Merge github.com:grpc/grpc into build

53 files changed, 1880 insertions, 369 deletions

diff --git a/src/core/iomgr/socket_utils_linux.c b/src/core/iomgr/socket_utils_linux.c
index 7ef58940c2..f3c22187d7 100644
--- a/src/core/iomgr/socket_utils_linux.c
+++ b/src/core/iomgr/socket_utils_linux.c
@@ -31,12 +31,9 @@
  *
  */
 
-#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
-#define _GNU_SOURCE
-#endif
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 
-#ifdef GPR_LINUX
+#ifdef GPR_LINUX_SOCKETUTILS
 
 #include "src/core/iomgr/socket_utils_posix.h"
 
diff --git a/src/core/support/file_posix.c b/src/core/support/file_posix.c
index cb48b3d52f..e1765666db 100644
--- a/src/core/support/file_posix.c
+++ b/src/core/support/file_posix.c
@@ -31,19 +31,6 @@
  *
  */
 
-/* Posix code for gpr fdopen and mkstemp support. */
-
-#if !defined _POSIX_C_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE < 200112L
-#undef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
-#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200112L
-#endif
-
-/* Don't know why I have to do this for mkstemp, looks like _POSIX_C_SOURCE
-   should be enough... */
-#ifndef _BSD_SOURCE
-#define _BSD_SOURCE
-#endif
-
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 
 #ifdef GPR_POSIX_FILE
diff --git a/src/core/support/log_posix.c b/src/core/support/log_posix.c
index 05f45de130..36479baeed 100644
--- a/src/core/support/log_posix.c
+++ b/src/core/support/log_posix.c
@@ -31,16 +31,6 @@
  *
  */
 
-#if !defined _POSIX_C_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE < 200112L
-#undef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
-#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200112L
-#endif
-
-/* FIXME: "posix" files probably shouldn't depend on _GNU_SOURCE */
-#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
-#define _GNU_SOURCE
-#endif
-
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 
 #if defined(GPR_POSIX_LOG)
diff --git a/src/core/support/string_posix.c b/src/core/support/string_posix.c
index a6bb8058e6..b6f0cd4af0 100644
--- a/src/core/support/string_posix.c
+++ b/src/core/support/string_posix.c
@@ -31,13 +31,6 @@
  *
  */
 
-/* Posix code for gpr snprintf support. */
-
-#if !defined _POSIX_C_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE < 200112L
-#undef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
-#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200112L
-#endif
-
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 
 #ifdef GPR_POSIX_STRING
diff --git a/src/core/support/sync_posix.c b/src/core/support/sync_posix.c
index a28a4c6bf4..94fc1b0bec 100644
--- a/src/core/support/sync_posix.c
+++ b/src/core/support/sync_posix.c
@@ -31,13 +31,6 @@
  *
  */
 
-/* Posix gpr synchroization support code. */
-
-#if !defined _POSIX_C_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE < 199309L
-#undef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
-#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309L
-#endif
-
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 
 #ifdef GPR_POSIX_SYNC
diff --git a/src/core/support/time_posix.c b/src/core/support/time_posix.c
index 7f0f028183..4af537d974 100644
--- a/src/core/support/time_posix.c
+++ b/src/core/support/time_posix.c
@@ -31,14 +31,6 @@
  *
  */
 
-/* Posix code for gpr time support. */
-
-/* So we get nanosleep and clock_* */
-#if !defined _POSIX_C_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE < 199309L
-#undef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
-#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309L
-#endif
-
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 
 #ifdef GPR_POSIX_TIME
@@ -70,7 +62,9 @@ gpr_timespec gpr_now(void) {
 }
 #else
 /* For some reason Apple's OSes haven't implemented clock_gettime. */
-/* TODO(klempner): Add special handling for Apple. */
+
+#include <sys/time.h>
+
 gpr_timespec gpr_now(void) {
   gpr_timespec now;
   struct timeval now_tv;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathExamples.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathExamples.cs
index 43f0cedef6..07bcc9c9cd 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathExamples.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathExamples.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathGrpc.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathGrpc.cs
index 520fec437a..606e7f0239 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathGrpc.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathGrpc.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathServiceImpl.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathServiceImpl.cs
index 27abc4ce17..ffd794d6c6 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathServiceImpl.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcApi/MathServiceImpl.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcApiTests/MathClientServerTests.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcApiTests/MathClientServerTests.cs
index aa78b698e8..bb3f75d4ac 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcApiTests/MathClientServerTests.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcApiTests/MathClientServerTests.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using NUnit.Framework;
 using Google.GRPC.Core;
@@ -13,7 +46,7 @@ namespace math.Tests
     /// </summary>
     public class MathClientServerTest
     {
-        string serverAddr = "localhost:" + PortPicker.PickUnusedPort();
+        string host = "localhost";
         Server server;
         Channel channel;
         MathGrpc.IMathServiceClient client;
@@ -21,11 +54,13 @@ namespace math.Tests
         [TestFixtureSetUp]
         public void Init()
         {
+            GrpcEnvironment.Initialize();
+
             server = new Server();
             server.AddServiceDefinition(MathGrpc.BindService(new MathServiceImpl()));
-            server.AddPort(serverAddr);
+            int port = server.AddPort(host + ":0");
             server.Start();
-            channel = new Channel(serverAddr);
+            channel = new Channel(host + ":" + port);
             client = MathGrpc.NewStub(channel);
         }
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Call.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Call.cs
index 66e7004180..181210902f 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Call.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Call.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using Google.GRPC.Core.Internal;
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Calls.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Calls.cs
index c3e51cb478..101965600e 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Calls.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Calls.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Channel.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Channel.cs
index b0d8beeb7b..cd4f151f49 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Channel.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Channel.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Threading;
@@ -8,13 +41,6 @@ namespace Google.GRPC.Core
 {
 	public class Channel : IDisposable
 	{
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Make sure GPRC environment is initialized before any channels get used.
-        /// </summary>
-        static Channel() {
-            GrpcEnvironment.EnsureInitialized();
-        }
-       
         readonly ChannelSafeHandle handle;
         readonly String target;
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ClientStreamingAsyncResult.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ClientStreamingAsyncResult.cs
index 9e7312c1fa..507d0dd8ad 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ClientStreamingAsyncResult.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ClientStreamingAsyncResult.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/GrpcCore.csproj b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/GrpcCore.csproj
index 95df890917..34b9f6dfb8 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/GrpcCore.csproj
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/GrpcCore.csproj
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@
     <Compile Include="Marshaller.cs" />
     <Compile Include="ServerServiceDefinition.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Utils\RecordingObserver.cs" />
-    <Compile Include="Utils\PortPicker.cs" />
     <Compile Include="Utils\RecordingQueue.cs" />
   </ItemGroup>
   <Import Project="$(MSBuildBinPath)\Microsoft.CSharp.targets" />
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/GrpcEnvironment.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/GrpcEnvironment.cs
index 7a7ff39179..ee1168621d 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/GrpcEnvironment.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/GrpcEnvironment.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using Google.GRPC.Core.Internal;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -5,11 +38,9 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 namespace Google.GRPC.Core
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// Encapsulates initialization and shutdown of GRPC C core library.
-    /// You should not need to initialize it manually, as static constructors
-    /// should load the library when needed.
+    /// Encapsulates initialization and shutdown of gRPC library.
     /// </summary>
-    public static class GrpcEnvironment
+    public class GrpcEnvironment
     {
         const int THREAD_POOL_SIZE = 1;
 
@@ -20,21 +51,24 @@ namespace Google.GRPC.Core
         static extern void grpcsharp_shutdown();
 
         static object staticLock = new object();
-        static bool initCalled = false;
-        static bool shutdownCalled = false;
-
-        static GrpcThreadPool threadPool = new GrpcThreadPool(THREAD_POOL_SIZE);
+        static volatile GrpcEnvironment instance;
+       
+        readonly GrpcThreadPool threadPool;
+        bool isClosed;
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Makes sure GRPC environment is initialized.
+        /// Makes sure GRPC environment is initialized. Subsequent invocations don't have any
+        /// effect unless you call Shutdown first.
+        /// Although normal use cases assume you will call this just once in your application's
+        /// lifetime (and call Shutdown once you're done), for the sake of easier testing it's 
+        /// allowed to initialize the environment again after it has been successfully shutdown.
         /// </summary>
-        public static void EnsureInitialized() {
+        public static void Initialize() {
             lock(staticLock)
             {
-                if (!initCalled)
+                if (instance == null)
                 {
-                    initCalled = true;
-                    GrpcInit();       
+                    instance = new GrpcEnvironment();
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -47,45 +81,55 @@ namespace Google.GRPC.Core
         {
             lock(staticLock)
             {
-                if (initCalled && !shutdownCalled)
+                if (instance != null)
                 {
-                    shutdownCalled = true;
-                    GrpcShutdown();
+                    instance.Close();
+                    instance = null;
                 }
             }
+        }
 
+        internal static GrpcThreadPool ThreadPool
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                var inst = instance;
+                if (inst == null)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("GRPC environment not initialized");
+                }
+                return inst.threadPool;
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Initializes GRPC C Core library.
+        /// Creates gRPC environment.
         /// </summary>
-        private static void GrpcInit()
+        private GrpcEnvironment()
         {
             grpcsharp_init();
+            threadPool = new GrpcThreadPool(THREAD_POOL_SIZE);
             threadPool.Start();
             // TODO: use proper logging here
             Console.WriteLine("GRPC initialized.");
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Shutdown GRPC C Core library.
+        /// Shuts down this environment.
         /// </summary>
-        private static void GrpcShutdown()
+        private void Close()
         {
+            if (isClosed)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Close has already been called");
+            }
             threadPool.Stop();
             grpcsharp_shutdown();
+            isClosed = true;
 
             // TODO: use proper logging here
             Console.WriteLine("GRPC shutdown.");
         }
-
-        internal static GrpcThreadPool ThreadPool
-        {
-            get
-            {
-                return threadPool;
-            }
-        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/AsyncCall.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/AsyncCall.cs
index c38363bb2b..a3b40e512c 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/AsyncCall.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/AsyncCall.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Diagnostics;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/CallSafeHandle.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/CallSafeHandle.cs
index f5973e2709..d91d2ac6cb 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/CallSafeHandle.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/CallSafeHandle.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Diagnostics;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ChannelSafeHandle.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ChannelSafeHandle.cs
index 6436f2bb31..f6af64c967 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ChannelSafeHandle.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ChannelSafeHandle.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Threading;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/CompletionQueueSafeHandle.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/CompletionQueueSafeHandle.cs
index 77d8bde375..fc2b1d5421 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/CompletionQueueSafeHandle.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/CompletionQueueSafeHandle.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Enums.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Enums.cs
index 1151e94899..c2eb1327b3 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Enums.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Enums.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Event.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Event.cs
index cefe8cfbb2..9229472ccd 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Event.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Event.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using Google.GRPC.Core;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/GrpcThreadPool.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/GrpcThreadPool.cs
index 1139e54a1d..b768decc8c 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/GrpcThreadPool.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/GrpcThreadPool.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using Google.GRPC.Core.Internal;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/SafeHandleZeroIsInvalid.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/SafeHandleZeroIsInvalid.cs
index 5a1252b881..c7d8a0a3c3 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/SafeHandleZeroIsInvalid.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/SafeHandleZeroIsInvalid.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ServerSafeHandle.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ServerSafeHandle.cs
index 391a1acd01..2ae0ad237d 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ServerSafeHandle.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ServerSafeHandle.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Diagnostics;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ServerWritingObserver.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ServerWritingObserver.cs
index 2b46e9c53d..1120791842 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ServerWritingObserver.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/ServerWritingObserver.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using Google.GRPC.Core.Internal;
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/StreamingInputObserver.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/StreamingInputObserver.cs
index c5de979351..49410961cb 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/StreamingInputObserver.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/StreamingInputObserver.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using Google.GRPC.Core.Internal;
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Timespec.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Timespec.cs
index c45926707f..651003dae8 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Timespec.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Internal/Timespec.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Threading;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Marshaller.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Marshaller.cs
index 242524063c..21bd26650b 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Marshaller.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Marshaller.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 
 namespace Google.GRPC.Core
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Method.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Method.cs
index 9067ae8c94..a8c647035d 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Method.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Method.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 
 namespace Google.GRPC.Core
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/RpcException.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/RpcException.cs
index 8811c3a7c7..5d1ca3bcdf 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/RpcException.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/RpcException.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 
 namespace Google.GRPC.Core
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Server.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Server.cs
index d3bc81e574..62ffa70b71 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Server.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Server.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Diagnostics;
@@ -26,10 +59,6 @@ namespace Google.GRPC.Core
 
         readonly TaskCompletionSource<object> shutdownTcs = new TaskCompletionSource<object>();
 
-        static Server() {
-            GrpcEnvironment.EnsureInitialized();
-        }
-
         public Server()
         {
             // TODO: what is the tag for server shutdown?
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerCallHandler.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerCallHandler.cs
index 67103791b4..12d0c93634 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerCallHandler.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerCallHandler.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using Google.GRPC.Core.Internal;
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerCalls.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerCalls.cs
index 86c4718932..b95a0d97b4 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerCalls.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerCalls.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 
 namespace Google.GRPC.Core
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerServiceDefinition.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerServiceDefinition.cs
index 7f1cc6284e..f0b4daf071 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerServiceDefinition.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/ServerServiceDefinition.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Status.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Status.cs
index f1212f8d67..dce1e24d7e 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Status.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Status.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/StatusCode.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/StatusCode.cs
index 80fc8bd581..eccaae72f6 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/StatusCode.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/StatusCode.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 
 namespace Google.GRPC.Core
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Utils/PortPicker.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Utils/PortPicker.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index 7c83bf3886..0000000000
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Utils/PortPicker.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-using System;
-using System.Net;
-using System.Net.Sockets;
-
-namespace Google.GRPC.Core.Utils
-{
-    public class PortPicker
-    {
-        static Random random = new Random();
-
-        // TODO: cleanup this code a bit
-        public static int PickUnusedPort()
-        {
-            int port;
-            do
-            {
-                port = random.Next(2000, 50000);
-
-            } while(!IsPortAvailable(port));
-            return port;
-        }
-
-        // TODO: cleanup this code a bit
-        public static bool IsPortAvailable(int port)
-        {
-            bool available = true;
-
-            TcpListener server = null;
-            try
-            {
-                IPAddress ipAddress = Dns.GetHostEntry("localhost").AddressList[0];
-                server = new TcpListener(ipAddress, port);
-                server.Start();
-            }
-            catch (Exception ex)
-            {
-                available = false;
-            }
-            finally
-            {
-                if (server != null)
-                {
-                    server.Stop();
-                }
-            }
-            return available;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Utils/RecordingObserver.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Utils/RecordingObserver.cs
index ca11cc4aa2..0cadfc0e4a 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Utils/RecordingObserver.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Utils/RecordingObserver.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Utils/RecordingQueue.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Utils/RecordingQueue.cs
index 0726f00af7..d73fc0fc78 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Utils/RecordingQueue.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCore/Utils/RecordingQueue.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
@@ -5,6 +38,7 @@ using System.Collections.Concurrent;
 
 namespace Google.GRPC.Core.Utils
 {
+    // TODO: replace this by something that implements IAsyncEnumerator.
     /// <summary>
     /// Observer that allows us to await incoming messages one-by-one.
     /// The implementation is not ideal and class will be probably replaced 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/ClientServerTest.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/ClientServerTest.cs
index c700ffbe7b..1472db6e07 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/ClientServerTest.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/ClientServerTest.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using NUnit.Framework;
 using Google.GRPC.Core;
@@ -10,7 +43,7 @@ namespace Google.GRPC.Core.Tests
 {
     public class ClientServerTest
     {
-        string serverAddr = "localhost:" + PortPicker.PickUnusedPort();
+        string host = "localhost";
 
         Method<string, string> unaryEchoStringMethod = new Method<string, string>(
             MethodType.Unary,
@@ -21,15 +54,17 @@ namespace Google.GRPC.Core.Tests
         [Test]
         public void EmptyCall()
         {
+            GrpcEnvironment.Initialize();
+
             Server server = new Server();
             server.AddServiceDefinition(
                 ServerServiceDefinition.CreateBuilder("someService")
                     .AddMethod(unaryEchoStringMethod, HandleUnaryEchoString).Build());
 
-            server.AddPort(serverAddr);
+            int port = server.AddPort(host + ":0");
             server.Start();
 
-            using (Channel channel = new Channel(serverAddr))
+            using (Channel channel = new Channel(host + ":" + port))
             {
                 var call = new Call<string, string>(unaryEchoStringMethod, channel);
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/GrpcEnvironmentTest.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/GrpcEnvironmentTest.cs
index 136878d76e..1bc6cce401 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/GrpcEnvironmentTest.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/GrpcEnvironmentTest.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using NUnit.Framework;
 using Google.GRPC.Core;
@@ -9,10 +42,30 @@ namespace Google.GRPC.Core.Tests
     {
         [Test]
         public void InitializeAndShutdownGrpcEnvironment() {
-            GrpcEnvironment.EnsureInitialized();
-            Thread.Sleep(500);
+            GrpcEnvironment.Initialize();
             Assert.IsNotNull(GrpcEnvironment.ThreadPool.CompletionQueue);
             GrpcEnvironment.Shutdown();
         }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void SubsequentInvocations() {
+            GrpcEnvironment.Initialize();
+            GrpcEnvironment.Initialize();
+            GrpcEnvironment.Shutdown();
+            GrpcEnvironment.Shutdown();
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void InitializeAfterShutdown() {
+            GrpcEnvironment.Initialize();
+            var tp1 = GrpcEnvironment.ThreadPool;
+            GrpcEnvironment.Shutdown();
+
+            GrpcEnvironment.Initialize();
+            var tp2 = GrpcEnvironment.ThreadPool;
+            GrpcEnvironment.Shutdown();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(Object.ReferenceEquals(tp1, tp2));
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/ServerTest.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/ServerTest.cs
index 6e13bc735f..1c70a3d6c4 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/ServerTest.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/ServerTest.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using NUnit.Framework;
 using Google.GRPC.Core.Internal;
@@ -9,10 +42,12 @@ namespace Google.GRPC.Core.Tests
     public class ServerTest
     {
         [Test]
-        public void StartAndShutdownServer() {
+        public void StartAndShutdownServer()
+        {
+            GrpcEnvironment.Initialize();
 
             Server server = new Server();
-            server.AddPort("localhost:" + PortPicker.PickUnusedPort());
+            int port = server.AddPort("localhost:0");
             server.Start();
             server.ShutdownAsync().Wait();
 
diff --git a/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/TimespecTest.cs b/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/TimespecTest.cs
index cab59fa5b3..2b03513cb7 100644
--- a/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/TimespecTest.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/GrpcCoreTests/TimespecTest.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using NUnit.Framework;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
diff --git a/src/csharp/InteropClient/Client.cs b/src/csharp/InteropClient/Client.cs
index 9f5815050e..fcc6a572e4 100644
--- a/src/csharp/InteropClient/Client.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/InteropClient/Client.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using NUnit.Framework;
@@ -60,6 +93,8 @@ namespace Google.GRPC.Interop
 
         private void Run()
         {
+            GrpcEnvironment.Initialize();
+
             string addr = string.Format("{0}:{1}", options.serverHost, options.serverPort);
             using (Channel channel = new Channel(addr))
             {
diff --git a/src/csharp/MathClient/MathClient.cs b/src/csharp/MathClient/MathClient.cs
index 45222abb79..a54c8e3809 100644
--- a/src/csharp/MathClient/MathClient.cs
+++ b/src/csharp/MathClient/MathClient.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+#region Copyright notice and license
+
+// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+// 
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+// 
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#endregion
+
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using Google.GRPC.Core;
@@ -9,6 +42,8 @@ namespace math
     {
 		public static void Main (string[] args)
 		{
+            GrpcEnvironment.Initialize();
+
 			using (Channel channel = new Channel("127.0.0.1:23456"))
 			{
 				MathGrpc.IMathServiceClient stub = new MathGrpc.MathServiceClientStub(channel);
diff --git a/src/csharp/ext/grpc_csharp_ext.c b/src/csharp/ext/grpc_csharp_ext.c
index 2c4cdfa0b6..c7949af44e 100644
--- a/src/csharp/ext/grpc_csharp_ext.c
+++ b/src/csharp/ext/grpc_csharp_ext.c
@@ -1,3 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+ * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ * distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+ * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ * this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ */
+
 #include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
 #include <grpc/grpc.h>
 #include <grpc/support/log.h>
diff --git a/src/python/src/_framework/face/_calls.py b/src/python/src/_framework/face/_calls.py
index 9128aef7c4..a7d8be5e43 100644
--- a/src/python/src/_framework/face/_calls.py
+++ b/src/python/src/_framework/face/_calls.py
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 
 """Utility functions for invoking RPCs."""
 
+import sys
 import threading
 
 from _framework.base import interfaces as base_interfaces
@@ -79,20 +80,46 @@ def _stream_event_subscription(result_consumer, abortion_callback):
       _EventServicedIngestor(result_consumer, abortion_callback))
 
 
+# NOTE(nathaniel): This class has some extremely special semantics around
+# cancellation that allow it to be used by both "blocking" APIs and "futures"
+# APIs.
+#
+# Since futures.Future defines its own exception for cancellation, we want these
+# objects, when returned by methods of a returning-Futures-from-other-methods
+# object, to raise the same exception for cancellation. But that's weird in a
+# blocking API - why should this object, also returned by methods of blocking
+# APIs, raise exceptions from the "future" module? Should we do something like
+# have this class be parameterized by the type of exception that it raises in
+# cancellation circumstances?
+#
+# We don't have to take such a dramatic step: since blocking APIs define no
+# cancellation semantics whatsoever, there is no supported way for
+# blocking-API-users of these objects to cancel RPCs, and thus no supported way
+# for them to see an exception the type of which would be weird to them.
+#
+# Bonus: in both blocking and futures APIs, this object still properly raises
+# exceptions.CancellationError for any *server-side cancellation* of an RPC.
 class _OperationCancellableIterator(interfaces.CancellableIterator):
   """An interfaces.CancellableIterator for response-streaming operations."""
 
   def __init__(self, rendezvous, operation):
+    self._lock = threading.Lock()
     self._rendezvous = rendezvous
     self._operation = operation
+    self._cancelled = False
 
   def __iter__(self):
     return self
 
   def next(self):
+    with self._lock:
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
     return next(self._rendezvous)
 
   def cancel(self):
+    with self._lock:
+      self._cancelled = True
     self._operation.cancel()
     self._rendezvous.set_outcome(base_interfaces.Outcome.CANCELLED)
 
@@ -105,46 +132,126 @@ class _OperationFuture(future.Future):
     self._rendezvous = rendezvous
     self._operation = operation
 
-    self._outcome = None
+    self._cancelled = False
+    self._computed = False
+    self._payload = None
+    self._exception = None
+    self._traceback = None
     self._callbacks = []
 
   def cancel(self):
     """See future.Future.cancel for specification."""
     with self._condition:
-      if self._outcome is None:
+      if not self._cancelled and not self._computed:
         self._operation.cancel()
-        self._outcome = future.aborted()
+        self._cancelled = True
         self._condition.notify_all()
     return False
 
   def cancelled(self):
     """See future.Future.cancelled for specification."""
-    return False
+    with self._condition:
+      return self._cancelled
+
+  def running(self):
+    """See future.Future.running for specification."""
+    with self._condition:
+      return not self._cancelled and not self._computed
 
   def done(self):
     """See future.Future.done for specification."""
     with self._condition:
-      return (self._outcome is not None and
-              self._outcome.category is not future.ABORTED)
+      return self._cancelled or self._computed
+
+  def result(self, timeout=None):
+    """See future.Future.result for specification."""
+    with self._condition:
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      if self._computed:
+        if self._payload is None:
+          raise self._exception  # pylint: disable=raising-bad-type
+        else:
+          return self._payload
+
+      condition = threading.Condition()
+      def notify_condition(unused_future):
+        with condition:
+          condition.notify()
+      self._callbacks.append(notify_condition)
+
+    with condition:
+      condition.wait(timeout=timeout)
+
+    with self._condition:
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      elif self._computed:
+        if self._payload is None:
+          raise self._exception  # pylint: disable=raising-bad-type
+        else:
+          return self._payload
+      else:
+        raise future.TimeoutError()
+
+  def exception(self, timeout=None):
+    """See future.Future.exception for specification."""
+    with self._condition:
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      if self._computed:
+        return self._exception
+
+      condition = threading.Condition()
+      def notify_condition(unused_future):
+        with condition:
+          condition.notify()
+      self._callbacks.append(notify_condition)
+
+    with condition:
+      condition.wait(timeout=timeout)
 
-  def outcome(self):
-    """See future.Future.outcome for specification."""
     with self._condition:
-      while self._outcome is None:
-        self._condition.wait()
-      return self._outcome
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      elif self._computed:
+        return self._exception
+      else:
+        raise future.TimeoutError()
 
-  def add_done_callback(self, callback):
+  def traceback(self, timeout=None):
+    """See future.Future.traceback for specification."""
+    with self._condition:
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      if self._computed:
+        return self._traceback
+
+      condition = threading.Condition()
+      def notify_condition(unused_future):
+        with condition:
+          condition.notify()
+      self._callbacks.append(notify_condition)
+
+    with condition:
+      condition.wait(timeout=timeout)
+
+    with self._condition:
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      elif self._computed:
+        return self._traceback
+      else:
+        raise future.TimeoutError()
+
+  def add_done_callback(self, fn):
     """See future.Future.add_done_callback for specification."""
     with self._condition:
       if self._callbacks is not None:
-        self._callbacks.add(callback)
+        self._callbacks.add(fn)
         return
 
-      outcome = self._outcome
-
-    callable_util.call_logging_exceptions(
-        callback, _DONE_CALLBACK_LOG_MESSAGE, outcome)
+    callable_util.call_logging_exceptions(fn, _DONE_CALLBACK_LOG_MESSAGE, self)
 
   def on_operation_termination(self, operation_outcome):
     """Indicates to this object that the operation has terminated.
@@ -154,34 +261,42 @@ class _OperationFuture(future.Future):
         outcome of the operation.
     """
     with self._condition:
-      if (self._outcome is None and
-          operation_outcome is not base_interfaces.Outcome.COMPLETED):
-        self._outcome = future.raised(
-            _control.abortion_outcome_to_exception(operation_outcome))
-        self._condition.notify_all()
-
-      outcome = self._outcome
-      rendezvous = self._rendezvous
-      callbacks = list(self._callbacks)
-      self._callbacks = None
-
-    if outcome is None:
-      try:
-        return_value = next(rendezvous)
-      except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
-        outcome = future.raised(e)
+      cancelled = self._cancelled
+      if cancelled:
+        callbacks = list(self._callbacks)
+        self._callbacks = None
       else:
-        outcome = future.returned(return_value)
+        rendezvous = self._rendezvous
+
+    if not cancelled:
+      payload = None
+      exception = None
+      traceback = None
+      if operation_outcome == base_interfaces.Outcome.COMPLETED:
+        try:
+          payload = next(rendezvous)
+        except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+          exception = e
+          traceback = sys.exc_info()[2]
+      else:
+        try:
+          # We raise and then immediately catch in order to create a traceback.
+          raise _control.abortion_outcome_to_exception(operation_outcome)
+        except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+          exception = e
+          traceback = sys.exc_info()[2]
       with self._condition:
-        if self._outcome is None:
-          self._outcome = outcome
-          self._condition.notify_all()
-        else:
-          outcome = self._outcome
+        if not self._cancelled:
+          self._computed = True
+          self._payload = payload
+          self._exception = exception
+          self._traceback = traceback
+        callbacks = list(self._callbacks)
+        self._callbacks = None
 
     for callback in callbacks:
       callable_util.call_logging_exceptions(
-          callback, _DONE_CALLBACK_LOG_MESSAGE, outcome)
+          callback, _DONE_CALLBACK_LOG_MESSAGE, self)
 
 
 class _Call(interfaces.Call):
diff --git a/src/python/src/_framework/face/testing/future_invocation_asynchronous_event_service_test_case.py b/src/python/src/_framework/face/testing/future_invocation_asynchronous_event_service_test_case.py
index cf8b2eeb95..939b238b66 100644
--- a/src/python/src/_framework/face/testing/future_invocation_asynchronous_event_service_test_case.py
+++ b/src/python/src/_framework/face/testing/future_invocation_asynchronous_event_service_test_case.py
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
 
         response_future = self.stub.future_value_in_value_out(
             name, request, _TIMEOUT)
-        response = response_future.outcome().return_value
+        response = response_future.result()
 
         test_messages.verify(request, response, self)
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
         with request_iterator.pause():
           response_future = self.stub.future_stream_in_value_out(
               name, request_iterator, _TIMEOUT)
-        response = response_future.outcome().return_value
+        response = response_future.result()
 
         test_messages.verify(requests, response, self)
 
@@ -173,13 +173,13 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
 
         first_response_future = self.stub.future_value_in_value_out(
             name, first_request, _TIMEOUT)
-        first_response = first_response_future.outcome().return_value
+        first_response = first_response_future.result()
 
         test_messages.verify(first_request, first_response, self)
 
         second_response_future = self.stub.future_value_in_value_out(
             name, second_request, _TIMEOUT)
-        second_response = second_response_future.outcome().return_value
+        second_response = second_response_future.result()
 
         test_messages.verify(second_request, second_response, self)
 
@@ -192,10 +192,10 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
         with self.control.pause():
           response_future = self.stub.future_value_in_value_out(
               name, request, _TIMEOUT)
-          outcome = response_future.outcome()
-
-        self.assertIsInstance(
-            outcome.exception, exceptions.ExpirationError)
+          self.assertIsInstance(
+              response_future.exception(), exceptions.ExpirationError)
+          with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ExpirationError):
+            response_future.result()
 
   def testExpiredUnaryRequestStreamResponse(self):
     for name, test_messages_sequence in (
@@ -203,11 +203,11 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
       for test_messages in test_messages_sequence:
         request = test_messages.request()
 
-        with self.control.pause(), self.assertRaises(
-            exceptions.ExpirationError):
+        with self.control.pause():
           response_iterator = self.stub.inline_value_in_stream_out(
               name, request, _TIMEOUT)
-          list(response_iterator)
+          with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ExpirationError):
+            list(response_iterator)
 
   def testExpiredStreamRequestUnaryResponse(self):
     for name, test_messages_sequence in (
@@ -218,10 +218,10 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
         with self.control.pause():
           response_future = self.stub.future_stream_in_value_out(
               name, iter(requests), _TIMEOUT)
-          outcome = response_future.outcome()
-
-        self.assertIsInstance(
-            outcome.exception, exceptions.ExpirationError)
+          self.assertIsInstance(
+              response_future.exception(), exceptions.ExpirationError)
+          with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ExpirationError):
+            response_future.result()
 
   def testExpiredStreamRequestStreamResponse(self):
     for name, test_messages_sequence in (
@@ -229,11 +229,11 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
       for test_messages in test_messages_sequence:
         requests = test_messages.requests()
 
-        with self.control.pause(), self.assertRaises(
-            exceptions.ExpirationError):
+        with self.control.pause():
           response_iterator = self.stub.inline_stream_in_stream_out(
               name, iter(requests), _TIMEOUT)
-          list(response_iterator)
+          with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ExpirationError):
+            list(response_iterator)
 
   def testFailedUnaryRequestUnaryResponse(self):
     for name, test_messages_sequence in (
@@ -244,13 +244,15 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
         with self.control.fail():
           response_future = self.stub.future_value_in_value_out(
               name, request, _TIMEOUT)
-          outcome = response_future.outcome()
 
-        # Because the servicer fails outside of the thread from which the
-        # servicer-side runtime called into it its failure is indistinguishable
-        # from simply not having called its response_callback before the
-        # expiration of the RPC.
-        self.assertIsInstance(outcome.exception, exceptions.ExpirationError)
+          # Because the servicer fails outside of the thread from which the
+          # servicer-side runtime called into it its failure is
+          # indistinguishable from simply not having called its
+          # response_callback before the expiration of the RPC.
+          self.assertIsInstance(
+              response_future.exception(), exceptions.ExpirationError)
+          with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ExpirationError):
+            response_future.result()
 
   def testFailedUnaryRequestStreamResponse(self):
     for name, test_messages_sequence in (
@@ -276,13 +278,15 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
         with self.control.fail():
           response_future = self.stub.future_stream_in_value_out(
               name, iter(requests), _TIMEOUT)
-          outcome = response_future.outcome()
 
-        # Because the servicer fails outside of the thread from which the
-        # servicer-side runtime called into it its failure is indistinguishable
-        # from simply not having called its response_callback before the
-        # expiration of the RPC.
-        self.assertIsInstance(outcome.exception, exceptions.ExpirationError)
+          # Because the servicer fails outside of the thread from which the
+          # servicer-side runtime called into it its failure is
+          # indistinguishable from simply not having called its
+          # response_callback before the expiration of the RPC.
+          self.assertIsInstance(
+              response_future.exception(), exceptions.ExpirationError)
+          with self.assertRaises(exceptions.ExpirationError):
+            response_future.result()
 
   def testFailedStreamRequestStreamResponse(self):
     for name, test_messages_sequence in (
@@ -310,8 +314,8 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
             name, first_request, _TIMEOUT)
         second_response_future = self.stub.future_value_in_value_out(
             name, second_request, _TIMEOUT)
-        first_response = first_response_future.outcome().return_value
-        second_response = second_response_future.outcome().return_value
+        first_response = first_response_future.result()
+        second_response = second_response_future.result()
 
         test_messages.verify(first_request, first_response, self)
         test_messages.verify(second_request, second_response, self)
@@ -329,10 +333,10 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
         with self.control.pause():
           response_future = self.stub.future_value_in_value_out(
               name, request, _TIMEOUT)
-          cancelled = response_future.cancel()
+          cancel_method_return_value = response_future.cancel()
 
-        self.assertFalse(cancelled)
-        self.assertEqual(future.ABORTED, response_future.outcome().category)
+        self.assertFalse(cancel_method_return_value)
+        self.assertTrue(response_future.cancelled())
 
   def testCancelledUnaryRequestStreamResponse(self):
     for name, test_messages_sequence in (
@@ -345,7 +349,7 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
               name, request, _TIMEOUT)
           response_iterator.cancel()
 
-        with self.assertRaises(exceptions.CancellationError):
+        with self.assertRaises(future.CancelledError):
           next(response_iterator)
 
   def testCancelledStreamRequestUnaryResponse(self):
@@ -357,10 +361,10 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
         with self.control.pause():
           response_future = self.stub.future_stream_in_value_out(
               name, iter(requests), _TIMEOUT)
-          cancelled = response_future.cancel()
+          cancel_method_return_value = response_future.cancel()
 
-        self.assertFalse(cancelled)
-        self.assertEqual(future.ABORTED, response_future.outcome().category)
+        self.assertFalse(cancel_method_return_value)
+        self.assertTrue(response_future.cancelled())
 
   def testCancelledStreamRequestStreamResponse(self):
     for name, test_messages_sequence in (
@@ -373,5 +377,5 @@ class FutureInvocationAsynchronousEventServiceTestCase(
               name, iter(requests), _TIMEOUT)
           response_iterator.cancel()
 
-        with self.assertRaises(exceptions.CancellationError):
+        with self.assertRaises(future.CancelledError):
           next(response_iterator)
diff --git a/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/_later_test.py b/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/_later_test.py
index fbd17a4ad9..50b67907db 100644
--- a/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/_later_test.py
+++ b/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/_later_test.py
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ import threading
 import time
 import unittest
 
-from _framework.foundation import future
 from _framework.foundation import later
 
 TICK = 0.1
@@ -44,10 +43,14 @@ class LaterTest(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_simple_delay(self):
     lock = threading.Lock()
     cell = [0]
-    def increment_cell():
+    return_value = object()
+
+    def computation():
       with lock:
         cell[0] += 1
-    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, increment_cell)
+      return return_value
+    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, computation)
+
     self.assertFalse(computation_future.done())
     self.assertFalse(computation_future.cancelled())
     time.sleep(TICK)
@@ -60,22 +63,21 @@ class LaterTest(unittest.TestCase):
     self.assertFalse(computation_future.cancelled())
     with lock:
       self.assertEqual(1, cell[0])
-    outcome = computation_future.outcome()
-    self.assertEqual(future.RETURNED, outcome.category)
+    self.assertEqual(return_value, computation_future.result())
 
   def test_callback(self):
     lock = threading.Lock()
     cell = [0]
     callback_called = [False]
-    outcome_passed_to_callback = [None]
-    def increment_cell():
+    future_passed_to_callback = [None]
+    def computation():
       with lock:
         cell[0] += 1
-    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, increment_cell)
+    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, computation)
     def callback(outcome):
       with lock:
         callback_called[0] = True
-        outcome_passed_to_callback[0] = outcome
+        future_passed_to_callback[0] = outcome
     computation_future.add_done_callback(callback)
     time.sleep(TICK)
     with lock:
@@ -83,63 +85,67 @@ class LaterTest(unittest.TestCase):
     time.sleep(TICK * 2)
     with lock:
       self.assertTrue(callback_called[0])
-      self.assertEqual(future.RETURNED, outcome_passed_to_callback[0].category)
+      self.assertTrue(future_passed_to_callback[0].done())
 
       callback_called[0] = False
-      outcome_passed_to_callback[0] = None
+      future_passed_to_callback[0] = None
 
     computation_future.add_done_callback(callback)
     with lock:
       self.assertTrue(callback_called[0])
-      self.assertEqual(future.RETURNED, outcome_passed_to_callback[0].category)
+      self.assertTrue(future_passed_to_callback[0].done())
 
   def test_cancel(self):
     lock = threading.Lock()
     cell = [0]
     callback_called = [False]
-    outcome_passed_to_callback = [None]
-    def increment_cell():
+    future_passed_to_callback = [None]
+    def computation():
       with lock:
         cell[0] += 1
-    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, increment_cell)
+    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, computation)
     def callback(outcome):
       with lock:
         callback_called[0] = True
-        outcome_passed_to_callback[0] = outcome
+        future_passed_to_callback[0] = outcome
     computation_future.add_done_callback(callback)
     time.sleep(TICK)
     with lock:
       self.assertFalse(callback_called[0])
     computation_future.cancel()
     self.assertTrue(computation_future.cancelled())
-    self.assertFalse(computation_future.done())
-    self.assertEqual(future.ABORTED, computation_future.outcome().category)
+    self.assertFalse(computation_future.running())
+    self.assertTrue(computation_future.done())
     with lock:
       self.assertTrue(callback_called[0])
-      self.assertEqual(future.ABORTED, outcome_passed_to_callback[0].category)
+      self.assertTrue(future_passed_to_callback[0].cancelled())
 
-  def test_outcome(self):
+  def test_result(self):
     lock = threading.Lock()
     cell = [0]
     callback_called = [False]
-    outcome_passed_to_callback = [None]
-    def increment_cell():
+    future_passed_to_callback_cell = [None]
+    return_value = object()
+
+    def computation():
       with lock:
         cell[0] += 1
-    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, increment_cell)
-    def callback(outcome):
+      return return_value
+    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, computation)
+
+    def callback(future_passed_to_callback):
       with lock:
         callback_called[0] = True
-        outcome_passed_to_callback[0] = outcome
+        future_passed_to_callback_cell[0] = future_passed_to_callback
     computation_future.add_done_callback(callback)
-    returned_outcome = computation_future.outcome()
-    self.assertEqual(future.RETURNED, returned_outcome.category)
+    returned_value = computation_future.result()
+    self.assertEqual(return_value, returned_value)
 
     # The callback may not yet have been called! Sleep a tick.
     time.sleep(TICK)
     with lock:
       self.assertTrue(callback_called[0])
-      self.assertEqual(future.RETURNED, outcome_passed_to_callback[0].category)
+      self.assertEqual(return_value, future_passed_to_callback_cell[0].result())
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   unittest.main()
diff --git a/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/_timer_future.py b/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/_timer_future.py
index 86bc073d56..4aa66991c5 100644
--- a/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/_timer_future.py
+++ b/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/_timer_future.py
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 
 """Affords a Future implementation based on Python's threading.Timer."""
 
+import sys
 import threading
 import time
 
@@ -52,7 +53,9 @@ class TimerFuture(future.Future):
     self._computing = False
     self._computed = False
     self._cancelled = False
-    self._outcome = None
+    self._result = None
+    self._exception = None
+    self._traceback = None
     self._waiting = []
 
   def _compute(self):
@@ -70,19 +73,24 @@ class TimerFuture(future.Future):
         self._computing = True
 
     try:
-      returned_value = self._computation()
-      outcome = future.returned(returned_value)
+      return_value = self._computation()
+      exception = None
+      traceback = None
     except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
-      outcome = future.raised(e)
+      return_value = None
+      exception = e
+      traceback = sys.exc_info()[2]
 
     with self._lock:
       self._computing = False
       self._computed = True
-      self._outcome = outcome
+      self._return_value = return_value
+      self._exception = exception
+      self._traceback = traceback
       waiting = self._waiting
 
     for callback in waiting:
-      callback(outcome)
+      callback(self)
 
   def start(self):
     """Starts this Future.
@@ -104,13 +112,11 @@ class TimerFuture(future.Future):
       else:
         self._timer.cancel()
         self._cancelled = True
-        self._outcome = future.aborted()
-        outcome = self._outcome
         waiting = self._waiting
 
     for callback in waiting:
       try:
-        callback(outcome)
+        callback(self)
       except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
         pass
 
@@ -121,36 +127,102 @@ class TimerFuture(future.Future):
     with self._lock:
       return self._cancelled
 
+  def running(self):
+    """See future.Future.running for specification."""
+    with self._lock:
+      return not self._computed and not self._cancelled
+
   def done(self):
     """See future.Future.done for specification."""
     with self._lock:
-      return self._computed
+      return self._computed or self._cancelled
+
+  def result(self, timeout=None):
+    """See future.Future.result for specification."""
+    with self._lock:
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      elif self._computed:
+        if self._exception is None:
+          return self._return_value
+        else:
+          raise self._exception  # pylint: disable=raising-bad-type
+
+      condition = threading.Condition()
+      def notify_condition(unused_future):
+        with condition:
+          condition.notify()
+      self._waiting.append(notify_condition)
+
+    with condition:
+      condition.wait(timeout=timeout)
+
+    with self._lock:
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      elif self._computed:
+        if self._exception is None:
+          return self._return_value
+        else:
+          raise self._exception  # pylint: disable=raising-bad-type
+      else:
+        raise future.TimeoutError()
+
+  def exception(self, timeout=None):
+    """See future.Future.exception for specification."""
+    with self._lock:
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      elif self._computed:
+        return self._exception
+
+      condition = threading.Condition()
+      def notify_condition(unused_future):
+        with condition:
+          condition.notify()
+      self._waiting.append(notify_condition)
+
+    with condition:
+      condition.wait(timeout=timeout)
+
+    with self._lock:
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      elif self._computed:
+        return self._exception
+      else:
+        raise future.TimeoutError()
 
-  def outcome(self):
-    """See future.Future.outcome for specification."""
+  def traceback(self, timeout=None):
+    """See future.Future.traceback for specification."""
     with self._lock:
-      if self._computed or self._cancelled:
-        return self._outcome
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      elif self._computed:
+        return self._traceback
 
       condition = threading.Condition()
-      def notify_condition(unused_outcome):
+      def notify_condition(unused_future):
         with condition:
           condition.notify()
       self._waiting.append(notify_condition)
 
     with condition:
-      condition.wait()
+      condition.wait(timeout=timeout)
 
     with self._lock:
-      return self._outcome
+      if self._cancelled:
+        raise future.CancelledError()
+      elif self._computed:
+        return self._traceback
+      else:
+        raise future.TimeoutError()
 
-  def add_done_callback(self, callback):
+  def add_done_callback(self, fn):
     """See future.Future.add_done_callback for specification."""
     with self._lock:
       if not self._computed and not self._cancelled:
-        self._waiting.append(callback)
+        self._waiting.append(fn)
         return
-      else:
-        outcome = self._outcome
 
-    callback(outcome)
+    fn(self)
diff --git a/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/callable_util.py b/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/callable_util.py
index 1f7546cb76..32b0751a01 100644
--- a/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/callable_util.py
+++ b/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/callable_util.py
@@ -29,18 +29,47 @@
 
 """Utilities for working with callables."""
 
+import abc
+import collections
+import enum
 import functools
 import logging
 
-from _framework.foundation import future
+
+class Outcome(object):
+  """A sum type describing the outcome of some call.
+
+  Attributes:
+    kind: One of Kind.RETURNED or Kind.RAISED respectively indicating that the
+      call returned a value or raised an exception.
+    return_value: The value returned by the call. Must be present if kind is
+      Kind.RETURNED.
+    exception: The exception raised by the call. Must be present if kind is
+      Kind.RAISED.
+  """
+  __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
+
+  @enum.unique
+  class Kind(enum.Enum):
+    """Identifies the general kind of the outcome of some call."""
+
+    RETURNED = object()
+    RAISED = object()
+
+
+class _EasyOutcome(
+    collections.namedtuple(
+        '_EasyOutcome', ['kind', 'return_value', 'exception']),
+    Outcome):
+  """A trivial implementation of Outcome."""
 
 
 def _call_logging_exceptions(behavior, message, *args, **kwargs):
   try:
-    return future.returned(behavior(*args, **kwargs))
+    return _EasyOutcome(Outcome.Kind.RETURNED, behavior(*args, **kwargs), None)
   except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
     logging.exception(message)
-    return future.raised(e)
+    return _EasyOutcome(Outcome.Kind.RAISED, None, e)
 
 
 def with_exceptions_logged(behavior, message):
@@ -72,7 +101,7 @@ def call_logging_exceptions(behavior, message, *args, **kwargs):
     **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to the given behavior.
 
   Returns:
-    A future.Outcome describing whether the given behavior returned a value or
-      raised an exception.
+    An Outcome describing whether the given behavior returned a value or raised
+      an exception.
   """
   return _call_logging_exceptions(behavior, message, *args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/future.py b/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/future.py
index f00c503257..bfc16fc1ea 100644
--- a/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/future.py
+++ b/src/python/src/_framework/foundation/future.py
@@ -27,146 +27,210 @@
 # (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 # OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 
-"""The Future interface missing from Python's standard library.
+"""A Future interface.
 
-Python's concurrent.futures library defines a Future class very much like the
-Future defined here, but since that class is concrete and without construction
-semantics it is only available within the concurrent.futures library itself.
-The Future class defined here is an entirely abstract interface that anyone may
+Python doesn't have a Future interface in its standard library. In the absence
+of such a standard, three separate, incompatible implementations
+(concurrent.futures.Future, ndb.Future, and asyncio.Future) have appeared. This
+interface attempts to be as compatible as possible with
+concurrent.futures.Future. From ndb.Future it adopts a traceback-object accessor
+method.
+
+Unlike the concrete and implemented Future classes listed above, the Future
+class defined in this module is an entirely abstract interface that anyone may
 implement and use.
+
+The one known incompatibility between this interface and the interface of
+concurrent.futures.Future is that this interface defines its own CancelledError
+and TimeoutError exceptions rather than raising the implementation-private
+concurrent.futures._base.CancelledError and the
+built-in-but-only-in-3.3-and-later TimeoutError.
 """
 
 import abc
-import collections
-
-RETURNED = object()
-RAISED = object()
-ABORTED = object()
-
 
-class Outcome(object):
-  """A sum type describing the outcome of some computation.
-
-  Attributes:
-    category: One of RETURNED, RAISED, or ABORTED, respectively indicating
-      that the computation returned a value, raised an exception, or was
-      aborted.
-    return_value: The value returned by the computation. Must be present if
-      category is RETURNED.
-    exception: The exception raised by the computation. Must be present if
-      category is RAISED.
-  """
-  __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
+class TimeoutError(Exception):
+  """Indicates that a particular call timed out."""
 
-class _EasyOutcome(
-    collections.namedtuple('_EasyOutcome',
-                           ['category', 'return_value', 'exception']),
-    Outcome):
-  """A trivial implementation of Outcome."""
 
-# All Outcomes describing abortion are indistinguishable so there might as well
-# be only one.
-_ABORTED_OUTCOME = _EasyOutcome(ABORTED, None, None)
+class CancelledError(Exception):
+  """Indicates that the computation underlying a Future was cancelled."""
 
 
-def aborted():
-  """Returns an Outcome indicating that a computation was aborted.
+class Future(object):
+  """A representation of a computation in another control flow.
 
-  Returns:
-    An Outcome indicating that a computation was aborted.
+  Computations represented by a Future may be yet to be begun, may be ongoing,
+  or may have already completed.
   """
-  return _ABORTED_OUTCOME
-
-
-def raised(exception):
-  """Returns an Outcome indicating that a computation raised an exception.
-
-  Args:
-    exception: The exception raised by the computation.
+  __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
-  Returns:
-    An Outcome indicating that a computation raised the given exception.
-  """
-  return _EasyOutcome(RAISED, None, exception)
+  # NOTE(nathaniel): This isn't the return type that I would want to have if it
+  # were up to me. Were this interface being written from scratch, the return
+  # type of this method would probably be a sum type like:
+  #
+  # NOT_COMMENCED
+  # COMMENCED_AND_NOT_COMPLETED
+  # PARTIAL_RESULT<Partial_Result_Type>
+  # COMPLETED<Result_Type>
+  # UNCANCELLABLE
+  # NOT_IMMEDIATELY_DETERMINABLE
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def cancel(self):
+    """Attempts to cancel the computation.
 
+    This method does not block.
 
-def returned(value):
-  """Returns an Outcome indicating that a computation returned a value.
+    Returns:
+      True if the computation has not yet begun, will not be allowed to take
+        place, and determination of both was possible without blocking. False
+        under all other circumstances including but not limited to the
+        computation's already having begun, the computation's already having
+        finished, and the computation's having been scheduled for execution on a
+        remote system for which a determination of whether or not it commenced
+        before being cancelled cannot be made without blocking.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError()
 
-  Args:
-    value: The value returned by the computation.
+  # NOTE(nathaniel): Here too this isn't the return type that I'd want this
+  # method to have if it were up to me. I think I'd go with another sum type
+  # like:
+  #
+  # NOT_CANCELLED (this object's cancel method hasn't been called)
+  # NOT_COMMENCED
+  # COMMENCED_AND_NOT_COMPLETED
+  # PARTIAL_RESULT<Partial_Result_Type>
+  # COMPLETED<Result_Type>
+  # UNCANCELLABLE
+  # NOT_IMMEDIATELY_DETERMINABLE
+  #
+  # Notice how giving the cancel method the right semantics obviates most
+  # reasons for this method to exist.
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def cancelled(self):
+    """Describes whether the computation was cancelled.
 
-  Returns:
-    An Outcome indicating that a computation returned the given value.
-  """
-  return _EasyOutcome(RETURNED, value, None)
+    This method does not block.
 
+    Returns:
+      True if the computation was cancelled any time before its result became
+        immediately available. False under all other circumstances including but
+        not limited to this object's cancel method not having been called and
+        the computation's result having become immediately available.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError()
 
-class Future(object):
-  """A representation of a computation happening in another control flow.
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def running(self):
+    """Describes whether the computation is taking place.
 
-  Computations represented by a Future may have already completed, may be
-  ongoing, or may be yet to be begun.
+    This method does not block.
 
-  Computations represented by a Future are considered uninterruptable; once
-  started they will be allowed to terminate either by returning or raising
-  an exception.
-  """
-  __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
+    Returns:
+      True if the computation is scheduled to take place in the future or is
+        taking place now, or False if the computation took place in the past or
+        was cancelled.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError()
 
+  # NOTE(nathaniel): These aren't quite the semantics I'd like here either. I
+  # would rather this only returned True in cases in which the underlying
+  # computation completed successfully. A computation's having been cancelled
+  # conflicts with considering that computation "done".
   @abc.abstractmethod
-  def cancel(self):
-    """Attempts to cancel the computation.
+  def done(self):
+    """Describes whether the computation has taken place.
+
+    This method does not block.
 
     Returns:
-      True if the computation will not be allowed to take place or False if
-        the computation has already taken place or is currently taking place.
+      True if the computation is known to have either completed or have been
+        unscheduled or interrupted. False if the computation may possibly be
+        executing or scheduled to execute later.
     """
     raise NotImplementedError()
 
   @abc.abstractmethod
-  def cancelled(self):
-    """Describes whether the computation was cancelled.
+  def result(self, timeout=None):
+    """Accesses the outcome of the computation or raises its exception.
+
+    This method may return immediately or may block.
+
+    Args:
+      timeout: The length of time in seconds to wait for the computation to
+        finish or be cancelled, or None if this method should block until the
+        computation has finished or is cancelled no matter how long that takes.
 
     Returns:
-      True if the computation was cancelled and did not take place or False
-        if the computation took place, is taking place, or is scheduled to
-        take place in the future.
+      The return value of the computation.
+
+    Raises:
+      TimeoutError: If a timeout value is passed and the computation does not
+        terminate within the allotted time.
+      CancelledError: If the computation was cancelled.
+      Exception: If the computation raised an exception, this call will raise
+        the same exception.
     """
     raise NotImplementedError()
 
   @abc.abstractmethod
-  def done(self):
-    """Describes whether the computation has taken place.
+  def exception(self, timeout=None):
+    """Return the exception raised by the computation.
+
+    This method may return immediately or may block.
+
+    Args:
+      timeout: The length of time in seconds to wait for the computation to
+        terminate or be cancelled, or None if this method should block until
+        the computation is terminated or is cancelled no matter how long that
+        takes.
 
     Returns:
-      True if the computation took place; False otherwise.
+      The exception raised by the computation, or None if the computation did
+        not raise an exception.
+
+    Raises:
+      TimeoutError: If a timeout value is passed and the computation does not
+        terminate within the allotted time.
+      CancelledError: If the computation was cancelled.
     """
     raise NotImplementedError()
 
   @abc.abstractmethod
-  def outcome(self):
-    """Accesses the outcome of the computation.
+  def traceback(self, timeout=None):
+    """Access the traceback of the exception raised by the computation.
 
-    If the computation has not yet completed, this method blocks until it has.
+    This method may return immediately or may block.
+
+    Args:
+      timeout: The length of time in seconds to wait for the computation to
+        terminate or be cancelled, or None if this method should block until
+        the computation is terminated or is cancelled no matter how long that
+        takes.
 
     Returns:
-      An Outcome describing the outcome of the computation.
+      The traceback of the exception raised by the computation, or None if the
+        computation did not raise an exception.
+
+    Raises:
+      TimeoutError: If a timeout value is passed and the computation does not
+        terminate within the allotted time.
+      CancelledError: If the computation was cancelled.
     """
     raise NotImplementedError()
 
   @abc.abstractmethod
-  def add_done_callback(self, callback):
+  def add_done_callback(self, fn):
     """Adds a function to be called at completion of the computation.
 
-    The callback will be passed an Outcome object describing the outcome of
+    The callback will be passed this Future object describing the outcome of
     the computation.
 
     If the computation has already completed, the callback will be called
     immediately.
 
     Args:
-      callback: A callable taking an Outcome as its single parameter.
+      fn: A callable taking a this Future object as its single parameter.
     """
     raise NotImplementedError()