Go: A New Programming Language That’s Python Meets C++"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/11/10/google-go-language/">http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/11/10/google-go-language/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 January 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google%E2%80%99s+Go%3A+A+New+Programming+Language+That%E2%80%99s+Python+Meets+C%2B%2B&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Kincaid%2C%26%2332%3BJason&rft.date=10+November+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techcrunch.com%2F2009%2F11%2F10%2Fgoogle-go-language%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-register-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-register_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Metz, Cade (20 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/20/go_in_production_at_google/">"Google programming Frankenstein is a Go"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/20/go_in_production_at_google/">http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/20/go_in_production_at_google/</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google+programming+Frankenstein+is+a+Go&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BThe+Register%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Cade&rft.au=Metz%2C%26%2332%3BCade&rft.date=20+May+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2010%2F05%2F20%2Fgo_in_production_at_google%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golang.org/doc/install.html#tmp_33">"Installing Go"</a>. <i>golang.org</i>. The Go Authors. 11 June 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://golang.org/doc/install.html#tmp_33">http://golang.org/doc/install.html#tmp_33</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 June 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Installing+Go&rft.atitle=golang.org&rft.date=11+June+2010&rft.pub=The+Go+Authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgolang.org%2Fdoc%2Finstall.html%23tmp_33&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-go_lang_video_2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-go_lang_video_2009_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Pike, Rob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKnDgT73v8s&feature=related">"The Go Programming Language"</a>. YouTube<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKnDgT73v8s&feature=related">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKnDgT73v8s&feature=related</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 Jul 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Go+Programming+Language&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Pike%2C%26%2332%3BRob&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrKnDgT73v8s%26feature%3Drelated&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-techtalk-compiling-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-techtalk-compiling_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation video"><a href="/wiki/Rob_Pike" title="Rob Pike">Rob Pike</a> (10 November 2009) (flv). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKnDgT73v8s#t=8m53"><i>The Go Programming Language</i></a> (Tech talk). Google. Event occurs at 8:53<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKnDgT73v8s#t=8m53">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKnDgT73v8s#t=8m53</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Go+Programming+Language&rft.aulast=%5B%5BRob+Pike%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BRob+Pike%5D%5D&rft.date=10+November+2009&rft.pages=Event+occurs+at+8%3A53&rft.pub=Google&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrKnDgT73v8s%23t%3D8m53&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-memmodel-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memmodel_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memmodel_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golang.org/doc/go_mem.html">"The Go Memory Model"</a>. Google<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://golang.org/doc/go_mem.html">http://golang.org/doc/go_mem.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 January 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Go+Memory+Model&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Google&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgolang.org%2Fdoc%2Fgo_mem.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golang.org/doc/go_faq.html#Implementation">"FAQ: Implementation"</a>. <i>golang.org</i>. 16 January 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://golang.org/doc/go_faq.html#Implementation">http://golang.org/doc/go_faq.html#Implementation</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 January 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=FAQ%3A+Implementation&rft.atitle=golang.org&rft.date=16+January+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgolang.org%2Fdoc%2Fgo_faq.html%23Implementation&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html">"Installing GCC: Configuration"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 December 2011</span>. "Ada, Go and Objective-C++ are not default languages"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Installing+GCC%3A+Configuration&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgcc.gnu.org%2Finstall%2Fconfigure.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Gerrand, Andrew (1 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts/browse_thread/thread/b877e34723b543a7">"release.2011-02-01"</a>. <i>golang-nuts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts/browse_thread/thread/b877e34723b543a7">http://groups.google.com/group/golang-nuts/browse_thread/thread/b877e34723b543a7</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 February 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=release.2011-02-01&rft.atitle=golang-nuts&rft.aulast=Gerrand&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Gerrand%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.date=1+February+2011&rft.pub=%5B%5BGoogle%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fgolang-nuts%2Fbrowse_thread%2Fthread%2Fb877e34723b543a7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golang.org/doc/go_tutorial.html">"A Tutorial for the Go Programming Language"</a>. <i>The Go Programming Language</i>. Google<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://golang.org/doc/go_tutorial.html">http://golang.org/doc/go_tutorial.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 March 2010</span>. "The one surprise is that it's important to put the opening brace of a construct such as an if statement on the same line as the if; however, if you don't, there are situations that may not compile or may give the wrong result. The language forces the brace style to some extent."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Tutorial+for+the+Go+Programming+Language&rft.atitle=The+Go+Programming+Language&rft.pub=Google&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgolang.org%2Fdoc%2Fgo_tutorial.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golang.org/doc/go_tutorial.html">"A Tutorial for the Go Programming Language"</a>. <i>golang.org</i>. 16 January 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://golang.org/doc/go_tutorial.html">http://golang.org/doc/go_tutorial.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 January 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=A+Tutorial+for+the+Go+Programming+Language&rft.atitle=golang.org&rft.date=16+January+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgolang.org%2Fdoc%2Fgo_tutorial.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Simionato, Michele (15 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=274019">"Interfaces vs Inheritance (or, watch out for Go!)"</a>. artima<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=274019">http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=274019</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 November 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Interfaces+vs+Inheritance+%28or%2C+watch+out+for+Go%21%29&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Simionato&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Simionato%2C%26%2332%3BMichele&rft.date=15+November+2009&rft.pub=artima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artima.com%2Fweblogs%2Fviewpost.jsp%3Fthread%3D274019&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Astels, Dave (9 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineyard.com/blog/2009/ready-set-go/">"Ready, Set, Go!"</a>. engineyard<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.engineyard.com/blog/2009/ready-set-go/">http://www.engineyard.com/blog/2009/ready-set-go/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 9 November 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ready%2C+Set%2C+Go%21&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Astels&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Astels%2C%26%2332%3BDave&rft.date=9+November+2009&rft.pub=engineyard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineyard.com%2Fblog%2F2009%2Fready-set-go%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ars-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ars_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Paul, Ryan (10 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/11/go-new-open-source-programming-language-from-google.ars">"Go: new open source programming language from Google"</a>. Ars Technica<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/11/go-new-open-source-programming-language-from-google.ars">http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/11/go-new-open-source-programming-language-from-google.ars</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 13 November 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Go%3A+new+open+source+programming+language+from+Google&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Paul%2C%26%2332%3BRyan&rft.date=10+November+2009&rft.pub=Ars+Technica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fopen-source%2Fnews%2F2009%2F11%2Fgo-new-open-source-programming-language-from-google.ars&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://es.scribd.com/doc/89569304/TIOBE-Programming-Community-Index-for-March-2012">"TIOBE Programming Community Index for March 2012"</a>. TIOBE Software. March 2012<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://es.scribd.com/doc/89569304/TIOBE-Programming-Community-Index-for-March-2012">http://es.scribd.com/doc/89569304/TIOBE-Programming-Community-Index-for-March-2012</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 April 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=TIOBE+Programming+Community+Index+for+March+2012&rft.atitle=&rft.date=March+2012&rft.pub=TIOBE+Software&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F89569304%2FTIOBE-Programming-Community-Index-for-March-2012&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Bruce Eckel (27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=333589">"Calling Go from Python via JSON-RPC"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=333589">http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=333589</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 August 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Calling+Go+from+Python+via+JSON-RPC&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Bruce+Eckel&rft.au=Bruce+Eckel&rft.date=27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artima.com%2Fweblogs%2Fviewpost.jsp%3Fthread%3D333589&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-infoweek-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infoweek_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Claburn, Thomas (11 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/web_services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221601351">"Google 'Go' Name Brings Accusations Of Evil'"</a>. InformationWeek<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/web_services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221601351">http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/web_services/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=221601351</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 18 January 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Google+%27Go%27+Name+Brings+Accusations+Of+Evil%27&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Claburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Claburn%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&rft.date=11+November+2009&rft.pub=InformationWeek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fweb_services%2FshowArticle.jhtml%3FarticleID%3D221601351&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=9">"Issue 9 - go - I have already used the name for *MY* programming language"</a>. <i>Google Code</i>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Inc." title="Google Inc." class="mw-redirect">Google Inc.</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=9">http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=9</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 October 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Issue+9+-+go+-+I+have+already+used+the+name+for+%2AMY%2A+programming+language&rft.atitle=Google+Code&rft.pub=%5B%5BGoogle+Inc.%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Fgo%2Fissues%2Fdetail%3Fid%3D9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation book">Chisnall, David (9 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1760496">"Common Go Patterns"</a>. <i>The Go Programming Language Phrasebook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley_Professional" title="Addison-Wesley Professional" class="mw-redirect">Addison-Wesley Professional</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-81714-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-81714-1">0-321-81714-1</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1760496">http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1760496</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Common+Go+Patterns&rft.atitle=The+Go+Programming+Language+Phrasebook&rft.aulast=Chisnall&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Chisnall%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=9+May+2012&rft.pub=%5B%5BAddison-Wesley+Professional%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0-321-81714-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Farticles%2Farticle.aspx%3Fp%3D1760496&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation book">Summerfield, Mark (5 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0321774639"><i>Programming in Go: Creating Applications for the 21st Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley_Professional" title="Addison-Wesley Professional" class="mw-redirect">Addison-Wesley Professional</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-77463-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-77463-9">0-321-77463-9</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0321774639">http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0321774639</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+in+Go%3A+Creating+Applications+for+the+21st+Century&rft.aulast=Summerfield&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Summerfield%2C%26%2332%3BMark&rft.date=5+May+2012&rft.pub=%5B%5BAddison-Wesley+Professional%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0-321-77463-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informit.com%2Fstore%2Fproduct.aspx%3Fisbn%3D0321774639&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><span class="official website"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://golang.org">Official website</a></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web">Pike, Rob (28 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/100428.html">"Another Go at Language Design"</a>. <i>Stanford EE Computer Systems Colloquium</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/100428.html">http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/100428.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Another+Go+at+Language+Design&rft.atitle=Stanford+EE+Computer+Systems+Colloquium&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Pike%2C%26%2332%3BRob&rft.date=28+April+2010&rft.pub=%5B%5BStanford+University%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fclass%2Fee380%2FAbstracts%2F100428.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ee380.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/videologger.php?target=100428-ee380-300.asx">video</a>) — A university lecture</li>
<li><span class="citation podcast">Wynn Netherland & Adam Stacoviak (27 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechangelog.com/post/259401776/episode-0-0-3-googles-go-programming-language">"Episode 0.0.3 - Google’s Go Programming Language"</a>. <i>The Changelog</i> (Podcast)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://thechangelog.com/post/259401776/episode-0-0-3-googles-go-programming-language">http://thechangelog.com/post/259401776/episode-0-0-3-googles-go-programming-language</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Episode+0.0.3+-+Google%E2%80%99s+Go+Programming+Language&rft.atitle=The+Changelog&rft.aulast=Wynn+Netherland+%26+Adam+Stacoviak&rft.au=Wynn+Netherland+%26+Adam+Stacoviak&rft.date=27+November+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthechangelog.com%2Fpost%2F259401776%2Fepisode-0-0-3-googles-go-programming-language&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> — Interview with Rob Pike, Tech Lead for the Google Go team</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go-lang.cat-v.org/">Go Programming Language Resources</a> (unofficial)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="irc://chat.freenode.net/#go-nuts">irc://chat.freenode.net/#go-nuts</a> – the <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC" class="mw-redirect">IRC</a> channel #go-nuts on <a href="/wiki/Freenode" title="Freenode">freenode</a></li>
<li><span class="citation podcast">Steve Dalton (22 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codingbynumbers.com/2011/01/coding-by-numbers-episode-20-interview.html">"Episode 20 (Interview with Andrew Gerrand about Go Programming Language)"</a>. <i>Coding By Numbers</i> (Podcast)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.codingbynumbers.com/2011/01/coding-by-numbers-episode-20-interview.html">http://www.codingbynumbers.com/2011/01/coding-by-numbers-episode-20-interview.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Episode+20+%28Interview+with+Andrew+Gerrand+about+Go+Programming+Language%29&rft.atitle=Coding+By+Numbers&rft.aulast=Steve+Dalton&rft.au=Steve+Dalton&rft.date=22+January+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.codingbynumbers.com%2F2011%2F01%2Fcoding-by-numbers-episode-20-interview.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span class="citation web">Schuster, Werner (25 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/interviews/pike-google-go">"Rob Pike on Google Go: Concurrency, Type System, Memory Management and GC"</a>. <i>InfoQ</i>. GOTO Conference: C4Media Inc.<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.infoq.com/interviews/pike-google-go">http://www.infoq.com/interviews/pike-google-go</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rob+Pike+on+Google+Go%3A+Concurrency%2C+Type+System%2C+Memory+Management+and+GC&rft.atitle=InfoQ&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Schuster%2C%26%2332%3BWerner&rft.date=25+February+2011&rft.place=GOTO+Conference&rft.pub=C4Media+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Finterviews%2Fpike-google-go&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Go_(programming_language)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Google_Inc." title="Template:Google Inc."><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Google_Inc." title="Template talk:Google Inc."><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Google_Inc.&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google Inc.</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">
<div>
<dl>
<dt>Co-founder & CEO</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a></dd>
<dt>Executive Chairman</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></dd>
<dt>Co-founder</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a></dd>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Other directors</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/John_Doerr" title="John Doerr">John Doerr</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Ann_Mather" title="Ann Mather">Ann Mather</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_Otellini" title="Paul Otellini">Paul Otellini</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Ram_Shriram" title="Ram Shriram">Ram Shriram</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Shirley_M._Tilghman" title="Shirley M. Tilghman">Shirley M. Tilghman</a></dd>
<dt>Senior Advisor</dt>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></dd>
<dd><a href="/wiki/Rajen_Sheth" title="Rajen Sheth">Rajen Sheth</a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Advertising</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Manager" title="Ad Manager" class="mw-redirect">Ad Manager</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adscape" title="Adscape">Adscape</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AdSense" title="AdSense">AdSense</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Advertising_Professional" title="Google Advertising Professional" class="mw-redirect">Advertising Professionals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AdWords" title="AdWords">AdWords</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Analytics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Checkout" title="Google Checkout">Checkout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Offers" title="Google Offers">Offers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wallet" title="Google Wallet">Wallet</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Communication</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Alerts" title="Google Alerts">Alerts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Calendar" title="Google Calendar">Calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Connect" title="Google Cloud Connect">Cloud Connect</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Contacts" title="Google Contacts">Contacts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Friend_Connect" title="Google Friend Connect">Friend Connect</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gmail" title="History of Gmail">history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gmail_interface" title="Gmail interface">interface</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Talk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Latitude</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Questions_and_Answers" title="Google Questions and Answers">Q & A</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Reader" title="Google Reader">Reader</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sync" title="Google Sync">Sync</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Translate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Voice" title="Google Voice">Voice</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Software</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Web_Store" title="Chrome Web Store">Chrome Web Store</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_OS" title="Google Chrome OS">Chrome OS</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Print" title="Google Cloud Print">Cloud Print</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents" title="Google Currents">Currents</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Earth</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sky" title="Google Sky">Sky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Moon" title="Google Moon">Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mars" title="Google Mars">Mars</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Gadgets" title="Google Gadgets">Gadgets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Goggles" title="Google Goggles">Goggles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_IME" title="Google IME">IME</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Pinyin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Japanese_Input" title="Google Japanese Input">Japanese</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Refine" title="Google Refine">Refine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SketchUp" title="SketchUp">SketchUp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Talk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Toolbar" title="Google Toolbar">Toolbar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pack#Google_Updater" title="Google Pack">Updater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urchin_(software)" title="Urchin (software)">Urchin</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Google_platform" title="Google platform">Platforms</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Account" title="Google Account">Account</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google TV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Google Nexus</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">App Engine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Apps" title="Google Apps">Apps</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Apps_Marketplace" title="Google Apps Marketplace">Marketplace</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Authenticator" title="Google Authenticator">Authenticator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BigTable" title="BigTable">BigTable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Body" title="Google Body" class="mw-redirect">Body</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Books</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caja_project" title="Caja project">Caja</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Compute_Engine" title="Google Compute Engine">Google Compute Engine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Glass" title="Project Glass">Project Glass</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Custom_Search" title="Google Custom Search">Custom Search</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth_Engine" title="Google Earth Engine">Earth Engine</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Go</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">GFS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">Native Client</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Public_DNS" title="Google Public DNS">Public DNS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wallet" title="Google Wallet">Wallet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol" title="Google Wave Federation Protocol">Wave</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Development tools</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_AJAX_APIs" title="Google AJAX APIs">AJAX APIs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/App_Inventor" title="App Inventor" class="mw-redirect">App Inventor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AtGoogleTalks" title="AtGoogleTalks">AtGoogleTalks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Closure_Tools" title="Google Closure Tools">Closure Tools</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code" title="Google Code">Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Gadgets_API" title="Google Gadgets API">Gadgets API</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GData" title="GData">GData</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Googlebot" title="Googlebot">Googlebot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Guice" title="Google Guice">Guice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Server" title="Google Web Server" class="mw-redirect">GWS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language" title="Keyhole Markup Language">KML</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SketchUp_Ruby" title="SketchUp Ruby" class="mw-redirect">SketchUp Ruby</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sitemaps" title="Sitemaps">Sitemaps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Summer of Code</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Web Toolkit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Website_Optimizer" title="Google Website Optimizer">Website Optimizer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Swiffy" title="Google Swiffy">Swiffy</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Publishing</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_3D_Warehouse" title="Google 3D Warehouse" class="mw-redirect">Google 3D Warehouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blogger_(service)" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Bookmarks" title="Google Bookmarks">Bookmarks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Docs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Drive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/FeedBurner" title="FeedBurner">FeedBurner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IGoogle" title="IGoogle">iGoogle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knol" title="Knol">Knol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Map_Maker" title="Google Map Maker">Map Maker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Panoramio" title="Panoramio">Panoramio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Picasa#Picasa_Web_Albums" title="Picasa">Picasa Web Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sites" title="Google Sites">Sites (JotSpot)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zagat" title="Zagat">Zagat</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Search</a> (<a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a>)</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search_Appliance" title="Google Search Appliance">Appliance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Audio_Indexing" title="Google Audio Indexing">Audio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Books</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books_Library_Project" title="Google Books Library Project">Library Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_eBooks" title="Google eBooks">eBooks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Finance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Images" title="Google Images">Images</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Maps</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Street View</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Google_Street_View" title="Timeline of Google Street View">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_privacy_concerns" title="Google Street View privacy concerns">Privacy concerns</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Competition_of_Google_Street_View" title="Competition of Google Street View">Competition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Locations_of_Google_Street_View" title="Locations of Google Street View">Locations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">News</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Patents" title="Google Patents">Patents</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Scholar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Shopping" title="Google Shopping">Shopping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Usenet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Videos" title="Google Videos">Videos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Web Search</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_History" title="Google Web History">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Personalized_Search" title="Google Personalized Search">Personalized</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Real-Time_Search" title="Google Real-Time Search">Real-Time</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Instant_Search" title="Instant Search" class="mw-redirect">Instant Search</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SafeSearch" title="SafeSearch">SafeSearch</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Analysis: <a href="/wiki/Google_Insights_for_Search" title="Google Insights for Search">Insights for Search</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Trends</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_products#Discontinued_products_and_services" title="List of Google products">Discontinued</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aardvark_(search_engine)" title="Aardvark (search engine)">Aardvark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Answers" title="Google Answers">Answers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Browser_Sync" title="Google Browser Sync">Browser Sync</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Base" title="Google Base">Base</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Buzz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AdWords#Google_Click-to-Call" title="AdWords">Click-to-Call</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code_Search" title="Google Code Search">Code Search</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Desktop" title="Google Desktop">Desktop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Dictionary" title="Google Dictionary">Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dodgeball_(service)" title="Dodgeball (service)">Dodgeball</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fast_Flip" title="Google Fast Flip">Fast Flip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GOOG-411" title="GOOG-411">GOOG-411</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Health" title="Google Health">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Image_Labeler" title="Google Image Labeler">Image Labeler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Labs" title="Google Labs">Labs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lively" title="Google Lively">Lively</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mashup_Editor" title="Google Mashup Editor">Mashup Editor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Notebook" title="Google Notebook">Notebook</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pack" title="Google Pack">Pack</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Page_Creator" title="Google Page Creator">Page Creator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Picnik" title="Picnik">Picnik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_PowerMeter" title="Google PowerMeter">PowerMeter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_SearchWiki" title="Google SearchWiki">SearchWiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sidewiki" title="Google Sidewiki">Sidewiki</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slide.com" title="Slide.com">Slide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Squared" title="Google Squared">Google Squared</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Video_Marketplace" title="Google Video Marketplace">Video Marketplace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wave" title="Apache Wave">Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Accelerator" title="Google Web Accelerator">Web Accelerator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Google_X" title="Google X">Google X</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Google" title="Category:Google">Related</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
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<li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(langage)" title="Go (langage)" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="Go (프로그래밍 언어)" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(linguaggio_di_programmazione)" title="Go (linguaggio di programmazione)" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="Go (שפת תכנות)" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" title="Go (programozási nyelv)" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(bahasa_pengaturcaraan)" title="Go (bahasa pengaturcaraan)" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li>
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<li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E)" title="Go (プログラミング言語)" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programmeringsspr%C3%A5k)" title="Go (programmeringsspråk)" lang="no" hreflang="no">norsk (bokmål)</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(j%C4%99zyk_programowania)" title="Go (język programowania)" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Go (linguagem de programação)" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sr"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Гоу" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-fi"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(ohjelmointikieli)" title="Go (ohjelmointikieli)" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programspr%C3%A5k)" title="Go (programspråk)" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-ta"><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF)" title="கோ (நிரலாக்க மொழி)" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programlama_dili)" title="Go (programlama dili)" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Go (мова програмування)" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-vi"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_l%E1%BA%ADp_tr%C3%ACnh)" title="Go (ngôn ngữ lập trình)" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li>
<li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go" title="Go" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li>
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