Fill out the foundation package.

9 files changed, 933 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/python/_framework/foundation/_later_test.py b/src/python/_framework/foundation/_later_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fbd17a4ad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/python/_framework/foundation/_later_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+# distribution.
+#     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+# this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+"""Tests of the later module."""
+
+import threading
+import time
+import unittest
+
+from _framework.foundation import future
+from _framework.foundation import later
+
+TICK = 0.1
+
+
+class LaterTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+  def test_simple_delay(self):
+    lock = threading.Lock()
+    cell = [0]
+    def increment_cell():
+      with lock:
+        cell[0] += 1
+    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, increment_cell)
+    self.assertFalse(computation_future.done())
+    self.assertFalse(computation_future.cancelled())
+    time.sleep(TICK)
+    self.assertFalse(computation_future.done())
+    self.assertFalse(computation_future.cancelled())
+    with lock:
+      self.assertEqual(0, cell[0])
+    time.sleep(TICK * 2)
+    self.assertTrue(computation_future.done())
+    self.assertFalse(computation_future.cancelled())
+    with lock:
+      self.assertEqual(1, cell[0])
+    outcome = computation_future.outcome()
+    self.assertEqual(future.RETURNED, outcome.category)
+
+  def test_callback(self):
+    lock = threading.Lock()
+    cell = [0]
+    callback_called = [False]
+    outcome_passed_to_callback = [None]
+    def increment_cell():
+      with lock:
+        cell[0] += 1
+    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, increment_cell)
+    def callback(outcome):
+      with lock:
+        callback_called[0] = True
+        outcome_passed_to_callback[0] = outcome
+    computation_future.add_done_callback(callback)
+    time.sleep(TICK)
+    with lock:
+      self.assertFalse(callback_called[0])
+    time.sleep(TICK * 2)
+    with lock:
+      self.assertTrue(callback_called[0])
+      self.assertEqual(future.RETURNED, outcome_passed_to_callback[0].category)
+
+      callback_called[0] = False
+      outcome_passed_to_callback[0] = None
+
+    computation_future.add_done_callback(callback)
+    with lock:
+      self.assertTrue(callback_called[0])
+      self.assertEqual(future.RETURNED, outcome_passed_to_callback[0].category)
+
+  def test_cancel(self):
+    lock = threading.Lock()
+    cell = [0]
+    callback_called = [False]
+    outcome_passed_to_callback = [None]
+    def increment_cell():
+      with lock:
+        cell[0] += 1
+    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, increment_cell)
+    def callback(outcome):
+      with lock:
+        callback_called[0] = True
+        outcome_passed_to_callback[0] = outcome
+    computation_future.add_done_callback(callback)
+    time.sleep(TICK)
+    with lock:
+      self.assertFalse(callback_called[0])
+    computation_future.cancel()
+    self.assertTrue(computation_future.cancelled())
+    self.assertFalse(computation_future.done())
+    self.assertEqual(future.ABORTED, computation_future.outcome().category)
+    with lock:
+      self.assertTrue(callback_called[0])
+      self.assertEqual(future.ABORTED, outcome_passed_to_callback[0].category)
+
+  def test_outcome(self):
+    lock = threading.Lock()
+    cell = [0]
+    callback_called = [False]
+    outcome_passed_to_callback = [None]
+    def increment_cell():
+      with lock:
+        cell[0] += 1
+    computation_future = later.later(TICK * 2, increment_cell)
+    def callback(outcome):
+      with lock:
+        callback_called[0] = True
+        outcome_passed_to_callback[0] = outcome
+    computation_future.add_done_callback(callback)
+    returned_outcome = computation_future.outcome()
+    self.assertEqual(future.RETURNED, returned_outcome.category)
+
+    # The callback may not yet have been called! Sleep a tick.
+    time.sleep(TICK)
+    with lock:
+      self.assertTrue(callback_called[0])
+      self.assertEqual(future.RETURNED, outcome_passed_to_callback[0].category)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  unittest.main()
diff --git a/src/python/_framework/foundation/_timer_future.py b/src/python/_framework/foundation/_timer_future.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86bc073d56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/python/_framework/foundation/_timer_future.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+# Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+# distribution.
+#     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+# this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+"""Affords a Future implementation based on Python's threading.Timer."""
+
+import threading
+import time
+
+from _framework.foundation import future
+
+
+class TimerFuture(future.Future):
+  """A Future implementation based around Timer objects."""
+
+  def __init__(self, compute_time, computation):
+    """Constructor.
+
+    Args:
+      compute_time: The time after which to begin this future's computation.
+      computation: The computation to be performed within this Future.
+    """
+    self._lock = threading.Lock()
+    self._compute_time = compute_time
+    self._computation = computation
+    self._timer = None
+    self._computing = False
+    self._computed = False
+    self._cancelled = False
+    self._outcome = None
+    self._waiting = []
+
+  def _compute(self):
+    """Performs the computation embedded in this Future.
+
+    Or doesn't, if the time to perform it has not yet arrived.
+    """
+    with self._lock:
+      time_remaining = self._compute_time - time.time()
+      if 0 < time_remaining:
+        self._timer = threading.Timer(time_remaining, self._compute)
+        self._timer.start()
+        return
+      else:
+        self._computing = True
+
+    try:
+      returned_value = self._computation()
+      outcome = future.returned(returned_value)
+    except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+      outcome = future.raised(e)
+
+    with self._lock:
+      self._computing = False
+      self._computed = True
+      self._outcome = outcome
+      waiting = self._waiting
+
+    for callback in waiting:
+      callback(outcome)
+
+  def start(self):
+    """Starts this Future.
+
+    This must be called exactly once, immediately after construction.
+    """
+    with self._lock:
+      self._timer = threading.Timer(
+          self._compute_time - time.time(), self._compute)
+      self._timer.start()
+
+  def cancel(self):
+    """See future.Future.cancel for specification."""
+    with self._lock:
+      if self._computing or self._computed:
+        return False
+      elif self._cancelled:
+        return True
+      else:
+        self._timer.cancel()
+        self._cancelled = True
+        self._outcome = future.aborted()
+        outcome = self._outcome
+        waiting = self._waiting
+
+    for callback in waiting:
+      try:
+        callback(outcome)
+      except Exception:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+        pass
+
+    return True
+
+  def cancelled(self):
+    """See future.Future.cancelled for specification."""
+    with self._lock:
+      return self._cancelled
+
+  def done(self):
+    """See future.Future.done for specification."""
+    with self._lock:
+      return self._computed
+
+  def outcome(self):
+    """See future.Future.outcome for specification."""
+    with self._lock:
+      if self._computed or self._cancelled:
+        return self._outcome
+
+      condition = threading.Condition()
+      def notify_condition(unused_outcome):
+        with condition:
+          condition.notify()
+      self._waiting.append(notify_condition)
+
+    with condition:
+      condition.wait()
+
+    with self._lock:
+      return self._outcome
+
+  def add_done_callback(self, callback):
+    """See future.Future.add_done_callback for specification."""
+    with self._lock:
+      if not self._computed and not self._cancelled:
+        self._waiting.append(callback)
+        return
+      else:
+        outcome = self._outcome
+
+    callback(outcome)
diff --git a/src/python/_framework/foundation/abandonment.py b/src/python/_framework/foundation/abandonment.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..960b4d06b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/python/_framework/foundation/abandonment.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+# distribution.
+#     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+# this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+"""Utilities for indicating abandonment of computation."""
+
+
+class Abandoned(Exception):
+  """Indicates that some computation is being abandoned.
+
+  Abandoning a computation is different than returning a value or raising
+  an exception indicating some operational or programming defect.
+  """
diff --git a/src/python/_framework/foundation/callable_util.py b/src/python/_framework/foundation/callable_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f7546cb76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/python/_framework/foundation/callable_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+# distribution.
+#     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+# this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+"""Utilities for working with callables."""
+
+import functools
+import logging
+
+from _framework.foundation import future
+
+
+def _call_logging_exceptions(behavior, message, *args, **kwargs):
+  try:
+    return future.returned(behavior(*args, **kwargs))
+  except Exception as e:  # pylint: disable=broad-except
+    logging.exception(message)
+    return future.raised(e)
+
+
+def with_exceptions_logged(behavior, message):
+  """Wraps a callable in a try-except that logs any exceptions it raises.
+
+  Args:
+    behavior: Any callable.
+    message: A string to log if the behavior raises an exception.
+
+  Returns:
+    A callable that when executed invokes the given behavior. The returned
+      callable takes the same arguments as the given behavior but returns a
+      future.Outcome describing whether the given behavior returned a value or
+      raised an exception.
+  """
+  @functools.wraps(behavior)
+  def wrapped_behavior(*args, **kwargs):
+    return _call_logging_exceptions(behavior, message, *args, **kwargs)
+  return wrapped_behavior
+
+
+def call_logging_exceptions(behavior, message, *args, **kwargs):
+  """Calls a behavior in a try-except that logs any exceptions it raises.
+
+  Args:
+    behavior: Any callable.
+    message: A string to log if the behavior raises an exception.
+    *args: Positional arguments to pass to the given behavior.
+    **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to the given behavior.
+
+  Returns:
+    A future.Outcome describing whether the given behavior returned a value or
+      raised an exception.
+  """
+  return _call_logging_exceptions(behavior, message, *args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/src/python/_framework/foundation/future.py b/src/python/_framework/foundation/future.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f00c503257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/python/_framework/foundation/future.py
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+# distribution.
+#     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+# this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+"""The Future interface missing from Python's standard library.
+
+Python's concurrent.futures library defines a Future class very much like the
+Future defined here, but since that class is concrete and without construction
+semantics it is only available within the concurrent.futures library itself.
+The Future class defined here is an entirely abstract interface that anyone may
+implement and use.
+"""
+
+import abc
+import collections
+
+RETURNED = object()
+RAISED = object()
+ABORTED = object()
+
+
+class Outcome(object):
+  """A sum type describing the outcome of some computation.
+
+  Attributes:
+    category: One of RETURNED, RAISED, or ABORTED, respectively indicating
+      that the computation returned a value, raised an exception, or was
+      aborted.
+    return_value: The value returned by the computation. Must be present if
+      category is RETURNED.
+    exception: The exception raised by the computation. Must be present if
+      category is RAISED.
+  """
+  __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
+
+
+class _EasyOutcome(
+    collections.namedtuple('_EasyOutcome',
+                           ['category', 'return_value', 'exception']),
+    Outcome):
+  """A trivial implementation of Outcome."""
+
+# All Outcomes describing abortion are indistinguishable so there might as well
+# be only one.
+_ABORTED_OUTCOME = _EasyOutcome(ABORTED, None, None)
+
+
+def aborted():
+  """Returns an Outcome indicating that a computation was aborted.
+
+  Returns:
+    An Outcome indicating that a computation was aborted.
+  """
+  return _ABORTED_OUTCOME
+
+
+def raised(exception):
+  """Returns an Outcome indicating that a computation raised an exception.
+
+  Args:
+    exception: The exception raised by the computation.
+
+  Returns:
+    An Outcome indicating that a computation raised the given exception.
+  """
+  return _EasyOutcome(RAISED, None, exception)
+
+
+def returned(value):
+  """Returns an Outcome indicating that a computation returned a value.
+
+  Args:
+    value: The value returned by the computation.
+
+  Returns:
+    An Outcome indicating that a computation returned the given value.
+  """
+  return _EasyOutcome(RETURNED, value, None)
+
+
+class Future(object):
+  """A representation of a computation happening in another control flow.
+
+  Computations represented by a Future may have already completed, may be
+  ongoing, or may be yet to be begun.
+
+  Computations represented by a Future are considered uninterruptable; once
+  started they will be allowed to terminate either by returning or raising
+  an exception.
+  """
+  __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def cancel(self):
+    """Attempts to cancel the computation.
+
+    Returns:
+      True if the computation will not be allowed to take place or False if
+        the computation has already taken place or is currently taking place.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def cancelled(self):
+    """Describes whether the computation was cancelled.
+
+    Returns:
+      True if the computation was cancelled and did not take place or False
+        if the computation took place, is taking place, or is scheduled to
+        take place in the future.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def done(self):
+    """Describes whether the computation has taken place.
+
+    Returns:
+      True if the computation took place; False otherwise.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def outcome(self):
+    """Accesses the outcome of the computation.
+
+    If the computation has not yet completed, this method blocks until it has.
+
+    Returns:
+      An Outcome describing the outcome of the computation.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def add_done_callback(self, callback):
+    """Adds a function to be called at completion of the computation.
+
+    The callback will be passed an Outcome object describing the outcome of
+    the computation.
+
+    If the computation has already completed, the callback will be called
+    immediately.
+
+    Args:
+      callback: A callable taking an Outcome as its single parameter.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/src/python/_framework/foundation/later.py b/src/python/_framework/foundation/later.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc2cf578d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/python/_framework/foundation/later.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+# distribution.
+#     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+# this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+"""Enables scheduling execution at a later time."""
+
+import time
+
+from _framework.foundation import _timer_future
+
+
+def later(delay, computation):
+  """Schedules later execution of a callable.
+
+  Args:
+    delay: Any numeric value. Represents the minimum length of time in seconds
+      to allow to pass before beginning the computation. No guarantees are made
+      about the maximum length of time that will pass.
+    computation: A callable that accepts no arguments.
+
+  Returns:
+    A Future representing the scheduled computation.
+  """
+  timer_future = _timer_future.TimerFuture(time.time() + delay, computation)
+  timer_future.start()
+  return timer_future
diff --git a/src/python/_framework/foundation/stream.py b/src/python/_framework/foundation/stream.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75c0cf145b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/python/_framework/foundation/stream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+# distribution.
+#     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+# this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+"""Interfaces related to streams of values or objects."""
+
+import abc
+
+
+class Consumer(object):
+  """Interface for consumers of finite streams of values or objects."""
+  __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def consume(self, value):
+    """Accepts a value.
+
+    Args:
+      value: Any value accepted by this Consumer.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def terminate(self):
+    """Indicates to this Consumer that no more values will be supplied."""
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+  @abc.abstractmethod
+  def consume_and_terminate(self, value):
+    """Supplies a value and signals that no more values will be supplied.
+
+    Args:
+      value: Any value accepted by this Consumer.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/src/python/_framework/foundation/stream_testing.py b/src/python/_framework/foundation/stream_testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1acedc5c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/python/_framework/foundation/stream_testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+# Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+# distribution.
+#     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+# this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+"""Utilities for testing stream-related code."""
+
+from _framework.foundation import stream
+
+
+class TestConsumer(stream.Consumer):
+  """A stream.Consumer instrumented for testing.
+
+  Attributes:
+    calls: A sequence of value-termination pairs describing the history of calls
+      made on this object.
+  """
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    self.calls = []
+
+  def consume(self, value):
+    """See stream.Consumer.consume for specification."""
+    self.calls.append((value, False))
+
+  def terminate(self):
+    """See stream.Consumer.terminate for specification."""
+    self.calls.append((None, True))
+
+  def consume_and_terminate(self, value):
+    """See stream.Consumer.consume_and_terminate for specification."""
+    self.calls.append((value, True))
+
+  def is_legal(self):
+    """Reports whether or not a legal sequence of calls has been made."""
+    terminated = False
+    for value, terminal in self.calls:
+      if terminated:
+        return False
+      elif terminal:
+        terminated = True
+      elif value is None:
+        return False
+    else:  # pylint: disable=useless-else-on-loop
+      return True
+
+  def values(self):
+    """Returns the sequence of values that have been passed to this Consumer."""
+    return [value for value, _ in self.calls if value]
diff --git a/src/python/_framework/foundation/stream_util.py b/src/python/_framework/foundation/stream_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a9c043316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/python/_framework/foundation/stream_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+# met:
+#
+#     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+# distribution.
+#     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+# this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+"""Helpful utilities related to the stream module."""
+
+import logging
+import threading
+
+from _framework.foundation import stream
+
+_NO_VALUE = object()
+
+
+class TransformingConsumer(stream.Consumer):
+  """A stream.Consumer that passes a transformation of its input to another."""
+
+  def __init__(self, transformation, downstream):
+    self._transformation = transformation
+    self._downstream = downstream
+
+  def consume(self, value):
+    self._downstream.consume(self._transformation(value))
+
+  def terminate(self):
+    self._downstream.terminate()
+
+  def consume_and_terminate(self, value):
+    self._downstream.consume_and_terminate(self._transformation(value))
+
+
+class IterableConsumer(stream.Consumer):
+  """A Consumer that when iterated over emits the values it has consumed."""
+
+  def __init__(self):
+    self._condition = threading.Condition()
+    self._values = []
+    self._active = True
+
+  def consume(self, stock_reply):
+    with self._condition:
+      if self._active:
+        self._values.append(stock_reply)
+        self._condition.notify()
+
+  def terminate(self):
+    with self._condition:
+      self._active = False
+      self._condition.notify()
+
+  def consume_and_terminate(self, stock_reply):
+    with self._condition:
+      if self._active:
+        self._values.append(stock_reply)
+        self._active = False
+        self._condition.notify()
+
+  def __iter__(self):
+    return self
+
+  def next(self):
+    with self._condition:
+      while self._active and not self._values:
+        self._condition.wait()
+      if self._values:
+        return self._values.pop(0)
+      else:
+        raise StopIteration()
+
+
+class ThreadSwitchingConsumer(stream.Consumer):
+  """A Consumer decorator that affords serialization and asynchrony."""
+
+  def __init__(self, sink, pool):
+    self._lock = threading.Lock()
+    self._sink = sink
+    self._pool = pool
+    # True if self._spin has been submitted to the pool to be called once and
+    # that call has not yet returned, False otherwise.
+    self._spinning = False
+    self._values = []
+    self._active = True
+
+  def _spin(self, sink, value, terminate):
+    while True:
+      try:
+        if value is _NO_VALUE:
+          sink.terminate()
+        elif terminate:
+          sink.consume_and_terminate(value)
+        else:
+          sink.consume(value)
+      except Exception as e:  # pylint:disable=broad-except
+        logging.exception(e)
+
+      with self._lock:
+        if terminate:
+          self._spinning = False
+          return
+        elif self._values:
+          value = self._values.pop(0)
+          terminate = not self._values and not self._active
+        elif not self._active:
+          value = _NO_VALUE
+          terminate = True
+        else:
+          self._spinning = False
+          return
+
+  def consume(self, value):
+    with self._lock:
+      if self._active:
+        if self._spinning:
+          self._values.append(value)
+        else:
+          self._pool.submit(self._spin, self._sink, value, False)
+          self._spinning = True
+
+  def terminate(self):
+    with self._lock:
+      if self._active:
+        self._active = False
+        if not self._spinning:
+          self._pool.submit(self._spin, self._sink, _NO_VALUE, True)
+          self._spinning = True
+
+  def consume_and_terminate(self, value):
+    with self._lock:
+      if self._active:
+        self._active = False
+        if self._spinning:
+          self._values.append(value)
+        else:
+          self._pool.submit(self._spin, self._sink, value, True)
+          self._spinning = True