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+(************************************************************************)
+(*  v      *   The Coq Proof Assistant  /  The Coq Development Team     *)
+(* <O___,, *   INRIA - CNRS - LIX - LRI - PPS - Copyright 1999-2017     *)
+(*   \VV/  **************************************************************)
+(*    //   *      This file is distributed under the terms of the       *)
+(*         *       GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1        *)
+(************************************************************************)
+
+Require Import Ascii String.
+Require Import BinNums.
+Import BinNatDef.
+Import BinIntDef.
+Import BinPosDef.
+
+Local Open Scope positive_scope.
+Local Open Scope string_scope.
+
+Definition ascii_to_digit (ch : ascii) : option N
+  := (if ascii_dec ch "0" then Some 0
+      else if ascii_dec ch "1" then Some 1
+      else None)%N.
+
+Fixpoint pos_bin_app (p q:positive) : positive :=
+  match q with
+  | q~0 => (pos_bin_app p q)~0
+  | q~1 => (pos_bin_app p q)~1
+  | 1 => p~1
+  end.
+
+Module Raw.
+  Fixpoint of_pos (p : positive) (rest : string) : string
+    := match p with
+       | 1 => String "1" rest
+       | p'~0 => of_pos p' (String "0" rest)
+       | p'~1 => of_pos p' (String "1" rest)
+       end.
+
+  Fixpoint to_N (s : string) (rest : N)
+    : N
+    := match s with
+       | "" => rest
+       | String ch s'
+         => to_N
+              s'
+              match ascii_to_digit ch with
+              | Some v => N.add v (N.double rest)
+              | None => N0
+              end
+       end.
+
+  Fixpoint to_N_of_pos (p : positive) (rest : string) (base : N)
+    : to_N (of_pos p rest) base
+      = to_N rest match base with
+                  | N0 => N.pos p
+                  | Npos v => Npos (pos_bin_app v p)
+                  end.
+  Proof.
+    destruct p as [p|p|]; destruct base; try reflexivity;
+      cbn; rewrite to_N_of_pos; reflexivity.
+  Qed.
+End Raw.
+
+Definition of_pos (p : positive) : string
+  := String "0" (String "b" (Raw.of_pos p "")).
+Definition of_N (n : N) : string
+  := match n with
+     | N0 => "0b0"
+     | Npos p => of_pos p
+     end.
+Definition of_Z (z : Z) : string
+  := match z with
+     | Zneg p => String "-" (of_pos p)
+     | Z0 => "0b0"
+     | Zpos p => of_pos p
+     end.
+Definition of_nat (n : nat) : string
+  := of_N (N.of_nat n).
+
+Definition to_N (s : string) : N
+  := match s with
+     | String s0 (String sb s)
+       => if ascii_dec s0 "0"
+          then if ascii_dec sb "b"
+               then Raw.to_N s N0
+               else N0
+          else N0
+     | _ => N0
+     end.
+Definition to_pos (s : string) : positive
+  := match to_N s with
+     | N0 => 1
+     | Npos p => p
+     end.
+Definition to_Z (s : string) : Z
+  := let '(is_neg, n) := match s with
+                         | String s0 s'
+                           => if ascii_dec s0 "-"
+                              then (true, to_N s')
+                              else (false, to_N s)
+                         | EmptyString => (false, to_N s)
+                         end in
+     match n with
+     | N0 => Z0
+     | Npos p => if is_neg then Zneg p else Zpos p
+     end.
+Definition to_nat (s : string) : nat
+  := N.to_nat (to_N s).
+
+Lemma to_N_of_N (n : N)
+  : to_N (of_N n)
+    = n.
+Proof.
+  destruct n; [ reflexivity | apply Raw.to_N_of_pos ].
+Qed.
+
+Lemma Z_of_of_Z (z : Z)
+  : to_Z (of_Z z)
+    = z.
+Proof.
+  cbv [of_Z to_Z]; destruct z as [|z|z]; cbn;
+    try reflexivity;
+    rewrite Raw.to_N_of_pos; cbn; reflexivity.
+Qed.
+
+Lemma to_nat_of_nat (n : nat)
+  : to_nat (of_nat n)
+    = n.
+Proof.
+  cbv [to_nat of_nat];
+    rewrite to_N_of_N, Nnat.Nat2N.id; reflexivity.
+Qed.
+
+Lemma to_pos_of_pos (p : positive)
+  : to_pos (of_pos p)
+    = p.
+Proof.
+  cbv [of_pos to_pos to_N]; cbn;
+    rewrite Raw.to_N_of_pos; cbn; reflexivity.
+Qed.
+
+Example of_pos_1 : of_pos 1 = "0b1" := eq_refl.
+Example of_pos_2 : of_pos 2 = "0b10" := eq_refl.
+Example of_pos_3 : of_pos 3 = "0b11" := eq_refl.
+Example of_N_0 : of_N 0 = "0b0" := eq_refl.
+Example of_Z_0 : of_Z 0 = "0b0" := eq_refl.
+Example of_Z_m1 : of_Z (-1) = "-0b1" := eq_refl.
+Example of_nat_0 : of_nat 0 = "0b0" := eq_refl.