// #status: LEGACY
// #category: Miscellaneous
// #summary: Integral types; prefer util/intops/strong_int.h
// #bugs: Infrastructure > C++ Library Team > util
//
// IntType is a simple template class mechanism for defining "logical"
// integer-like class types that support many of the same functionalities
// as native integer types, but which prevent assignment, construction, and
// other operations from other similar integer-like types.  Essentially, the
// template class IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> (where ValueType assumes
// valid scalar types such as int, uint, int32, etc) has the additional
// property that it cannot be assigned to or constructed from other IntTypes
// or native integer types of equal or implicitly convertible type.
//
// The class is useful for preventing mingling of integer variables with
// different logical roles or units.  Unfortunately, C++ provides relatively
// good type-safety for user-defined classes but not for integer types.  It is
// essentially up to the user to use nice variable names and comments to prevent
// accidental mismatches, such as confusing a user-index with a group-index or a
// time-in-milliseconds with a time-in-seconds.  The use of typedefs are limited
// in that regard as they do not enforce type-safety.
//
// USAGE -----------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//    DEFINE_INT_TYPE(IntTypeName, ValueType);
//
//  where:
//    IntTypeName: is the desired (unique) name for the "logical" integer type.
//    ValueType: is one of the integral types as defined by base::is_integral
//               (see base/type_traits.h).
//
// DISALLOWED OPERATIONS / TYPE-SAFETY ENFORCEMENT -----------------------------
//
//  Consider these definitions and variable declarations:
//    DEFINE_INT_TYPE(GlobalDocID, int64);
//    DEFINE_INT_TYPE(LocalDocID, int64);
//    GlobalDocID global;
//    LocalDocID local;
//
//  The class IntType prevents:
//
//  1) Assignments of other IntTypes with different IntTypeNames.
//
//    global = local;                  <-- Fails to compile!
//    local = global;                  <-- Fails to compile!
//
//  2) Explicit/implicit conversion from an IntType to another IntType.
//
//    LocalDocID l(global);            <-- Fails to compile!
//    LocalDocID l = global;           <-- Fails to compile!
//
//    void GetGlobalDoc(GlobalDocID global) { }
//    GetGlobalDoc(global);            <-- Compiles fine, types match!
//    GetGlobalDoc(local);             <-- Fails to compile!
//
//  3) Implicit conversion from an IntType to a native integer type.
//
//    void GetGlobalDoc(int64 global) { ...
//    GetGlobalDoc(global);            <-- Fails to compile!
//    GetGlobalDoc(local);             <-- Fails to compile!
//
//    void GetLocalDoc(int32 local) { ...
//    GetLocalDoc(global);             <-- Fails to compile!
//    GetLocalDoc(local);              <-- Fails to compile!
//
//
// SUPPORTED OPERATIONS --------------------------------------------------------
//
// The following operators are supported: unary: ++ (both prefix and postfix),
// +, -, ! (logical not), ~ (one's complement); comparison: ==, !=, <, <=, >,
// >=; numerical: +, -, *, /; assignment: =, +=, -=, /=, *=; stream: <<. Each
// operator allows the same IntTypeName and the ValueType to be used on
// both left- and right-hand sides.
//
// It also supports an accessor value() returning the stored value as ValueType,
// and a templatized accessor value<T>() method that serves as syntactic sugar
// for static_cast<T>(var.value()).  These accessors are useful when assigning
// the stored value into protocol buffer fields and using it as printf args.
//
// The class also defines a hash functor that allows the IntType to be used
// as key to hashable containers such as std::unordered_map and
// std::unordered_set.
//
// We suggest using the IntTypeIndexedContainer wrapper around FixedArray and
// STL vector (see int-type-indexed-container.h) if an IntType is intended to
// be used as an index into these containers.  These wrappers are indexed in a
// type-safe manner using IntTypes to ensure type-safety.
//
// NB: this implementation does not attempt to abide by or enforce dimensional
// analysis on these scalar types.
//
// EXAMPLES --------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//    DEFINE_INT_TYPE(GlobalDocID, int64);
//    GlobalDocID global = 3;
//    cout << global;                      <-- Prints 3 to stdout.
//
//    for (GlobalDocID i(0); i < global; ++i) {
//      cout << i;
//    }                                    <-- Print(ln)s 0 1 2 to stdout
//
//    DEFINE_INT_TYPE(LocalDocID, int64);
//    LocalDocID local;
//    cout << local;                       <-- Prints 0 to stdout it default
//                                             initializes the value to 0.
//
//    local = 5;
//    local *= 2;
//    LocalDocID l(local);
//    cout << l + local;                   <-- Prints 20 to stdout.
//
//    GenericSearchRequest request;
//    request.set_doc_id(global.value());  <-- Uses value() to extract the value
//                                             from the IntType class.
//
// REMARKS ---------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// The following bad usage is permissible although discouraged.  Essentially, it
// involves using the value*() accessors to extract the native integer type out
// of the IntType class.  Keep in mind that the primary reason for the IntType
// class is to prevent *accidental* mingling of similar logical integer types --
// and not type casting from one type to another.
//
//  DEFINE_INT_TYPE(GlobalDocID, int64);
//  DEFINE_INT_TYPE(LocalDocID, int64);
//  GlobalDocID global;
//  LocalDocID local;
//
//  global = local.value();                       <-- Compiles fine.
//
//  void GetGlobalDoc(GlobalDocID global) { ...
//  GetGlobalDoc(local.value());                  <-- Compiles fine.
//
//  void GetGlobalDoc(int64 global) { ...
//  GetGlobalDoc(local.value());                  <-- Compiles fine.

#ifndef TENSORFLOW_LIB_GTL_INT_TYPE_H_
#define TENSORFLOW_LIB_GTL_INT_TYPE_H_

#include <stddef.h>
#include <functional>
#include <iosfwd>
#include <ostream>  // NOLINT
#include <unordered_map>

#include "tensorflow/core/platform/port.h"

namespace tensorflow {
namespace gtl {

template <typename IntTypeName, typename _ValueType>
class IntType;

// Defines the IntType using value_type and typedefs it to int_type_name.
// The struct int_type_name ## _tag_ trickery is needed to ensure that a new
// type is created per int_type_name.
#define TF_LIB_GTL_DEFINE_INT_TYPE(int_type_name, value_type)          \
  struct int_type_name##_tag_ {};                                      \
  typedef ::tensorflow::gtl::IntType<int_type_name##_tag_, value_type> \
      int_type_name;

// Holds an integer value (of type ValueType) and behaves as a ValueType by
// exposing assignment, unary, comparison, and arithmetic operators.
//
// The template parameter IntTypeName defines the name for the int type and must
// be unique within a binary (the convenient DEFINE_INT_TYPE macro at the end of
// the file generates a unique IntTypeName).  The parameter ValueType defines
// the integer type value (see supported list above).
//
// This class is NOT thread-safe.
template <typename IntTypeName, typename _ValueType>
class IntType {
 public:
  typedef _ValueType ValueType;                      // for non-member operators
  typedef IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> ThisType;  // Syntactic sugar.

  // Note that this may change from time to time without notice.
  struct Hasher {
    size_t operator()(const IntType& arg) const {
      return static_cast<size_t>(arg.value());
    }
  };

 public:
  // Default c'tor initializing value_ to 0.
  constexpr IntType() : value_(0) {}
  // C'tor explicitly initializing from a ValueType.
  constexpr explicit IntType(ValueType value) : value_(value) {}

  // IntType uses the default copy constructor, destructor and assign operator.
  // The defaults are sufficient and omitting them allows the compiler to add
  // the move constructor/assignment.

  // -- ACCESSORS --------------------------------------------------------------
  // The class provides a value() accessor returning the stored ValueType value_
  // as well as a templatized accessor that is just a syntactic sugar for
  // static_cast<T>(var.value());
  constexpr ValueType value() const { return value_; }

  template <typename ValType>
  constexpr ValType value() const {
    return static_cast<ValType>(value_);
  }

  // -- UNARY OPERATORS --------------------------------------------------------
  ThisType& operator++() {  // prefix ++
    ++value_;
    return *this;
  }
  const ThisType operator++(int v) {  // postfix ++
    ThisType temp(*this);
    ++value_;
    return temp;
  }
  ThisType& operator--() {  // prefix --
    --value_;
    return *this;
  }
  const ThisType operator--(int v) {  // postfix --
    ThisType temp(*this);
    --value_;
    return temp;
  }

  constexpr bool operator!() const { return value_ == 0; }
  constexpr const ThisType operator+() const { return ThisType(value_); }
  constexpr const ThisType operator-() const { return ThisType(-value_); }
  constexpr const ThisType operator~() const { return ThisType(~value_); }

// -- ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS ---------------------------------------------------
// We support the following assignment operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, <<=, >>=
// and %= for both ThisType and ValueType.
#define INT_TYPE_ASSIGNMENT_OP(op)                   \
  ThisType& operator op(const ThisType& arg_value) { \
    value_ op arg_value.value();                     \
    return *this;                                    \
  }                                                  \
  ThisType& operator op(ValueType arg_value) {       \
    value_ op arg_value;                             \
    return *this;                                    \
  }
  INT_TYPE_ASSIGNMENT_OP(+= );
  INT_TYPE_ASSIGNMENT_OP(-= );
  INT_TYPE_ASSIGNMENT_OP(*= );
  INT_TYPE_ASSIGNMENT_OP(/= );
  INT_TYPE_ASSIGNMENT_OP(<<= );  // NOLINT
  INT_TYPE_ASSIGNMENT_OP(>>= );  // NOLINT
  INT_TYPE_ASSIGNMENT_OP(%= );
#undef INT_TYPE_ASSIGNMENT_OP

  ThisType& operator=(ValueType arg_value) {
    value_ = arg_value;
    return *this;
  }

 private:
  // The integer value of type ValueType.
  ValueType value_;

  static_assert(std::is_integral<ValueType>::value, "invalid integer type");
} TF_PACKED;

// -- NON-MEMBER STREAM OPERATORS ----------------------------------------------
// We provide the << operator, primarily for logging purposes.  Currently, there
// seems to be no need for an >> operator.
template <typename IntTypeName, typename ValueType>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,  // NOLINT
                         IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> arg) {
  return os << arg.value();
}

// -- NON-MEMBER ARITHMETIC OPERATORS ------------------------------------------
// We support only the +, -, *, and / operators with the same IntType and
// ValueType types.  The reason is to allow simple manipulation on these IDs
// when used as indices in vectors and arrays.
//
// NB: Although it is possible to do IntType * IntType and IntType / IntType,
// it is probably non-sensical from a dimensionality analysis perspective.
#define INT_TYPE_ARITHMETIC_OP(op)                                        \
  template <typename IntTypeName, typename ValueType>                     \
  static inline constexpr IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> operator op(    \
      IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> id_1,                               \
      IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> id_2) {                             \
    return IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType>(id_1.value() op id_2.value()); \
  }                                                                       \
  template <typename IntTypeName, typename ValueType>                     \
  static inline constexpr IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> operator op(    \
      IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> id,                                 \
      typename IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType>::ValueType arg_val) {      \
    return IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType>(id.value() op arg_val);        \
  }                                                                       \
  template <typename IntTypeName, typename ValueType>                     \
  static inline constexpr IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> operator op(    \
      typename IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType>::ValueType arg_val,        \
      IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> id) {                               \
    return IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType>(arg_val op id.value());        \
  }
INT_TYPE_ARITHMETIC_OP(+);
INT_TYPE_ARITHMETIC_OP(-);
INT_TYPE_ARITHMETIC_OP(*);
INT_TYPE_ARITHMETIC_OP(/ );
INT_TYPE_ARITHMETIC_OP(<< );  // NOLINT
INT_TYPE_ARITHMETIC_OP(>> );  // NOLINT
INT_TYPE_ARITHMETIC_OP(% );
#undef INT_TYPE_ARITHMETIC_OP

// -- NON-MEMBER COMPARISON OPERATORS ------------------------------------------
// Static inline comparison operators.  We allow all comparison operators among
// the following types (OP \in [==, !=, <, <=, >, >=]:
//   IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> OP IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType>
//   IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> OP ValueType
//   ValueType OP IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType>
#define INT_TYPE_COMPARISON_OP(op)                               \
  template <typename IntTypeName, typename ValueType>            \
  static inline constexpr bool operator op(                      \
      IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> id_1,                      \
      IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> id_2) {                    \
    return id_1.value() op id_2.value();                         \
  }                                                              \
  template <typename IntTypeName, typename ValueType>            \
  static inline constexpr bool operator op(                      \
      IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> id,                        \
      typename IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType>::ValueType val) { \
    return id.value() op val;                                    \
  }                                                              \
  template <typename IntTypeName, typename ValueType>            \
  static inline constexpr bool operator op(                      \
      typename IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType>::ValueType val,   \
      IntType<IntTypeName, ValueType> id) {                      \
    return val op id.value();                                    \
  }
INT_TYPE_COMPARISON_OP(== );  // NOLINT
INT_TYPE_COMPARISON_OP(!= );  // NOLINT
INT_TYPE_COMPARISON_OP(< );   // NOLINT
INT_TYPE_COMPARISON_OP(<= );  // NOLINT
INT_TYPE_COMPARISON_OP(> );   // NOLINT
INT_TYPE_COMPARISON_OP(>= );  // NOLINT
#undef INT_TYPE_COMPARISON_OP

}  // namespace gtl
}  // namespace tensorflow

#endif  // TENSORFLOW_LIB_GTL_INT_TYPE_H_