summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h
blob: 130da13ce7bbb95ae75f67a49901614ec23b2e1a (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
// Copyright 2018 The Abseil Authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
// An open-addressing
// hashtable with quadratic probing.
//
// This is a low level hashtable on top of which different interfaces can be
// implemented, like flat_hash_set, node_hash_set, string_hash_set, etc.
//
// The table interface is similar to that of std::unordered_set. Notable
// differences are that most member functions support heterogeneous keys when
// BOTH the hash and eq functions are marked as transparent. They do so by
// providing a typedef called `is_transparent`.
//
// When heterogeneous lookup is enabled, functions that take key_type act as if
// they have an overload set like:
//
//   iterator find(const key_type& key);
//   template <class K>
//   iterator find(const K& key);
//
//   size_type erase(const key_type& key);
//   template <class K>
//   size_type erase(const K& key);
//
//   std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& key);
//   template <class K>
//   std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const K& key);
//
// When heterogeneous lookup is disabled, only the explicit `key_type` overloads
// exist.
//
// find() also supports passing the hash explicitly:
//
//   iterator find(const key_type& key, size_t hash);
//   template <class U>
//   iterator find(const U& key, size_t hash);
//
// In addition the pointer to element and iterator stability guarantees are
// weaker: all iterators and pointers are invalidated after a new element is
// inserted.
//
// IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
//
// The table stores elements inline in a slot array. In addition to the slot
// array the table maintains some control state per slot. The extra state is one
// byte per slot and stores empty or deleted marks, or alternatively 7 bits from
// the hash of an occupied slot. The table is split into logical groups of
// slots, like so:
//
//      Group 1         Group 2        Group 3
// +---------------+---------------+---------------+
// | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
// +---------------+---------------+---------------+
//
// On lookup the hash is split into two parts:
// - H2: 7 bits (those stored in the control bytes)
// - H1: the rest of the bits
// The groups are probed using H1. For each group the slots are matched to H2 in
// parallel. Because H2 is 7 bits (128 states) and the number of slots per group
// is low (8 or 16) in almost all cases a match in H2 is also a lookup hit.
//
// On insert, once the right group is found (as in lookup), its slots are
// filled in order.
//
// On erase a slot is cleared. In case the group did not have any empty slots
// before the erase, the erased slot is marked as deleted.
//
// Groups without empty slots (but maybe with deleted slots) extend the probe
// sequence. The probing algorithm is quadratic. Given N the number of groups,
// the probing function for the i'th probe is:
//
//   P(0) = H1 % N
//
//   P(i) = (P(i - 1) + i) % N
//
// This probing function guarantees that after N probes, all the groups of the
// table will be probed exactly once.

#ifndef ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_H_
#define ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_H_

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <tuple>
#include <type_traits>
#include <utility>

#include "absl/base/internal/bits.h"
#include "absl/base/internal/endian.h"
#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
#include "absl/base/port.h"
#include "absl/container/internal/common.h"
#include "absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple.h"
#include "absl/container/internal/container_memory.h"
#include "absl/container/internal/hash_policy_traits.h"
#include "absl/container/internal/hashtable_debug_hooks.h"
#include "absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.h"
#include "absl/container/internal/have_sse.h"
#include "absl/container/internal/layout.h"
#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
#include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
#include "absl/utility/utility.h"

namespace absl {
ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
namespace container_internal {

template <typename AllocType>
void SwapAlloc(AllocType& lhs, AllocType& rhs,
               std::true_type /* propagate_on_container_swap */) {
  using std::swap;
  swap(lhs, rhs);
}
template <typename AllocType>
void SwapAlloc(AllocType& /*lhs*/, AllocType& /*rhs*/,
               std::false_type /* propagate_on_container_swap */) {}

template <size_t Width>
class probe_seq {
 public:
  probe_seq(size_t hash, size_t mask) {
    assert(((mask + 1) & mask) == 0 && "not a mask");
    mask_ = mask;
    offset_ = hash & mask_;
  }
  size_t offset() const { return offset_; }
  size_t offset(size_t i) const { return (offset_ + i) & mask_; }

  void next() {
    index_ += Width;
    offset_ += index_;
    offset_ &= mask_;
  }
  // 0-based probe index. The i-th probe in the probe sequence.
  size_t index() const { return index_; }

 private:
  size_t mask_;
  size_t offset_;
  size_t index_ = 0;
};

template <class ContainerKey, class Hash, class Eq>
struct RequireUsableKey {
  template <class PassedKey, class... Args>
  std::pair<
      decltype(std::declval<const Hash&>()(std::declval<const PassedKey&>())),
      decltype(std::declval<const Eq&>()(std::declval<const ContainerKey&>(),
                                         std::declval<const PassedKey&>()))>*
  operator()(const PassedKey&, const Args&...) const;
};

template <class E, class Policy, class Hash, class Eq, class... Ts>
struct IsDecomposable : std::false_type {};

template <class Policy, class Hash, class Eq, class... Ts>
struct IsDecomposable<
    absl::void_t<decltype(
        Policy::apply(RequireUsableKey<typename Policy::key_type, Hash, Eq>(),
                      std::declval<Ts>()...))>,
    Policy, Hash, Eq, Ts...> : std::true_type {};

// TODO(alkis): Switch to std::is_nothrow_swappable when gcc/clang supports it.
template <class T>
constexpr bool IsNoThrowSwappable(std::true_type = {} /* is_swappable */) {
  using std::swap;
  return noexcept(swap(std::declval<T&>(), std::declval<T&>()));
}
template <class T>
constexpr bool IsNoThrowSwappable(std::false_type /* is_swappable */) {
  return false;
}

template <typename T>
int TrailingZeros(T x) {
  return sizeof(T) == 8 ? base_internal::CountTrailingZerosNonZero64(
                              static_cast<uint64_t>(x))
                        : base_internal::CountTrailingZerosNonZero32(
                              static_cast<uint32_t>(x));
}

template <typename T>
int LeadingZeros(T x) {
  return sizeof(T) == 8
             ? base_internal::CountLeadingZeros64(static_cast<uint64_t>(x))
             : base_internal::CountLeadingZeros32(static_cast<uint32_t>(x));
}

// An abstraction over a bitmask. It provides an easy way to iterate through the
// indexes of the set bits of a bitmask.  When Shift=0 (platforms with SSE),
// this is a true bitmask.  On non-SSE, platforms the arithematic used to
// emulate the SSE behavior works in bytes (Shift=3) and leaves each bytes as
// either 0x00 or 0x80.
//
// For example:
//   for (int i : BitMask<uint32_t, 16>(0x5)) -> yields 0, 2
//   for (int i : BitMask<uint64_t, 8, 3>(0x0000000080800000)) -> yields 2, 3
template <class T, int SignificantBits, int Shift = 0>
class BitMask {
  static_assert(std::is_unsigned<T>::value, "");
  static_assert(Shift == 0 || Shift == 3, "");

 public:
  // These are useful for unit tests (gunit).
  using value_type = int;
  using iterator = BitMask;
  using const_iterator = BitMask;

  explicit BitMask(T mask) : mask_(mask) {}
  BitMask& operator++() {
    mask_ &= (mask_ - 1);
    return *this;
  }
  explicit operator bool() const { return mask_ != 0; }
  int operator*() const { return LowestBitSet(); }
  int LowestBitSet() const {
    return container_internal::TrailingZeros(mask_) >> Shift;
  }
  int HighestBitSet() const {
    return (sizeof(T) * CHAR_BIT - container_internal::LeadingZeros(mask_) -
            1) >>
           Shift;
  }

  BitMask begin() const { return *this; }
  BitMask end() const { return BitMask(0); }

  int TrailingZeros() const {
    return container_internal::TrailingZeros(mask_) >> Shift;
  }

  int LeadingZeros() const {
    constexpr int total_significant_bits = SignificantBits << Shift;
    constexpr int extra_bits = sizeof(T) * 8 - total_significant_bits;
    return container_internal::LeadingZeros(mask_ << extra_bits) >> Shift;
  }

 private:
  friend bool operator==(const BitMask& a, const BitMask& b) {
    return a.mask_ == b.mask_;
  }
  friend bool operator!=(const BitMask& a, const BitMask& b) {
    return a.mask_ != b.mask_;
  }

  T mask_;
};

using ctrl_t = signed char;
using h2_t = uint8_t;

// The values here are selected for maximum performance. See the static asserts
// below for details.
enum Ctrl : ctrl_t {
  kEmpty = -128,   // 0b10000000
  kDeleted = -2,   // 0b11111110
  kSentinel = -1,  // 0b11111111
};
static_assert(
    kEmpty & kDeleted & kSentinel & 0x80,
    "Special markers need to have the MSB to make checking for them efficient");
static_assert(kEmpty < kSentinel && kDeleted < kSentinel,
              "kEmpty and kDeleted must be smaller than kSentinel to make the "
              "SIMD test of IsEmptyOrDeleted() efficient");
static_assert(kSentinel == -1,
              "kSentinel must be -1 to elide loading it from memory into SIMD "
              "registers (pcmpeqd xmm, xmm)");
static_assert(kEmpty == -128,
              "kEmpty must be -128 to make the SIMD check for its "
              "existence efficient (psignb xmm, xmm)");
static_assert(~kEmpty & ~kDeleted & kSentinel & 0x7F,
              "kEmpty and kDeleted must share an unset bit that is not shared "
              "by kSentinel to make the scalar test for MatchEmptyOrDeleted() "
              "efficient");
static_assert(kDeleted == -2,
              "kDeleted must be -2 to make the implementation of "
              "ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted efficient");

// A single block of empty control bytes for tables without any slots allocated.
// This enables removing a branch in the hot path of find().
inline ctrl_t* EmptyGroup() {
  alignas(16) static constexpr ctrl_t empty_group[] = {
      kSentinel, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty,
      kEmpty,    kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty};
  return const_cast<ctrl_t*>(empty_group);
}

// Mixes a randomly generated per-process seed with `hash` and `ctrl` to
// randomize insertion order within groups.
bool ShouldInsertBackwards(size_t hash, ctrl_t* ctrl);

// Returns a hash seed.
//
// The seed consists of the ctrl_ pointer, which adds enough entropy to ensure
// non-determinism of iteration order in most cases.
inline size_t HashSeed(const ctrl_t* ctrl) {
  // The low bits of the pointer have little or no entropy because of
  // alignment. We shift the pointer to try to use higher entropy bits. A
  // good number seems to be 12 bits, because that aligns with page size.
  return reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ctrl) >> 12;
}

inline size_t H1(size_t hash, const ctrl_t* ctrl) {
  return (hash >> 7) ^ HashSeed(ctrl);
}
inline ctrl_t H2(size_t hash) { return hash & 0x7F; }

inline bool IsEmpty(ctrl_t c) { return c == kEmpty; }
inline bool IsFull(ctrl_t c) { return c >= 0; }
inline bool IsDeleted(ctrl_t c) { return c == kDeleted; }
inline bool IsEmptyOrDeleted(ctrl_t c) { return c < kSentinel; }

#if ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSE2

// https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/issues/209
// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=87853
// _mm_cmpgt_epi8 is broken under GCC with -funsigned-char
// Work around this by using the portable implementation of Group
// when using -funsigned-char under GCC.
inline __m128i _mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(__m128i a, __m128i b) {
#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
  if (std::is_unsigned<char>::value) {
    const __m128i mask = _mm_set1_epi8(0x80);
    const __m128i diff = _mm_subs_epi8(b, a);
    return _mm_cmpeq_epi8(_mm_and_si128(diff, mask), mask);
  }
#endif
  return _mm_cmpgt_epi8(a, b);
}

struct GroupSse2Impl {
  static constexpr size_t kWidth = 16;  // the number of slots per group

  explicit GroupSse2Impl(const ctrl_t* pos) {
    ctrl = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i*>(pos));
  }

  // Returns a bitmask representing the positions of slots that match hash.
  BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth> Match(h2_t hash) const {
    auto match = _mm_set1_epi8(hash);
    return BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(
        _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(match, ctrl)));
  }

  // Returns a bitmask representing the positions of empty slots.
  BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth> MatchEmpty() const {
#if ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSSE3
    // This only works because kEmpty is -128.
    return BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(
        _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_sign_epi8(ctrl, ctrl)));
#else
    return Match(static_cast<h2_t>(kEmpty));
#endif
  }

  // Returns a bitmask representing the positions of empty or deleted slots.
  BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth> MatchEmptyOrDeleted() const {
    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(kSentinel);
    return BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(
        _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(special, ctrl)));
  }

  // Returns the number of trailing empty or deleted elements in the group.
  uint32_t CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted() const {
    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(kSentinel);
    return TrailingZeros(
        _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(special, ctrl)) + 1);
  }

  void ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_t* dst) const {
    auto msbs = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<char>(-128));
    auto x126 = _mm_set1_epi8(126);
#if ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSSE3
    auto res = _mm_or_si128(_mm_shuffle_epi8(x126, ctrl), msbs);
#else
    auto zero = _mm_setzero_si128();
    auto special_mask = _mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(zero, ctrl);
    auto res = _mm_or_si128(msbs, _mm_andnot_si128(special_mask, x126));
#endif
    _mm_storeu_si128(reinterpret_cast<__m128i*>(dst), res);
  }

  __m128i ctrl;
};
#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSE2

struct GroupPortableImpl {
  static constexpr size_t kWidth = 8;

  explicit GroupPortableImpl(const ctrl_t* pos)
      : ctrl(little_endian::Load64(pos)) {}

  BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3> Match(h2_t hash) const {
    // For the technique, see:
    // http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html##ValueInWord
    // (Determine if a word has a byte equal to n).
    //
    // Caveat: there are false positives but:
    // - they only occur if there is a real match
    // - they never occur on kEmpty, kDeleted, kSentinel
    // - they will be handled gracefully by subsequent checks in code
    //
    // Example:
    //   v = 0x1716151413121110
    //   hash = 0x12
    //   retval = (v - lsbs) & ~v & msbs = 0x0000000080800000
    constexpr uint64_t msbs = 0x8080808080808080ULL;
    constexpr uint64_t lsbs = 0x0101010101010101ULL;
    auto x = ctrl ^ (lsbs * hash);
    return BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3>((x - lsbs) & ~x & msbs);
  }

  BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3> MatchEmpty() const {
    constexpr uint64_t msbs = 0x8080808080808080ULL;
    return BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3>((ctrl & (~ctrl << 6)) & msbs);
  }

  BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3> MatchEmptyOrDeleted() const {
    constexpr uint64_t msbs = 0x8080808080808080ULL;
    return BitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3>((ctrl & (~ctrl << 7)) & msbs);
  }

  uint32_t CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted() const {
    constexpr uint64_t gaps = 0x00FEFEFEFEFEFEFEULL;
    return (TrailingZeros(((~ctrl & (ctrl >> 7)) | gaps) + 1) + 7) >> 3;
  }

  void ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_t* dst) const {
    constexpr uint64_t msbs = 0x8080808080808080ULL;
    constexpr uint64_t lsbs = 0x0101010101010101ULL;
    auto x = ctrl & msbs;
    auto res = (~x + (x >> 7)) & ~lsbs;
    little_endian::Store64(dst, res);
  }

  uint64_t ctrl;
};

#if ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSE2
using Group = GroupSse2Impl;
#else
using Group = GroupPortableImpl;
#endif

template <class Policy, class Hash, class Eq, class Alloc>
class raw_hash_set;

inline bool IsValidCapacity(size_t n) { return ((n + 1) & n) == 0 && n > 0; }

// PRECONDITION:
//   IsValidCapacity(capacity)
//   ctrl[capacity] == kSentinel
//   ctrl[i] != kSentinel for all i < capacity
// Applies mapping for every byte in ctrl:
//   DELETED -> EMPTY
//   EMPTY -> EMPTY
//   FULL -> DELETED
inline void ConvertDeletedToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(
    ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t capacity) {
  assert(ctrl[capacity] == kSentinel);
  assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity));
  for (ctrl_t* pos = ctrl; pos != ctrl + capacity + 1; pos += Group::kWidth) {
    Group{pos}.ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(pos);
  }
  // Copy the cloned ctrl bytes.
  std::memcpy(ctrl + capacity + 1, ctrl, Group::kWidth);
  ctrl[capacity] = kSentinel;
}

// Rounds up the capacity to the next power of 2 minus 1, with a minimum of 1.
inline size_t NormalizeCapacity(size_t n) {
  return n ? ~size_t{} >> LeadingZeros(n) : 1;
}

// We use 7/8th as maximum load factor.
// For 16-wide groups, that gives an average of two empty slots per group.
inline size_t CapacityToGrowth(size_t capacity) {
  assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity));
  // `capacity*7/8`
  if (Group::kWidth == 8 && capacity == 7) {
    // x-x/8 does not work when x==7.
    return 6;
  }
  return capacity - capacity / 8;
}
// From desired "growth" to a lowerbound of the necessary capacity.
// Might not be a valid one and required NormalizeCapacity().
inline size_t GrowthToLowerboundCapacity(size_t growth) {
  // `growth*8/7`
  if (Group::kWidth == 8 && growth == 7) {
    // x+(x-1)/7 does not work when x==7.
    return 8;
  }
  return growth + static_cast<size_t>((static_cast<int64_t>(growth) - 1) / 7);
}

inline void AssertIsFull(ctrl_t* ctrl) {
  ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT((ctrl != nullptr && IsFull(*ctrl)) &&
                        "Invalid operation on iterator. The element might have "
                        "been erased, or the table might have rehashed.");
}

inline void AssertIsValid(ctrl_t* ctrl) {
  ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT((ctrl == nullptr || IsFull(*ctrl)) &&
                        "Invalid operation on iterator. The element might have "
                        "been erased, or the table might have rehashed.");
}

// Policy: a policy defines how to perform different operations on
// the slots of the hashtable (see hash_policy_traits.h for the full interface
// of policy).
//
// Hash: a (possibly polymorphic) functor that hashes keys of the hashtable. The
// functor should accept a key and return size_t as hash. For best performance
// it is important that the hash function provides high entropy across all bits
// of the hash.
//
// Eq: a (possibly polymorphic) functor that compares two keys for equality. It
// should accept two (of possibly different type) keys and return a bool: true
// if they are equal, false if they are not. If two keys compare equal, then
// their hash values as defined by Hash MUST be equal.
//
// Allocator: an Allocator
// [https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Allocator] with which
// the storage of the hashtable will be allocated and the elements will be
// constructed and destroyed.
template <class Policy, class Hash, class Eq, class Alloc>
class raw_hash_set {
  using PolicyTraits = hash_policy_traits<Policy>;
  using KeyArgImpl =
      KeyArg<IsTransparent<Eq>::value && IsTransparent<Hash>::value>;

 public:
  using init_type = typename PolicyTraits::init_type;
  using key_type = typename PolicyTraits::key_type;
  // TODO(sbenza): Hide slot_type as it is an implementation detail. Needs user
  // code fixes!
  using slot_type = typename PolicyTraits::slot_type;
  using allocator_type = Alloc;
  using size_type = size_t;
  using difference_type = ptrdiff_t;
  using hasher = Hash;
  using key_equal = Eq;
  using policy_type = Policy;
  using value_type = typename PolicyTraits::value_type;
  using reference = value_type&;
  using const_reference = const value_type&;
  using pointer = typename absl::allocator_traits<
      allocator_type>::template rebind_traits<value_type>::pointer;
  using const_pointer = typename absl::allocator_traits<
      allocator_type>::template rebind_traits<value_type>::const_pointer;

  // Alias used for heterogeneous lookup functions.
  // `key_arg<K>` evaluates to `K` when the functors are transparent and to
  // `key_type` otherwise. It permits template argument deduction on `K` for the
  // transparent case.
  template <class K>
  using key_arg = typename KeyArgImpl::template type<K, key_type>;

 private:
  // Give an early error when key_type is not hashable/eq.
  auto KeyTypeCanBeHashed(const Hash& h, const key_type& k) -> decltype(h(k));
  auto KeyTypeCanBeEq(const Eq& eq, const key_type& k) -> decltype(eq(k, k));

  using Layout = absl::container_internal::Layout<ctrl_t, slot_type>;

  static Layout MakeLayout(size_t capacity) {
    assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity));
    return Layout(capacity + Group::kWidth + 1, capacity);
  }

  using AllocTraits = absl::allocator_traits<allocator_type>;
  using SlotAlloc = typename absl::allocator_traits<
      allocator_type>::template rebind_alloc<slot_type>;
  using SlotAllocTraits = typename absl::allocator_traits<
      allocator_type>::template rebind_traits<slot_type>;

  static_assert(std::is_lvalue_reference<reference>::value,
                "Policy::element() must return a reference");

  template <typename T>
  struct SameAsElementReference
      : std::is_same<typename std::remove_cv<
                         typename std::remove_reference<reference>::type>::type,
                     typename std::remove_cv<
                         typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type> {};

  // An enabler for insert(T&&): T must be convertible to init_type or be the
  // same as [cv] value_type [ref].
  // Note: we separate SameAsElementReference into its own type to avoid using
  // reference unless we need to. MSVC doesn't seem to like it in some
  // cases.
  template <class T>
  using RequiresInsertable = typename std::enable_if<
      absl::disjunction<std::is_convertible<T, init_type>,
                        SameAsElementReference<T>>::value,
      int>::type;

  // RequiresNotInit is a workaround for gcc prior to 7.1.
  // See https://godbolt.org/g/Y4xsUh.
  template <class T>
  using RequiresNotInit =
      typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<T, init_type>::value, int>::type;

  template <class... Ts>
  using IsDecomposable = IsDecomposable<void, PolicyTraits, Hash, Eq, Ts...>;

 public:
  static_assert(std::is_same<pointer, value_type*>::value,
                "Allocators with custom pointer types are not supported");
  static_assert(std::is_same<const_pointer, const value_type*>::value,
                "Allocators with custom pointer types are not supported");

  class iterator {
    friend class raw_hash_set;

   public:
    using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
    using value_type = typename raw_hash_set::value_type;
    using reference =
        absl::conditional_t<PolicyTraits::constant_iterators::value,
                            const value_type&, value_type&>;
    using pointer = absl::remove_reference_t<reference>*;
    using difference_type = typename raw_hash_set::difference_type;

    iterator() {}

    // PRECONDITION: not an end() iterator.
    reference operator*() const {
      AssertIsFull(ctrl_);
      return PolicyTraits::element(slot_);
    }

    // PRECONDITION: not an end() iterator.
    pointer operator->() const { return &operator*(); }

    // PRECONDITION: not an end() iterator.
    iterator& operator++() {
      AssertIsFull(ctrl_);
      ++ctrl_;
      ++slot_;
      skip_empty_or_deleted();
      return *this;
    }
    // PRECONDITION: not an end() iterator.
    iterator operator++(int) {
      auto tmp = *this;
      ++*this;
      return tmp;
    }

    friend bool operator==(const iterator& a, const iterator& b) {
      AssertIsValid(a.ctrl_);
      AssertIsValid(b.ctrl_);
      return a.ctrl_ == b.ctrl_;
    }
    friend bool operator!=(const iterator& a, const iterator& b) {
      return !(a == b);
    }

   private:
    iterator(ctrl_t* ctrl, slot_type* slot) : ctrl_(ctrl), slot_(slot) {
      // This assumption helps the compiler know that any non-end iterator is
      // not equal to any end iterator.
      ABSL_INTERNAL_ASSUME(ctrl != nullptr);
    }

    void skip_empty_or_deleted() {
      while (IsEmptyOrDeleted(*ctrl_)) {
        uint32_t shift = Group{ctrl_}.CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted();
        ctrl_ += shift;
        slot_ += shift;
      }
      if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(*ctrl_ == kSentinel)) ctrl_ = nullptr;
    }

    ctrl_t* ctrl_ = nullptr;
    // To avoid uninitialized member warnings, put slot_ in an anonymous union.
    // The member is not initialized on singleton and end iterators.
    union {
      slot_type* slot_;
    };
  };

  class const_iterator {
    friend class raw_hash_set;

   public:
    using iterator_category = typename iterator::iterator_category;
    using value_type = typename raw_hash_set::value_type;
    using reference = typename raw_hash_set::const_reference;
    using pointer = typename raw_hash_set::const_pointer;
    using difference_type = typename raw_hash_set::difference_type;

    const_iterator() {}
    // Implicit construction from iterator.
    const_iterator(iterator i) : inner_(std::move(i)) {}

    reference operator*() const { return *inner_; }
    pointer operator->() const { return inner_.operator->(); }

    const_iterator& operator++() {
      ++inner_;
      return *this;
    }
    const_iterator operator++(int) { return inner_++; }

    friend bool operator==(const const_iterator& a, const const_iterator& b) {
      return a.inner_ == b.inner_;
    }
    friend bool operator!=(const const_iterator& a, const const_iterator& b) {
      return !(a == b);
    }

   private:
    const_iterator(const ctrl_t* ctrl, const slot_type* slot)
        : inner_(const_cast<ctrl_t*>(ctrl), const_cast<slot_type*>(slot)) {}

    iterator inner_;
  };

  using node_type = node_handle<Policy, hash_policy_traits<Policy>, Alloc>;
  using insert_return_type = InsertReturnType<iterator, node_type>;

  raw_hash_set() noexcept(
      std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value&&
          std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value&&
              std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value) {}

  explicit raw_hash_set(size_t bucket_count, const hasher& hash = hasher(),
                        const key_equal& eq = key_equal(),
                        const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type())
      : ctrl_(EmptyGroup()), settings_(0, hash, eq, alloc) {
    if (bucket_count) {
      capacity_ = NormalizeCapacity(bucket_count);
      reset_growth_left();
      initialize_slots();
    }
  }

  raw_hash_set(size_t bucket_count, const hasher& hash,
               const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(bucket_count, hash, key_equal(), alloc) {}

  raw_hash_set(size_t bucket_count, const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(bucket_count, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}

  explicit raw_hash_set(const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(0, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}

  template <class InputIter>
  raw_hash_set(InputIter first, InputIter last, size_t bucket_count = 0,
               const hasher& hash = hasher(), const key_equal& eq = key_equal(),
               const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type())
      : raw_hash_set(bucket_count, hash, eq, alloc) {
    insert(first, last);
  }

  template <class InputIter>
  raw_hash_set(InputIter first, InputIter last, size_t bucket_count,
               const hasher& hash, const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(first, last, bucket_count, hash, key_equal(), alloc) {}

  template <class InputIter>
  raw_hash_set(InputIter first, InputIter last, size_t bucket_count,
               const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(first, last, bucket_count, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}

  template <class InputIter>
  raw_hash_set(InputIter first, InputIter last, const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(first, last, 0, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}

  // Instead of accepting std::initializer_list<value_type> as the first
  // argument like std::unordered_set<value_type> does, we have two overloads
  // that accept std::initializer_list<T> and std::initializer_list<init_type>.
  // This is advantageous for performance.
  //
  //   // Turns {"abc", "def"} into std::initializer_list<std::string>, then
  //   // copies the strings into the set.
  //   std::unordered_set<std::string> s = {"abc", "def"};
  //
  //   // Turns {"abc", "def"} into std::initializer_list<const char*>, then
  //   // copies the strings into the set.
  //   absl::flat_hash_set<std::string> s = {"abc", "def"};
  //
  // The same trick is used in insert().
  //
  // The enabler is necessary to prevent this constructor from triggering where
  // the copy constructor is meant to be called.
  //
  //   absl::flat_hash_set<int> a, b{a};
  //
  // RequiresNotInit<T> is a workaround for gcc prior to 7.1.
  template <class T, RequiresNotInit<T> = 0, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0>
  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<T> init, size_t bucket_count = 0,
               const hasher& hash = hasher(), const key_equal& eq = key_equal(),
               const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type())
      : raw_hash_set(init.begin(), init.end(), bucket_count, hash, eq, alloc) {}

  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<init_type> init, size_t bucket_count = 0,
               const hasher& hash = hasher(), const key_equal& eq = key_equal(),
               const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type())
      : raw_hash_set(init.begin(), init.end(), bucket_count, hash, eq, alloc) {}

  template <class T, RequiresNotInit<T> = 0, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0>
  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<T> init, size_t bucket_count,
               const hasher& hash, const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(init, bucket_count, hash, key_equal(), alloc) {}

  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<init_type> init, size_t bucket_count,
               const hasher& hash, const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(init, bucket_count, hash, key_equal(), alloc) {}

  template <class T, RequiresNotInit<T> = 0, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0>
  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<T> init, size_t bucket_count,
               const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(init, bucket_count, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}

  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<init_type> init, size_t bucket_count,
               const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(init, bucket_count, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}

  template <class T, RequiresNotInit<T> = 0, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0>
  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<T> init, const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(init, 0, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}

  raw_hash_set(std::initializer_list<init_type> init,
               const allocator_type& alloc)
      : raw_hash_set(init, 0, hasher(), key_equal(), alloc) {}

  raw_hash_set(const raw_hash_set& that)
      : raw_hash_set(that, AllocTraits::select_on_container_copy_construction(
                               that.alloc_ref())) {}

  raw_hash_set(const raw_hash_set& that, const allocator_type& a)
      : raw_hash_set(0, that.hash_ref(), that.eq_ref(), a) {
    reserve(that.size());
    // Because the table is guaranteed to be empty, we can do something faster
    // than a full `insert`.
    for (const auto& v : that) {
      const size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(HashElement{hash_ref()}, v);
      auto target = find_first_non_full(hash);
      set_ctrl(target.offset, H2(hash));
      emplace_at(target.offset, v);
      infoz_.RecordInsert(hash, target.probe_length);
    }
    size_ = that.size();
    growth_left() -= that.size();
  }

  raw_hash_set(raw_hash_set&& that) noexcept(
      std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<hasher>::value&&
          std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_equal>::value&&
              std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
      : ctrl_(absl::exchange(that.ctrl_, EmptyGroup())),
        slots_(absl::exchange(that.slots_, nullptr)),
        size_(absl::exchange(that.size_, 0)),
        capacity_(absl::exchange(that.capacity_, 0)),
        infoz_(absl::exchange(that.infoz_, HashtablezInfoHandle())),
        // Hash, equality and allocator are copied instead of moved because
        // `that` must be left valid. If Hash is std::function<Key>, moving it
        // would create a nullptr functor that cannot be called.
        settings_(that.settings_) {
    // growth_left was copied above, reset the one from `that`.
    that.growth_left() = 0;
  }

  raw_hash_set(raw_hash_set&& that, const allocator_type& a)
      : ctrl_(EmptyGroup()),
        slots_(nullptr),
        size_(0),
        capacity_(0),
        settings_(0, that.hash_ref(), that.eq_ref(), a) {
    if (a == that.alloc_ref()) {
      std::swap(ctrl_, that.ctrl_);
      std::swap(slots_, that.slots_);
      std::swap(size_, that.size_);
      std::swap(capacity_, that.capacity_);
      std::swap(growth_left(), that.growth_left());
      std::swap(infoz_, that.infoz_);
    } else {
      reserve(that.size());
      // Note: this will copy elements of dense_set and unordered_set instead of
      // moving them. This can be fixed if it ever becomes an issue.
      for (auto& elem : that) insert(std::move(elem));
    }
  }

  raw_hash_set& operator=(const raw_hash_set& that) {
    raw_hash_set tmp(that,
                     AllocTraits::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment::value
                         ? that.alloc_ref()
                         : alloc_ref());
    swap(tmp);
    return *this;
  }

  raw_hash_set& operator=(raw_hash_set&& that) noexcept(
      absl::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value&&
          std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value&&
              std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value) {
    // TODO(sbenza): We should only use the operations from the noexcept clause
    // to make sure we actually adhere to that contract.
    return move_assign(
        std::move(that),
        typename AllocTraits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment());
  }

  ~raw_hash_set() { destroy_slots(); }

  iterator begin() {
    auto it = iterator_at(0);
    it.skip_empty_or_deleted();
    return it;
  }
  iterator end() { return {}; }

  const_iterator begin() const {
    return const_cast<raw_hash_set*>(this)->begin();
  }
  const_iterator end() const { return {}; }
  const_iterator cbegin() const { return begin(); }
  const_iterator cend() const { return end(); }

  bool empty() const { return !size(); }
  size_t size() const { return size_; }
  size_t capacity() const { return capacity_; }
  size_t max_size() const { return (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max)(); }

  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_REINITIALIZES void clear() {
    // Iterating over this container is O(bucket_count()). When bucket_count()
    // is much greater than size(), iteration becomes prohibitively expensive.
    // For clear() it is more important to reuse the allocated array when the
    // container is small because allocation takes comparatively long time
    // compared to destruction of the elements of the container. So we pick the
    // largest bucket_count() threshold for which iteration is still fast and
    // past that we simply deallocate the array.
    if (capacity_ > 127) {
      destroy_slots();
    } else if (capacity_) {
      for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity_; ++i) {
        if (IsFull(ctrl_[i])) {
          PolicyTraits::destroy(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i);
        }
      }
      size_ = 0;
      reset_ctrl();
      reset_growth_left();
    }
    assert(empty());
    infoz_.RecordStorageChanged(0, capacity_);
  }

  // This overload kicks in when the argument is an rvalue of insertable and
  // decomposable type other than init_type.
  //
  //   flat_hash_map<std::string, int> m;
  //   m.insert(std::make_pair("abc", 42));
  // TODO(cheshire): A type alias T2 is introduced as a workaround for the nvcc
  // bug.
  template <class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0,
            class T2 = T,
            typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<T2>::value, int>::type = 0,
            T* = nullptr>
  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(T&& value) {
    return emplace(std::forward<T>(value));
  }

  // This overload kicks in when the argument is a bitfield or an lvalue of
  // insertable and decomposable type.
  //
  //   union { int n : 1; };
  //   flat_hash_set<int> s;
  //   s.insert(n);
  //
  //   flat_hash_set<std::string> s;
  //   const char* p = "hello";
  //   s.insert(p);
  //
  // TODO(romanp): Once we stop supporting gcc 5.1 and below, replace
  // RequiresInsertable<T> with RequiresInsertable<const T&>.
  // We are hitting this bug: https://godbolt.org/g/1Vht4f.
  template <
      class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0,
      typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<const T&>::value, int>::type = 0>
  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const T& value) {
    return emplace(value);
  }

  // This overload kicks in when the argument is an rvalue of init_type. Its
  // purpose is to handle brace-init-list arguments.
  //
  //   flat_hash_map<std::string, int> s;
  //   s.insert({"abc", 42});
  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(init_type&& value) {
    return emplace(std::move(value));
  }

  // TODO(cheshire): A type alias T2 is introduced as a workaround for the nvcc
  // bug.
  template <class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0, class T2 = T,
            typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<T2>::value, int>::type = 0,
            T* = nullptr>
  iterator insert(const_iterator, T&& value) {
    return insert(std::forward<T>(value)).first;
  }

  // TODO(romanp): Once we stop supporting gcc 5.1 and below, replace
  // RequiresInsertable<T> with RequiresInsertable<const T&>.
  // We are hitting this bug: https://godbolt.org/g/1Vht4f.
  template <
      class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0,
      typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<const T&>::value, int>::type = 0>
  iterator insert(const_iterator, const T& value) {
    return insert(value).first;
  }

  iterator insert(const_iterator, init_type&& value) {
    return insert(std::move(value)).first;
  }

  template <class InputIt>
  void insert(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
    for (; first != last; ++first) insert(*first);
  }

  template <class T, RequiresNotInit<T> = 0, RequiresInsertable<const T&> = 0>
  void insert(std::initializer_list<T> ilist) {
    insert(ilist.begin(), ilist.end());
  }

  void insert(std::initializer_list<init_type> ilist) {
    insert(ilist.begin(), ilist.end());
  }

  insert_return_type insert(node_type&& node) {
    if (!node) return {end(), false, node_type()};
    const auto& elem = PolicyTraits::element(CommonAccess::GetSlot(node));
    auto res = PolicyTraits::apply(
        InsertSlot<false>{*this, std::move(*CommonAccess::GetSlot(node))},
        elem);
    if (res.second) {
      CommonAccess::Reset(&node);
      return {res.first, true, node_type()};
    } else {
      return {res.first, false, std::move(node)};
    }
  }

  iterator insert(const_iterator, node_type&& node) {
    return insert(std::move(node)).first;
  }

  // This overload kicks in if we can deduce the key from args. This enables us
  // to avoid constructing value_type if an entry with the same key already
  // exists.
  //
  // For example:
  //
  //   flat_hash_map<std::string, std::string> m = {{"abc", "def"}};
  //   // Creates no std::string copies and makes no heap allocations.
  //   m.emplace("abc", "xyz");
  template <class... Args, typename std::enable_if<
                               IsDecomposable<Args...>::value, int>::type = 0>
  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args) {
    return PolicyTraits::apply(EmplaceDecomposable{*this},
                               std::forward<Args>(args)...);
  }

  // This overload kicks in if we cannot deduce the key from args. It constructs
  // value_type unconditionally and then either moves it into the table or
  // destroys.
  template <class... Args, typename std::enable_if<
                               !IsDecomposable<Args...>::value, int>::type = 0>
  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args) {
    alignas(slot_type) unsigned char raw[sizeof(slot_type)];
    slot_type* slot = reinterpret_cast<slot_type*>(&raw);

    PolicyTraits::construct(&alloc_ref(), slot, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
    const auto& elem = PolicyTraits::element(slot);
    return PolicyTraits::apply(InsertSlot<true>{*this, std::move(*slot)}, elem);
  }

  template <class... Args>
  iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator, Args&&... args) {
    return emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...).first;
  }

  // Extension API: support for lazy emplace.
  //
  // Looks up key in the table. If found, returns the iterator to the element.
  // Otherwise calls `f` with one argument of type `raw_hash_set::constructor`.
  //
  // `f` must abide by several restrictions:
  //  - it MUST call `raw_hash_set::constructor` with arguments as if a
  //    `raw_hash_set::value_type` is constructed,
  //  - it MUST NOT access the container before the call to
  //    `raw_hash_set::constructor`, and
  //  - it MUST NOT erase the lazily emplaced element.
  // Doing any of these is undefined behavior.
  //
  // For example:
  //
  //   std::unordered_set<ArenaString> s;
  //   // Makes ArenaStr even if "abc" is in the map.
  //   s.insert(ArenaString(&arena, "abc"));
  //
  //   flat_hash_set<ArenaStr> s;
  //   // Makes ArenaStr only if "abc" is not in the map.
  //   s.lazy_emplace("abc", [&](const constructor& ctor) {
  //     ctor(&arena, "abc");
  //   });
  //
  // WARNING: This API is currently experimental. If there is a way to implement
  // the same thing with the rest of the API, prefer that.
  class constructor {
    friend class raw_hash_set;

   public:
    template <class... Args>
    void operator()(Args&&... args) const {
      assert(*slot_);
      PolicyTraits::construct(alloc_, *slot_, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
      *slot_ = nullptr;
    }

   private:
    constructor(allocator_type* a, slot_type** slot) : alloc_(a), slot_(slot) {}

    allocator_type* alloc_;
    slot_type** slot_;
  };

  template <class K = key_type, class F>
  iterator lazy_emplace(const key_arg<K>& key, F&& f) {
    auto res = find_or_prepare_insert(key);
    if (res.second) {
      slot_type* slot = slots_ + res.first;
      std::forward<F>(f)(constructor(&alloc_ref(), &slot));
      assert(!slot);
    }
    return iterator_at(res.first);
  }

  // Extension API: support for heterogeneous keys.
  //
  //   std::unordered_set<std::string> s;
  //   // Turns "abc" into std::string.
  //   s.erase("abc");
  //
  //   flat_hash_set<std::string> s;
  //   // Uses "abc" directly without copying it into std::string.
  //   s.erase("abc");
  template <class K = key_type>
  size_type erase(const key_arg<K>& key) {
    auto it = find(key);
    if (it == end()) return 0;
    erase(it);
    return 1;
  }

  // Erases the element pointed to by `it`.  Unlike `std::unordered_set::erase`,
  // this method returns void to reduce algorithmic complexity to O(1).  The
  // iterator is invalidated, so any increment should be done before calling
  // erase.  In order to erase while iterating across a map, use the following
  // idiom (which also works for standard containers):
  //
  // for (auto it = m.begin(), end = m.end(); it != end;) {
  //   // `erase()` will invalidate `it`, so advance `it` first.
  //   auto copy_it = it++;
  //   if (<pred>) {
  //     m.erase(copy_it);
  //   }
  // }
  void erase(const_iterator cit) { erase(cit.inner_); }

  // This overload is necessary because otherwise erase<K>(const K&) would be
  // a better match if non-const iterator is passed as an argument.
  void erase(iterator it) {
    AssertIsFull(it.ctrl_);
    PolicyTraits::destroy(&alloc_ref(), it.slot_);
    erase_meta_only(it);
  }

  iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last) {
    while (first != last) {
      erase(first++);
    }
    return last.inner_;
  }

  // Moves elements from `src` into `this`.
  // If the element already exists in `this`, it is left unmodified in `src`.
  template <typename H, typename E>
  void merge(raw_hash_set<Policy, H, E, Alloc>& src) {  // NOLINT
    assert(this != &src);
    for (auto it = src.begin(), e = src.end(); it != e;) {
      auto next = std::next(it);
      if (PolicyTraits::apply(InsertSlot<false>{*this, std::move(*it.slot_)},
                              PolicyTraits::element(it.slot_))
              .second) {
        src.erase_meta_only(it);
      }
      it = next;
    }
  }

  template <typename H, typename E>
  void merge(raw_hash_set<Policy, H, E, Alloc>&& src) {
    merge(src);
  }

  node_type extract(const_iterator position) {
    AssertIsFull(position.inner_.ctrl_);
    auto node =
        CommonAccess::Transfer<node_type>(alloc_ref(), position.inner_.slot_);
    erase_meta_only(position);
    return node;
  }

  template <
      class K = key_type,
      typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<K, iterator>::value, int>::type = 0>
  node_type extract(const key_arg<K>& key) {
    auto it = find(key);
    return it == end() ? node_type() : extract(const_iterator{it});
  }

  void swap(raw_hash_set& that) noexcept(
      IsNoThrowSwappable<hasher>() && IsNoThrowSwappable<key_equal>() &&
      IsNoThrowSwappable<allocator_type>(
          typename AllocTraits::propagate_on_container_swap{})) {
    using std::swap;
    swap(ctrl_, that.ctrl_);
    swap(slots_, that.slots_);
    swap(size_, that.size_);
    swap(capacity_, that.capacity_);
    swap(growth_left(), that.growth_left());
    swap(hash_ref(), that.hash_ref());
    swap(eq_ref(), that.eq_ref());
    swap(infoz_, that.infoz_);
    SwapAlloc(alloc_ref(), that.alloc_ref(),
              typename AllocTraits::propagate_on_container_swap{});
  }

  void rehash(size_t n) {
    if (n == 0 && capacity_ == 0) return;
    if (n == 0 && size_ == 0) {
      destroy_slots();
      infoz_.RecordStorageChanged(0, 0);
      return;
    }
    // bitor is a faster way of doing `max` here. We will round up to the next
    // power-of-2-minus-1, so bitor is good enough.
    auto m = NormalizeCapacity(n | GrowthToLowerboundCapacity(size()));
    // n == 0 unconditionally rehashes as per the standard.
    if (n == 0 || m > capacity_) {
      resize(m);
    }
  }

  void reserve(size_t n) { rehash(GrowthToLowerboundCapacity(n)); }

  // Extension API: support for heterogeneous keys.
  //
  //   std::unordered_set<std::string> s;
  //   // Turns "abc" into std::string.
  //   s.count("abc");
  //
  //   ch_set<std::string> s;
  //   // Uses "abc" directly without copying it into std::string.
  //   s.count("abc");
  template <class K = key_type>
  size_t count(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
    return find(key) == end() ? 0 : 1;
  }

  // Issues CPU prefetch instructions for the memory needed to find or insert
  // a key.  Like all lookup functions, this support heterogeneous keys.
  //
  // NOTE: This is a very low level operation and should not be used without
  // specific benchmarks indicating its importance.
  template <class K = key_type>
  void prefetch(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
    (void)key;
#if defined(__GNUC__)
    auto seq = probe(hash_ref()(key));
    __builtin_prefetch(static_cast<const void*>(ctrl_ + seq.offset()));
    __builtin_prefetch(static_cast<const void*>(slots_ + seq.offset()));
#endif  // __GNUC__
  }

  // The API of find() has two extensions.
  //
  // 1. The hash can be passed by the user. It must be equal to the hash of the
  // key.
  //
  // 2. The type of the key argument doesn't have to be key_type. This is so
  // called heterogeneous key support.
  template <class K = key_type>
  iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key, size_t hash) {
    auto seq = probe(hash);
    while (true) {
      Group g{ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
      for (int i : g.Match(H2(hash))) {
        if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(PolicyTraits::apply(
                EqualElement<K>{key, eq_ref()},
                PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + seq.offset(i)))))
          return iterator_at(seq.offset(i));
      }
      if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(g.MatchEmpty())) return end();
      seq.next();
    }
  }
  template <class K = key_type>
  iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key) {
    return find(key, hash_ref()(key));
  }

  template <class K = key_type>
  const_iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key, size_t hash) const {
    return const_cast<raw_hash_set*>(this)->find(key, hash);
  }
  template <class K = key_type>
  const_iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
    return find(key, hash_ref()(key));
  }

  template <class K = key_type>
  bool contains(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
    return find(key) != end();
  }

  template <class K = key_type>
  std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_arg<K>& key) {
    auto it = find(key);
    if (it != end()) return {it, std::next(it)};
    return {it, it};
  }
  template <class K = key_type>
  std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(
      const key_arg<K>& key) const {
    auto it = find(key);
    if (it != end()) return {it, std::next(it)};
    return {it, it};
  }

  size_t bucket_count() const { return capacity_; }
  float load_factor() const {
    return capacity_ ? static_cast<double>(size()) / capacity_ : 0.0;
  }
  float max_load_factor() const { return 1.0f; }
  void max_load_factor(float) {
    // Does nothing.
  }

  hasher hash_function() const { return hash_ref(); }
  key_equal key_eq() const { return eq_ref(); }
  allocator_type get_allocator() const { return alloc_ref(); }

  friend bool operator==(const raw_hash_set& a, const raw_hash_set& b) {
    if (a.size() != b.size()) return false;
    const raw_hash_set* outer = &a;
    const raw_hash_set* inner = &b;
    if (outer->capacity() > inner->capacity()) std::swap(outer, inner);
    for (const value_type& elem : *outer)
      if (!inner->has_element(elem)) return false;
    return true;
  }

  friend bool operator!=(const raw_hash_set& a, const raw_hash_set& b) {
    return !(a == b);
  }

  friend void swap(raw_hash_set& a,
                   raw_hash_set& b) noexcept(noexcept(a.swap(b))) {
    a.swap(b);
  }

 private:
  template <class Container, typename Enabler>
  friend struct absl::container_internal::hashtable_debug_internal::
      HashtableDebugAccess;

  struct FindElement {
    template <class K, class... Args>
    const_iterator operator()(const K& key, Args&&...) const {
      return s.find(key);
    }
    const raw_hash_set& s;
  };

  struct HashElement {
    template <class K, class... Args>
    size_t operator()(const K& key, Args&&...) const {
      return h(key);
    }
    const hasher& h;
  };

  template <class K1>
  struct EqualElement {
    template <class K2, class... Args>
    bool operator()(const K2& lhs, Args&&...) const {
      return eq(lhs, rhs);
    }
    const K1& rhs;
    const key_equal& eq;
  };

  struct EmplaceDecomposable {
    template <class K, class... Args>
    std::pair<iterator, bool> operator()(const K& key, Args&&... args) const {
      auto res = s.find_or_prepare_insert(key);
      if (res.second) {
        s.emplace_at(res.first, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
      }
      return {s.iterator_at(res.first), res.second};
    }
    raw_hash_set& s;
  };

  template <bool do_destroy>
  struct InsertSlot {
    template <class K, class... Args>
    std::pair<iterator, bool> operator()(const K& key, Args&&...) && {
      auto res = s.find_or_prepare_insert(key);
      if (res.second) {
        PolicyTraits::transfer(&s.alloc_ref(), s.slots_ + res.first, &slot);
      } else if (do_destroy) {
        PolicyTraits::destroy(&s.alloc_ref(), &slot);
      }
      return {s.iterator_at(res.first), res.second};
    }
    raw_hash_set& s;
    // Constructed slot. Either moved into place or destroyed.
    slot_type&& slot;
  };

  // "erases" the object from the container, except that it doesn't actually
  // destroy the object. It only updates all the metadata of the class.
  // This can be used in conjunction with Policy::transfer to move the object to
  // another place.
  void erase_meta_only(const_iterator it) {
    assert(IsFull(*it.inner_.ctrl_) && "erasing a dangling iterator");
    --size_;
    const size_t index = it.inner_.ctrl_ - ctrl_;
    const size_t index_before = (index - Group::kWidth) & capacity_;
    const auto empty_after = Group(it.inner_.ctrl_).MatchEmpty();
    const auto empty_before = Group(ctrl_ + index_before).MatchEmpty();

    // We count how many consecutive non empties we have to the right and to the
    // left of `it`. If the sum is >= kWidth then there is at least one probe
    // window that might have seen a full group.
    bool was_never_full =
        empty_before && empty_after &&
        static_cast<size_t>(empty_after.TrailingZeros() +
                            empty_before.LeadingZeros()) < Group::kWidth;

    set_ctrl(index, was_never_full ? kEmpty : kDeleted);
    growth_left() += was_never_full;
    infoz_.RecordErase();
  }

  void initialize_slots() {
    assert(capacity_);
    // Folks with custom allocators often make unwarranted assumptions about the
    // behavior of their classes vis-a-vis trivial destructability and what
    // calls they will or wont make.  Avoid sampling for people with custom
    // allocators to get us out of this mess.  This is not a hard guarantee but
    // a workaround while we plan the exact guarantee we want to provide.
    //
    // People are often sloppy with the exact type of their allocator (sometimes
    // it has an extra const or is missing the pair, but rebinds made it work
    // anyway).  To avoid the ambiguity, we work off SlotAlloc which we have
    // bound more carefully.
    if (std::is_same<SlotAlloc, std::allocator<slot_type>>::value &&
        slots_ == nullptr) {
      infoz_ = Sample();
    }

    auto layout = MakeLayout(capacity_);
    char* mem = static_cast<char*>(
        Allocate<Layout::Alignment()>(&alloc_ref(), layout.AllocSize()));
    ctrl_ = reinterpret_cast<ctrl_t*>(layout.template Pointer<0>(mem));
    slots_ = layout.template Pointer<1>(mem);
    reset_ctrl();
    reset_growth_left();
    infoz_.RecordStorageChanged(size_, capacity_);
  }

  void destroy_slots() {
    if (!capacity_) return;
    for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity_; ++i) {
      if (IsFull(ctrl_[i])) {
        PolicyTraits::destroy(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i);
      }
    }
    auto layout = MakeLayout(capacity_);
    // Unpoison before returning the memory to the allocator.
    SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(slots_, sizeof(slot_type) * capacity_);
    Deallocate<Layout::Alignment()>(&alloc_ref(), ctrl_, layout.AllocSize());
    ctrl_ = EmptyGroup();
    slots_ = nullptr;
    size_ = 0;
    capacity_ = 0;
    growth_left() = 0;
  }

  void resize(size_t new_capacity) {
    assert(IsValidCapacity(new_capacity));
    auto* old_ctrl = ctrl_;
    auto* old_slots = slots_;
    const size_t old_capacity = capacity_;
    capacity_ = new_capacity;
    initialize_slots();

    size_t total_probe_length = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i != old_capacity; ++i) {
      if (IsFull(old_ctrl[i])) {
        size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(HashElement{hash_ref()},
                                          PolicyTraits::element(old_slots + i));
        auto target = find_first_non_full(hash);
        size_t new_i = target.offset;
        total_probe_length += target.probe_length;
        set_ctrl(new_i, H2(hash));
        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + new_i, old_slots + i);
      }
    }
    if (old_capacity) {
      SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(old_slots,
                                    sizeof(slot_type) * old_capacity);
      auto layout = MakeLayout(old_capacity);
      Deallocate<Layout::Alignment()>(&alloc_ref(), old_ctrl,
                                      layout.AllocSize());
    }
    infoz_.RecordRehash(total_probe_length);
  }

  void drop_deletes_without_resize() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE {
    assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity_));
    assert(!is_small());
    // Algorithm:
    // - mark all DELETED slots as EMPTY
    // - mark all FULL slots as DELETED
    // - for each slot marked as DELETED
    //     hash = Hash(element)
    //     target = find_first_non_full(hash)
    //     if target is in the same group
    //       mark slot as FULL
    //     else if target is EMPTY
    //       transfer element to target
    //       mark slot as EMPTY
    //       mark target as FULL
    //     else if target is DELETED
    //       swap current element with target element
    //       mark target as FULL
    //       repeat procedure for current slot with moved from element (target)
    ConvertDeletedToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_, capacity_);
    alignas(slot_type) unsigned char raw[sizeof(slot_type)];
    size_t total_probe_length = 0;
    slot_type* slot = reinterpret_cast<slot_type*>(&raw);
    for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity_; ++i) {
      if (!IsDeleted(ctrl_[i])) continue;
      size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(HashElement{hash_ref()},
                                        PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + i));
      auto target = find_first_non_full(hash);
      size_t new_i = target.offset;
      total_probe_length += target.probe_length;

      // Verify if the old and new i fall within the same group wrt the hash.
      // If they do, we don't need to move the object as it falls already in the
      // best probe we can.
      const auto probe_index = [&](size_t pos) {
        return ((pos - probe(hash).offset()) & capacity_) / Group::kWidth;
      };

      // Element doesn't move.
      if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(probe_index(new_i) == probe_index(i))) {
        set_ctrl(i, H2(hash));
        continue;
      }
      if (IsEmpty(ctrl_[new_i])) {
        // Transfer element to the empty spot.
        // set_ctrl poisons/unpoisons the slots so we have to call it at the
        // right time.
        set_ctrl(new_i, H2(hash));
        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + new_i, slots_ + i);
        set_ctrl(i, kEmpty);
      } else {
        assert(IsDeleted(ctrl_[new_i]));
        set_ctrl(new_i, H2(hash));
        // Until we are done rehashing, DELETED marks previously FULL slots.
        // Swap i and new_i elements.
        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slot, slots_ + i);
        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i, slots_ + new_i);
        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + new_i, slot);
        --i;  // repeat
      }
    }
    reset_growth_left();
    infoz_.RecordRehash(total_probe_length);
  }

  void rehash_and_grow_if_necessary() {
    if (capacity_ == 0) {
      resize(1);
    } else if (size() <= CapacityToGrowth(capacity()) / 2) {
      // Squash DELETED without growing if there is enough capacity.
      drop_deletes_without_resize();
    } else {
      // Otherwise grow the container.
      resize(capacity_ * 2 + 1);
    }
  }

  bool has_element(const value_type& elem) const {
    size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(HashElement{hash_ref()}, elem);
    auto seq = probe(hash);
    while (true) {
      Group g{ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
      for (int i : g.Match(H2(hash))) {
        if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + seq.offset(i)) ==
                              elem))
          return true;
      }
      if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(g.MatchEmpty())) return false;
      seq.next();
      assert(seq.index() < capacity_ && "full table!");
    }
    return false;
  }

  // Probes the raw_hash_set with the probe sequence for hash and returns the
  // pointer to the first empty or deleted slot.
  // NOTE: this function must work with tables having both kEmpty and kDelete
  // in one group. Such tables appears during drop_deletes_without_resize.
  //
  // This function is very useful when insertions happen and:
  // - the input is already a set
  // - there are enough slots
  // - the element with the hash is not in the table
  struct FindInfo {
    size_t offset;
    size_t probe_length;
  };
  FindInfo find_first_non_full(size_t hash) {
    auto seq = probe(hash);
    while (true) {
      Group g{ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
      auto mask = g.MatchEmptyOrDeleted();
      if (mask) {
#if !defined(NDEBUG)
        // We want to add entropy even when ASLR is not enabled.
        // In debug build we will randomly insert in either the front or back of
        // the group.
        // TODO(kfm,sbenza): revisit after we do unconditional mixing
        if (!is_small() && ShouldInsertBackwards(hash, ctrl_)) {
          return {seq.offset(mask.HighestBitSet()), seq.index()};
        }
#endif
        return {seq.offset(mask.LowestBitSet()), seq.index()};
      }
      assert(seq.index() < capacity_ && "full table!");
      seq.next();
    }
  }

  // TODO(alkis): Optimize this assuming *this and that don't overlap.
  raw_hash_set& move_assign(raw_hash_set&& that, std::true_type) {
    raw_hash_set tmp(std::move(that));
    swap(tmp);
    return *this;
  }
  raw_hash_set& move_assign(raw_hash_set&& that, std::false_type) {
    raw_hash_set tmp(std::move(that), alloc_ref());
    swap(tmp);
    return *this;
  }

 protected:
  template <class K>
  std::pair<size_t, bool> find_or_prepare_insert(const K& key) {
    auto hash = hash_ref()(key);
    auto seq = probe(hash);
    while (true) {
      Group g{ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
      for (int i : g.Match(H2(hash))) {
        if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(PolicyTraits::apply(
                EqualElement<K>{key, eq_ref()},
                PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + seq.offset(i)))))
          return {seq.offset(i), false};
      }
      if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(g.MatchEmpty())) break;
      seq.next();
    }
    return {prepare_insert(hash), true};
  }

  size_t prepare_insert(size_t hash) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE {
    auto target = find_first_non_full(hash);
    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(growth_left() == 0 &&
                           !IsDeleted(ctrl_[target.offset]))) {
      rehash_and_grow_if_necessary();
      target = find_first_non_full(hash);
    }
    ++size_;
    growth_left() -= IsEmpty(ctrl_[target.offset]);
    set_ctrl(target.offset, H2(hash));
    infoz_.RecordInsert(hash, target.probe_length);
    return target.offset;
  }

  // Constructs the value in the space pointed by the iterator. This only works
  // after an unsuccessful find_or_prepare_insert() and before any other
  // modifications happen in the raw_hash_set.
  //
  // PRECONDITION: i is an index returned from find_or_prepare_insert(k), where
  // k is the key decomposed from `forward<Args>(args)...`, and the bool
  // returned by find_or_prepare_insert(k) was true.
  // POSTCONDITION: *m.iterator_at(i) == value_type(forward<Args>(args)...).
  template <class... Args>
  void emplace_at(size_t i, Args&&... args) {
    PolicyTraits::construct(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i,
                            std::forward<Args>(args)...);

    assert(PolicyTraits::apply(FindElement{*this}, *iterator_at(i)) ==
               iterator_at(i) &&
           "constructed value does not match the lookup key");
  }

  iterator iterator_at(size_t i) { return {ctrl_ + i, slots_ + i}; }
  const_iterator iterator_at(size_t i) const { return {ctrl_ + i, slots_ + i}; }

 private:
  friend struct RawHashSetTestOnlyAccess;

  probe_seq<Group::kWidth> probe(size_t hash) const {
    return probe_seq<Group::kWidth>(H1(hash, ctrl_), capacity_);
  }

  // Reset all ctrl bytes back to kEmpty, except the sentinel.
  void reset_ctrl() {
    std::memset(ctrl_, kEmpty, capacity_ + Group::kWidth);
    ctrl_[capacity_] = kSentinel;
    SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(slots_, sizeof(slot_type) * capacity_);
  }

  void reset_growth_left() {
    growth_left() = CapacityToGrowth(capacity()) - size_;
  }

  // Sets the control byte, and if `i < Group::kWidth`, set the cloned byte at
  // the end too.
  void set_ctrl(size_t i, ctrl_t h) {
    assert(i < capacity_);

    if (IsFull(h)) {
      SanitizerUnpoisonObject(slots_ + i);
    } else {
      SanitizerPoisonObject(slots_ + i);
    }

    ctrl_[i] = h;
    ctrl_[((i - Group::kWidth) & capacity_) + 1 +
          ((Group::kWidth - 1) & capacity_)] = h;
  }

  size_t& growth_left() { return settings_.template get<0>(); }

  // The representation of the object has two modes:
  //  - small: For capacities < kWidth-1
  //  - large: For the rest.
  //
  // Differences:
  //  - In small mode we are able to use the whole capacity. The extra control
  //  bytes give us at least one "empty" control byte to stop the iteration.
  //  This is important to make 1 a valid capacity.
  //
  //  - In small mode only the first `capacity()` control bytes after the
  //  sentinel are valid. The rest contain dummy kEmpty values that do not
  //  represent a real slot. This is important to take into account on
  //  find_first_non_full(), where we never try ShouldInsertBackwards() for
  //  small tables.
  bool is_small() const { return capacity_ < Group::kWidth - 1; }

  hasher& hash_ref() { return settings_.template get<1>(); }
  const hasher& hash_ref() const { return settings_.template get<1>(); }
  key_equal& eq_ref() { return settings_.template get<2>(); }
  const key_equal& eq_ref() const { return settings_.template get<2>(); }
  allocator_type& alloc_ref() { return settings_.template get<3>(); }
  const allocator_type& alloc_ref() const {
    return settings_.template get<3>();
  }

  // TODO(alkis): Investigate removing some of these fields:
  // - ctrl/slots can be derived from each other
  // - size can be moved into the slot array
  ctrl_t* ctrl_ = EmptyGroup();    // [(capacity + 1) * ctrl_t]
  slot_type* slots_ = nullptr;     // [capacity * slot_type]
  size_t size_ = 0;                // number of full slots
  size_t capacity_ = 0;            // total number of slots
  HashtablezInfoHandle infoz_;
  absl::container_internal::CompressedTuple<size_t /* growth_left */, hasher,
                                            key_equal, allocator_type>
      settings_{0, hasher{}, key_equal{}, allocator_type{}};
};

// Erases all elements that satisfy the predicate `pred` from the container `c`.
template <typename P, typename H, typename E, typename A, typename Predicate>
void EraseIf(Predicate pred, raw_hash_set<P, H, E, A>* c) {
  for (auto it = c->begin(), last = c->end(); it != last;) {
    auto copy_it = it++;
    if (pred(*copy_it)) {
      c->erase(copy_it);
    }
  }
}

namespace hashtable_debug_internal {
template <typename Set>
struct HashtableDebugAccess<Set, absl::void_t<typename Set::raw_hash_set>> {
  using Traits = typename Set::PolicyTraits;
  using Slot = typename Traits::slot_type;

  static size_t GetNumProbes(const Set& set,
                             const typename Set::key_type& key) {
    size_t num_probes = 0;
    size_t hash = set.hash_ref()(key);
    auto seq = set.probe(hash);
    while (true) {
      container_internal::Group g{set.ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
      for (int i : g.Match(container_internal::H2(hash))) {
        if (Traits::apply(
                typename Set::template EqualElement<typename Set::key_type>{
                    key, set.eq_ref()},
                Traits::element(set.slots_ + seq.offset(i))))
          return num_probes;
        ++num_probes;
      }
      if (g.MatchEmpty()) return num_probes;
      seq.next();
      ++num_probes;
    }
  }

  static size_t AllocatedByteSize(const Set& c) {
    size_t capacity = c.capacity_;
    if (capacity == 0) return 0;
    auto layout = Set::MakeLayout(capacity);
    size_t m = layout.AllocSize();

    size_t per_slot = Traits::space_used(static_cast<const Slot*>(nullptr));
    if (per_slot != ~size_t{}) {
      m += per_slot * c.size();
    } else {
      for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity; ++i) {
        if (container_internal::IsFull(c.ctrl_[i])) {
          m += Traits::space_used(c.slots_ + i);
        }
      }
    }
    return m;
  }

  static size_t LowerBoundAllocatedByteSize(size_t size) {
    size_t capacity = GrowthToLowerboundCapacity(size);
    if (capacity == 0) return 0;
    auto layout = Set::MakeLayout(NormalizeCapacity(capacity));
    size_t m = layout.AllocSize();
    size_t per_slot = Traits::space_used(static_cast<const Slot*>(nullptr));
    if (per_slot != ~size_t{}) {
      m += per_slot * size;
    }
    return m;
  }
};

}  // namespace hashtable_debug_internal
}  // namespace container_internal
ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
}  // namespace absl

#endif  // ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_H_