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git-annex allows managing files with git, without checking the file
contents into git. This is useful when dealing with files larger than git
can currently easily handle, whether due to limitations in memory,
checksumming time, or disk space (only one copy need be stored of an
annexed file).
Even without file content tracking, being able to manage file metadata with
git, move files around and delete files with versioned directory trees, and use
branches and distributed clone, are all very handy reasons to use git. And
annexed files can co-exist in the same git repository with regularly versioned
files, which is convenient for maintaining code, Makefiles, etc that are
associated with annexed files but that benefit from full revision control.
Enough broad picture, here's how it actually looks:
* `git annex --add $file` moves the file into `.git/annex/`, and replaces
it with a symlink pointing at the annexed file, and then calls `git add`
to version the *symlink*. (If the file has already been annexed, it does
nothing.)
* You can move the symlink around, copy it, delete it, etc, and commit changes
as desired using git. Reading the symlink will always get you the annexed
file content, or the link may be broken if the content is not currently
available.
* If you use normal git push/pull commands, the annexed file contents
won't be sent, but the symlinks will be. So different clones of a repository
can have different sets of annexed files available.
* `git annex --push $repository` pushes *all* annexed files to the specified
repository.
* `git annex --pull $repository` pulls *all* annexed files from the specified
repository.
* `git annex --want $file` indicates that you want access to a file's
content, without immediatly transferring it.
* `git annex --get $file` is used to transfer a specified file, and/or
files previously indicated with --want. If a configured repository has it,
or it is available from other key/value storage, it will be immediatly
downloaded.
* `git annex --drop $file` indicates that you no longer want the file's
content to be available in this repository.
* `git annex --unannex $file` undoes a `git annex --add`. But use `--drop`
if you're just done with a file; only use `--unannex` if you
accidentially added a file.
* `git annex $file` is a shorthand for either --add or --get. If the file
is already known, it does --get, otherwise it does --add.
## copies
git-annex can be configured to try to keep N copies of a file's content
available across all repositories. By default, N is 1 (configured by
annex.numcopies).
`git annex --drop` attempts to check all other configured
repositories, to check that N copies of the file exist. If enough
repositories cannot be verified to have it, it will retain the file content
to avoid data loss.
For example, consider three repositories: Server, Laptop, and USB. Both Server
and USB have a copy of a file, and N=1. If on Laptop, you `git annex --get
$file`, this will transfer it from either Server or USB (depending on which
is available), and there are now 3 copies of the file.
Suppose you want to free up space on laptop again, and you --drop the file
there. If USB is connected, or Server can be contacted, git-annex can check
that it still has a copy of the file, and the content is removed from
Laptop. But if USB is currently disconnected, and Server also cannot be
contacted, it can't verify that it is safe to drop the file, and will
refuse to do so.
With N=2, in order to drop the file content from Laptop, it would need access
to both USB and Server.
Note that different repositories can be configured with different values of
N. So just because Laptop has N=2, this does not prevent the number of
copies falling to 1, when USB and Server have N=1, and if they have the
only copies of a file.
## the .git-annex directory
The `.git-annex` directory at the top of the repository is used to store
git-annex information that should be propigated between repositories.
## key/value storage
git-annex uses a key/value abstraction layer to allow files contents to be
stored in different ways. In theory, any key/value storage system could be
used to store the file contents, and git-annex would then retrieve them
as needed and put them in `.git/annex/`.
When a file is annexed, a key is generated from its content and/or metadata.
The file checked into git symlinks to the key. This key can later be used
to retrieve the file's content (its value). This key generation must be
stable for a given file content, name, and size.
Multiple pluggable backends are supported, and more than one can be used
to store different files' contents in a given repository.
* `file` -- This backend stores the file's content in
`.git/annex/`, and assumes that any file with the same basename
has the same content. So with this backend, files can be moved around,
but should never be added to or changed. This is the default, and
the least expensive backend.
* `sha1sum` -- This backend stores the file's content in
`.git/annex/`, with a name based on its sha1 checksum. This backend allows
modifications of files to be tracked. Its need to generate checksums
can make it slow for large files.
* `url` -- This backend downloads the file's content from an external URL.
## location tracking
git-annex keeps track of on which repository it last saw a file's content.
This can be useful when using it for archiving with offline storage. When
you indicate you --want a file, git-annex will tell you which repositories
have the file's content.
Location tracking information is stored in `.git-annex/$key.log`.
Repositories record their UUID and the date when they --get or --drop
a file's content. (Git is configured to use a union merge for this file,
so the lines may be in arbitrary order, but it will never conflict.)
The optional file `.git-annex/uuid.map` can be created to add a description
to a UUID. If git-annex needs a file from a repository and it cannot find
the repository amoung the remotes, it will use the description from this
file when asking for the repository to be made available. The file format
is a UUID, a space, and the rest of the line is its description. For
example:
UUID d3d2474c-d5c3-11df-80a9-002170d25c55 USB drive in red enclosure
UUID 60cf39c8-d5c6-11df-aa8b-93fda39008d6 my colocated server
## configuration
* `annex.uuid` -- a unique UUID for this repository
* `annex.numcopies` -- number of copies of files to keep (default: 1)
* `annex.backends` -- space-separated list of names of
the key/value backends to use. The first listed is used to store
new files. (default: file, checksum, url)
* `remote.<name>.annex-cost` -- When determining which repository to
transfer annexed files from or to, ones with lower costs are preferred.
The default cost is 100 for local repositories, and 200 for remote
repositories. Note that other factors may be configured when pushing
files to repositories, in particular, whether the repository is on
a filesystem with sufficient free space.
* `remote.<name>.annex-uuid` -- git-annex caches UUIDs of repositories
here.
## issues
### symlinks
If the symlink to annexed content is relative, moving it to a subdir will
break it. But it it's absolute, moving the git repo (or mounting its drive
elsewhere) will break it. Either:
* Use relative links and need `git annex --mv` to move (or post-commit
hook that caches moves and updates links).
* Use absolute links and need `git annex fixlinks` when location changes;
note that would also mean that git would see the symlink targets changed
and want to commit the change. And, other clones of the repo would
diverge and there would be conflicts on the symlink text. Ugh.
Hard links are not an option, because git would then happily commit the
file content. Amoung other reasons..
### free space determination
Need a way to tell how much free space is available on the disk containing
a given repository. The repository may be remote, so ssh may need to be
used.
Similarly, need a way to tell the size of a file before downloading it from
remote, to check local disk space.
### auto-drop files on rm
When git-rm removed a file, it should get dropped too. Of course, it may
not be dropped right away, depending on number of copies available.
### branching
The use of `.git-annex` to store logs means that if a repo has branches
and the user switched between them, git-annex will see different logs in
the different branches, and so may miss info about what remotes have which
files (though it can re-learn). An alternative would be to
store the log data directly in the git repo as `pristine-tar` does.
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