path: root/tools/run_tests/run_tests.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# Copyright 2015 gRPC authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Run tests in parallel."""

from __future__ import print_function

import argparse
import ast
import collections
import glob
import itertools
import json
import logging
import multiprocessing
import os
import os.path
import pipes
import platform
import random
import re
import socket
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
import traceback
import time
from six.moves import urllib
import uuid
import six

import python_utils.jobset as jobset
import python_utils.report_utils as report_utils
import python_utils.watch_dirs as watch_dirs
import python_utils.start_port_server as start_port_server
try:
    from python_utils.upload_test_results import upload_results_to_bq
except (ImportError):
    pass  # It's ok to not import because this is only necessary to upload results to BQ.

gcp_utils_dir = os.path.abspath(
    os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '../gcp/utils'))
sys.path.append(gcp_utils_dir)

_ROOT = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0]), '../..'))
os.chdir(_ROOT)

_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS = {
    'GRPC_VERBOSITY': 'DEBUG',
}

_POLLING_STRATEGIES = {
    'linux': ['epollex', 'epoll1', 'poll', 'poll-cv'],
    'mac': ['poll'],
}

BigQueryTestData = collections.namedtuple('BigQueryTestData', 'name flaky cpu')


def get_bqtest_data(limit=None):
    import big_query_utils

    bq = big_query_utils.create_big_query()
    query = """
SELECT
  filtered_test_name,
  SUM(result != 'PASSED' AND result != 'SKIPPED') > 0 as flaky,
  MAX(cpu_measured) + 0.01 as cpu
  FROM (
  SELECT
    REGEXP_REPLACE(test_name, r'/\d+', '') AS filtered_test_name,
    result, cpu_measured
  FROM
    [grpc-testing:jenkins_test_results.aggregate_results]
  WHERE
    timestamp >= DATE_ADD(CURRENT_DATE(), -1, "WEEK")
    AND platform = '""" + platform_string() + """'
    AND NOT REGEXP_MATCH(job_name, '.*portability.*') )
GROUP BY
  filtered_test_name"""
    if limit:
        query += " limit {}".format(limit)
    query_job = big_query_utils.sync_query_job(bq, 'grpc-testing', query)
    page = bq.jobs().getQueryResults(
        pageToken=None, **query_job['jobReference']).execute(num_retries=3)
    test_data = [
        BigQueryTestData(row['f'][0]['v'], row['f'][1]['v'] == 'true',
                         float(row['f'][2]['v'])) for row in page['rows']
    ]
    return test_data


def platform_string():
    return jobset.platform_string()


_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 5 * 60


def run_shell_command(cmd, env=None, cwd=None):
    try:
        subprocess.check_output(cmd, shell=True, env=env, cwd=cwd)
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
        logging.exception(
            "Error while running command '%s'. Exit status %d. Output:\n%s",
            e.cmd, e.returncode, e.output)
        raise


def max_parallel_tests_for_current_platform():
    # Too much test parallelization has only been seen to be a problem
    # so far on windows.
    if jobset.platform_string() == 'windows':
        return 64
    return 1024


# SimpleConfig: just compile with CONFIG=config, and run the binary to test
class Config(object):

    def __init__(self,
                 config,
                 environ=None,
                 timeout_multiplier=1,
                 tool_prefix=[],
                 iomgr_platform='native'):
        if environ is None:
            environ = {}
        self.build_config = config
        self.environ = environ
        self.environ['CONFIG'] = config
        self.tool_prefix = tool_prefix
        self.timeout_multiplier = timeout_multiplier
        self.iomgr_platform = iomgr_platform

    def job_spec(self,
                 cmdline,
                 timeout_seconds=_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
                 shortname=None,
                 environ={},
                 cpu_cost=1.0,
                 flaky=False):
        """Construct a jobset.JobSpec for a test under this config

       Args:
         cmdline:      a list of strings specifying the command line the test
                       would like to run
    """
        actual_environ = self.environ.copy()
        for k, v in environ.items():
            actual_environ[k] = v
        if not flaky and shortname and shortname in flaky_tests:
            flaky = True
        if shortname in shortname_to_cpu:
            cpu_cost = shortname_to_cpu[shortname]
        return jobset.JobSpec(
            cmdline=self.tool_prefix + cmdline,
            shortname=shortname,
            environ=actual_environ,
            cpu_cost=cpu_cost,
            timeout_seconds=(self.timeout_multiplier * timeout_seconds
                             if timeout_seconds else None),
            flake_retries=4 if flaky or args.allow_flakes else 0,
            timeout_retries=1 if flaky or args.allow_flakes else 0)


def get_c_tests(travis, test_lang):
    out = []
    platforms_str = 'ci_platforms' if travis else 'platforms'
    with open('tools/run_tests/generated/tests.json') as f:
        js = json.load(f)
        return [
            tgt for tgt in js
            if tgt['language'] == test_lang and platform_string() in
            tgt[platforms_str] and not (travis and tgt['flaky'])
        ]


def _check_compiler(compiler, supported_compilers):
    if compiler not in supported_compilers:
        raise Exception(
            'Compiler %s not supported (on this platform).' % compiler)


def _check_arch(arch, supported_archs):
    if arch not in supported_archs:
        raise Exception('Architecture %s not supported.' % arch)


def _is_use_docker_child():
    """Returns True if running running as a --use_docker child."""
    return True if os.getenv('RUN_TESTS_COMMAND') else False


_PythonConfigVars = collections.namedtuple('_ConfigVars', [
    'shell',
    'builder',
    'builder_prefix_arguments',
    'venv_relative_python',
    'toolchain',
    'runner',
    'test_name',
    'iomgr_platform',
])


def _python_config_generator(name, major, minor, bits, config_vars):
    name += '_' + config_vars.iomgr_platform
    return PythonConfig(
        name, config_vars.shell + config_vars.builder +
        config_vars.builder_prefix_arguments + [
            _python_pattern_function(major=major, minor=minor, bits=bits)
        ] + [name] + config_vars.venv_relative_python + config_vars.toolchain,
        config_vars.shell + config_vars.runner + [
            os.path.join(name, config_vars.venv_relative_python[0]),
            config_vars.test_name
        ])


def _pypy_config_generator(name, major, config_vars):
    return PythonConfig(
        name,
        config_vars.shell + config_vars.builder +
        config_vars.builder_prefix_arguments + [
            _pypy_pattern_function(major=major)
        ] + [name] + config_vars.venv_relative_python + config_vars.toolchain,
        config_vars.shell + config_vars.runner +
        [os.path.join(name, config_vars.venv_relative_python[0])])


def _python_pattern_function(major, minor, bits):
    # Bit-ness is handled by the test machine's environment
    if os.name == "nt":
        if bits == "64":
            return '/c/Python{major}{minor}/python.exe'.format(
                major=major, minor=minor, bits=bits)
        else:
            return '/c/Python{major}{minor}_{bits}bits/python.exe'.format(
                major=major, minor=minor, bits=bits)
    else:
        return 'python{major}.{minor}'.format(major=major, minor=minor)


def _pypy_pattern_function(major):
    if major == '2':
        return 'pypy'
    elif major == '3':
        return 'pypy3'
    else:
        raise ValueError("Unknown PyPy major version")


class CLanguage(object):

    def __init__(self, make_target, test_lang):
        self.make_target = make_target
        self.platform = platform_string()
        self.test_lang = test_lang

    def configure(self, config, args):
        self.config = config
        self.args = args
        if self.platform == 'windows':
            _check_compiler(
                self.args.compiler,
                ['default', 'cmake', 'cmake_vs2015', 'cmake_vs2017'])
            _check_arch(self.args.arch, ['default', 'x64', 'x86'])
            self._cmake_generator_option = 'Visual Studio 15 2017' if self.args.compiler == 'cmake_vs2017' else 'Visual Studio 14 2015'
            self._cmake_arch_option = 'x64' if self.args.arch == 'x64' else 'Win32'
            self._use_cmake = True
            self._make_options = []
        elif self.args.compiler == 'cmake':
            _check_arch(self.args.arch, ['default'])
            self._use_cmake = True
            self._docker_distro = 'jessie'
            self._make_options = []
        else:
            self._use_cmake = False
            self._docker_distro, self._make_options = self._compiler_options(
                self.args.use_docker, self.args.compiler)
        if args.iomgr_platform == "uv":
            cflags = '-DGRPC_UV -DGRPC_CUSTOM_IOMGR_THREAD_CHECK -DGRPC_CUSTOM_SOCKET '
            try:
                cflags += subprocess.check_output(
                    ['pkg-config', '--cflags', 'libuv']).strip() + ' '
            except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, OSError):
                pass
            try:
                ldflags = subprocess.check_output(
                    ['pkg-config', '--libs', 'libuv']).strip() + ' '
            except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, OSError):
                ldflags = '-luv '
            self._make_options += [
                'EXTRA_CPPFLAGS={}'.format(cflags),
                'EXTRA_LDLIBS={}'.format(ldflags)
            ]

    def test_specs(self):
        out = []
        binaries = get_c_tests(self.args.travis, self.test_lang)
        for target in binaries:
            if self._use_cmake and target.get('boringssl', False):
                # cmake doesn't build boringssl tests
                continue
            auto_timeout_scaling = target.get('auto_timeout_scaling', True)
            polling_strategies = (_POLLING_STRATEGIES.get(
                self.platform, ['all']) if target.get('uses_polling', True) else
                                  ['none'])
            if self.args.iomgr_platform == 'uv':
                polling_strategies = ['all']
            for polling_strategy in polling_strategies:
                env = {
                    'GRPC_DEFAULT_SSL_ROOTS_FILE_PATH':
                    _ROOT + '/src/core/tsi/test_creds/ca.pem',
                    'GRPC_POLL_STRATEGY':
                    polling_strategy,
                    'GRPC_VERBOSITY':
                    'DEBUG'
                }
                resolver = os.environ.get('GRPC_DNS_RESOLVER', None)
                if resolver:
                    env['GRPC_DNS_RESOLVER'] = resolver
                shortname_ext = '' if polling_strategy == 'all' else ' GRPC_POLL_STRATEGY=%s' % polling_strategy
                if polling_strategy in target.get('excluded_poll_engines', []):
                    continue

                timeout_scaling = 1
                if auto_timeout_scaling:
                    config = self.args.config
                    if ('asan' in config or config == 'msan' or
                            config == 'tsan' or config == 'ubsan' or
                            config == 'helgrind' or config == 'memcheck'):
                        # Scale overall test timeout if running under various sanitizers.
                        # scaling value is based on historical data analysis
                        timeout_scaling *= 3
                    elif polling_strategy == 'poll-cv':
                        # scale test timeout if running with poll-cv
                        # sanitizer and poll-cv scaling is not cumulative to ensure
                        # reasonable timeout values.
                        # TODO(jtattermusch): based on historical data and 5min default
                        # test timeout poll-cv scaling is currently not useful.
                        # Leaving here so it can be reintroduced if the default test timeout
                        # is decreased in the future.
                        timeout_scaling *= 1

                if self.config.build_config in target['exclude_configs']:
                    continue
                if self.args.iomgr_platform in target.get('exclude_iomgrs', []):
                    continue
                if self.platform == 'windows':
                    binary = 'cmake/build/%s/%s.exe' % (
                        _MSBUILD_CONFIG[self.config.build_config],
                        target['name'])
                else:
                    if self._use_cmake:
                        binary = 'cmake/build/%s' % target['name']
                    else:
                        binary = 'bins/%s/%s' % (self.config.build_config,
                                                 target['name'])
                cpu_cost = target['cpu_cost']
                if cpu_cost == 'capacity':
                    cpu_cost = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
                if os.path.isfile(binary):
                    list_test_command = None
                    filter_test_command = None

                    # these are the flag defined by gtest and benchmark framework to list
                    # and filter test runs. We use them to split each individual test
                    # into its own JobSpec, and thus into its own process.
                    if 'benchmark' in target and target['benchmark']:
                        with open(os.devnull, 'w') as fnull:
                            tests = subprocess.check_output(
                                [binary, '--benchmark_list_tests'],
                                stderr=fnull)
                        for line in tests.split('\n'):
                            test = line.strip()
                            if not test: continue
                            cmdline = [binary,
                                       '--benchmark_filter=%s$' % test
                                      ] + target['args']
                            out.append(
                                self.config.job_spec(
                                    cmdline,
                                    shortname='%s %s' % (' '.join(cmdline),
                                                         shortname_ext),
                                    cpu_cost=cpu_cost,
                                    timeout_seconds=target.get(
                                        'timeout_seconds',
                                        _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) *
                                    timeout_scaling,
                                    environ=env))
                    elif 'gtest' in target and target['gtest']:
                        # here we parse the output of --gtest_list_tests to build up a complete
                        # list of the tests contained in a binary for each test, we then
                        # add a job to run, filtering for just that test.
                        with open(os.devnull, 'w') as fnull:
                            tests = subprocess.check_output(
                                [binary, '--gtest_list_tests'], stderr=fnull)
                        base = None
                        for line in tests.split('\n'):
                            i = line.find('#')
                            if i >= 0: line = line[:i]
                            if not line: continue
                            if line[0] != ' ':
                                base = line.strip()
                            else:
                                assert base is not None
                                assert line[1] == ' '
                                test = base + line.strip()
                                cmdline = [binary,
                                           '--gtest_filter=%s' % test
                                          ] + target['args']
                                out.append(
                                    self.config.job_spec(
                                        cmdline,
                                        shortname='%s %s' % (' '.join(cmdline),
                                                             shortname_ext),
                                        cpu_cost=cpu_cost,
                                        timeout_seconds=target.get(
                                            'timeout_seconds',
                                            _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS) *
                                        timeout_scaling,
                                        environ=env))
                    else:
                        cmdline = [binary] + target['args']
                        shortname = target.get('shortname', ' '.join(
                            pipes.quote(arg) for arg in cmdline))
                        shortname += shortname_ext
                        out.append(
                            self.config.job_spec(
                                cmdline,
                                shortname=shortname,
                                cpu_cost=cpu_cost,
                                flaky=target.get('flaky', False),
                                timeout_seconds=target.get(
                                    'timeout_seconds', _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
                                * timeout_scaling,
                                environ=env))
                elif self.args.regex == '.*' or self.platform == 'windows':
                    print('\nWARNING: binary not found, skipping', binary)
        return sorted(out)

    def make_targets(self):
        if self.platform == 'windows':
            # don't build tools on windows just yet
            return ['buildtests_%s' % self.make_target]
        return [
            'buildtests_%s' % self.make_target,
            'tools_%s' % self.make_target, 'check_epollexclusive'
        ]

    def make_options(self):
        return self._make_options

    def pre_build_steps(self):
        if self.platform == 'windows':
            return [[
                'tools\\run_tests\\helper_scripts\\pre_build_cmake.bat',
                self._cmake_generator_option, self._cmake_arch_option
            ]]
        elif self._use_cmake:
            return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/pre_build_cmake.sh']]
        else:
            return []

    def build_steps(self):
        return []

    def post_tests_steps(self):
        if self.platform == 'windows':
            return []
        else:
            return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/post_tests_c.sh']]

    def makefile_name(self):
        if self._use_cmake:
            return 'cmake/build/Makefile'
        else:
            return 'Makefile'

    def _clang_make_options(self, version_suffix=''):
        if self.args.config == 'ubsan':
            return [
                'CC=clang%s' % version_suffix,
                'CXX=clang++%s' % version_suffix,
                'LD=clang++%s' % version_suffix,
                'LDXX=clang++%s' % version_suffix
            ]

        return [
            'CC=clang%s' % version_suffix,
            'CXX=clang++%s' % version_suffix,
            'LD=clang%s' % version_suffix,
            'LDXX=clang++%s' % version_suffix
        ]

    def _gcc_make_options(self, version_suffix):
        return [
            'CC=gcc%s' % version_suffix,
            'CXX=g++%s' % version_suffix,
            'LD=gcc%s' % version_suffix,
            'LDXX=g++%s' % version_suffix
        ]

    def _compiler_options(self, use_docker, compiler):
        """Returns docker distro and make options to use for given compiler."""
        if not use_docker and not _is_use_docker_child():
            _check_compiler(compiler, ['default'])

        if compiler == 'gcc4.9' or compiler == 'default':
            return ('jessie', [])
        elif compiler == 'gcc4.8':
            return ('jessie', self._gcc_make_options(version_suffix='-4.8'))
        elif compiler == 'gcc5.3':
            return ('ubuntu1604', [])
        elif compiler == 'gcc7.2':
            return ('ubuntu1710', [])
        elif compiler == 'gcc_musl':
            return ('alpine', [])
        elif compiler == 'clang3.4':
            # on ubuntu1404, clang-3.4 alias doesn't exist, just use 'clang'
            return ('ubuntu1404', self._clang_make_options())
        elif compiler == 'clang3.5':
            return ('jessie', self._clang_make_options(version_suffix='-3.5'))
        elif compiler == 'clang3.6':
            return ('ubuntu1604',
                    self._clang_make_options(version_suffix='-3.6'))
        elif compiler == 'clang3.7':
            return ('ubuntu1604',
                    self._clang_make_options(version_suffix='-3.7'))
        elif compiler == 'clang7.0':
            # clang++-7.0 alias doesn't exist and there are no other clang versions
            # installed.
            return ('sanitizers_jessie', self._clang_make_options())
        else:
            raise Exception('Compiler %s not supported.' % compiler)

    def dockerfile_dir(self):
        return 'tools/dockerfile/test/cxx_%s_%s' % (
            self._docker_distro, _docker_arch_suffix(self.args.arch))

    def __str__(self):
        return self.make_target


# This tests Node on grpc/grpc-node and will become the standard for Node testing
class RemoteNodeLanguage(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.platform = platform_string()

    def configure(self, config, args):
        self.config = config
        self.args = args
        # Note: electron ABI only depends on major and minor version, so that's all
        # we should specify in the compiler argument
        _check_compiler(self.args.compiler, [
            'default', 'node0.12', 'node4', 'node5', 'node6', 'node7', 'node8',
            'electron1.3', 'electron1.6'
        ])
        if self.args.compiler == 'default':
            self.runtime = 'node'
            self.node_version = '8'
        else:
            if self.args.compiler.startswith('electron'):
                self.runtime = 'electron'
                self.node_version = self.args.compiler[8:]
            else:
                self.runtime = 'node'
                # Take off the word "node"
                self.node_version = self.args.compiler[4:]

    # TODO: update with Windows/electron scripts when available for grpc/grpc-node
    def test_specs(self):
        if self.platform == 'windows':
            return [
                self.config.job_spec(
                    ['tools\\run_tests\\helper_scripts\\run_node.bat'])
            ]
        else:
            return [
                self.config.job_spec(
                    ['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/run_grpc-node.sh'],
                    None,
                    environ=_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS)
            ]

    def pre_build_steps(self):
        return []

    def make_targets(self):
        return []

    def make_options(self):
        return []

    def build_steps(self):
        return []

    def post_tests_steps(self):
        return []

    def makefile_name(self):
        return 'Makefile'

    def dockerfile_dir(self):
        return 'tools/dockerfile/test/node_jessie_%s' % _docker_arch_suffix(
            self.args.arch)

    def __str__(self):
        return 'grpc-node'


class PhpLanguage(object):

    def configure(self, config, args):
        self.config = config
        self.args = args
        _check_compiler(self.args.compiler, ['default'])
        self._make_options = ['EMBED_OPENSSL=true', 'EMBED_ZLIB=true']

    def test_specs(self):
        return [
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['src/php/bin/run_tests.sh'],
                environ=_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS)
        ]

    def pre_build_steps(self):
        return []

    def make_targets(self):
        return ['static_c', 'shared_c']

    def make_options(self):
        return self._make_options

    def build_steps(self):
        return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/build_php.sh']]

    def post_tests_steps(self):
        return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/post_tests_php.sh']]

    def makefile_name(self):
        return 'Makefile'

    def dockerfile_dir(self):
        return 'tools/dockerfile/test/php_jessie_%s' % _docker_arch_suffix(
            self.args.arch)

    def __str__(self):
        return 'php'


class Php7Language(object):

    def configure(self, config, args):
        self.config = config
        self.args = args
        _check_compiler(self.args.compiler, ['default'])
        self._make_options = ['EMBED_OPENSSL=true', 'EMBED_ZLIB=true']

    def test_specs(self):
        return [
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['src/php/bin/run_tests.sh'],
                environ=_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS)
        ]

    def pre_build_steps(self):
        return []

    def make_targets(self):
        return ['static_c', 'shared_c']

    def make_options(self):
        return self._make_options

    def build_steps(self):
        return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/build_php.sh']]

    def post_tests_steps(self):
        return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/post_tests_php.sh']]

    def makefile_name(self):
        return 'Makefile'

    def dockerfile_dir(self):
        return 'tools/dockerfile/test/php7_jessie_%s' % _docker_arch_suffix(
            self.args.arch)

    def __str__(self):
        return 'php7'


class PythonConfig(
        collections.namedtuple('PythonConfig', ['name', 'build', 'run'])):
    """Tuple of commands (named s.t. 'what it says on the tin' applies)"""


class PythonLanguage(object):

    def configure(self, config, args):
        self.config = config
        self.args = args
        self.pythons = self._get_pythons(self.args)

    def test_specs(self):
        # load list of known test suites
        with open(
                'src/python/grpcio_tests/tests/tests.json') as tests_json_file:
            tests_json = json.load(tests_json_file)
        environment = dict(_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS)
        return [
            self.config.job_spec(
                config.run,
                timeout_seconds=5 * 60,
                environ=dict(
                    list(environment.items()) + [(
                        'GRPC_PYTHON_TESTRUNNER_FILTER', str(suite_name))]),
                shortname='%s.test.%s' % (config.name, suite_name),
            ) for suite_name in tests_json for config in self.pythons
        ]

    def pre_build_steps(self):
        return []

    def make_targets(self):
        return []

    def make_options(self):
        return []

    def build_steps(self):
        return [config.build for config in self.pythons]

    def post_tests_steps(self):
        if self.config.build_config != 'gcov':
            return []
        else:
            return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/post_tests_python.sh']]

    def makefile_name(self):
        return 'Makefile'

    def dockerfile_dir(self):
        return 'tools/dockerfile/test/python_%s_%s' % (
            self.python_manager_name(), _docker_arch_suffix(self.args.arch))

    def python_manager_name(self):
        if self.args.compiler in ['python3.5', 'python3.6']:
            return 'pyenv'
        elif self.args.compiler == 'python_alpine':
            return 'alpine'
        else:
            return 'jessie'

    def _get_pythons(self, args):
        if args.arch == 'x86':
            bits = '32'
        else:
            bits = '64'

        if os.name == 'nt':
            shell = ['bash']
            builder = [
                os.path.abspath(
                    'tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/build_python_msys2.sh')
            ]
            builder_prefix_arguments = ['MINGW{}'.format(bits)]
            venv_relative_python = ['Scripts/python.exe']
            toolchain = ['mingw32']
        else:
            shell = []
            builder = [
                os.path.abspath(
                    'tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/build_python.sh')
            ]
            builder_prefix_arguments = []
            venv_relative_python = ['bin/python']
            toolchain = ['unix']

        test_command = 'test_lite'
        if args.iomgr_platform == 'gevent':
            test_command = 'test_gevent'
        runner = [
            os.path.abspath('tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/run_python.sh')
        ]

        config_vars = _PythonConfigVars(
            shell, builder, builder_prefix_arguments, venv_relative_python,
            toolchain, runner, test_command, args.iomgr_platform)
        python27_config = _python_config_generator(
            name='py27',
            major='2',
            minor='7',
            bits=bits,
            config_vars=config_vars)
        python34_config = _python_config_generator(
            name='py34',
            major='3',
            minor='4',
            bits=bits,
            config_vars=config_vars)
        python35_config = _python_config_generator(
            name='py35',
            major='3',
            minor='5',
            bits=bits,
            config_vars=config_vars)
        python36_config = _python_config_generator(
            name='py36',
            major='3',
            minor='6',
            bits=bits,
            config_vars=config_vars)
        pypy27_config = _pypy_config_generator(
            name='pypy', major='2', config_vars=config_vars)
        pypy32_config = _pypy_config_generator(
            name='pypy3', major='3', config_vars=config_vars)

        if args.compiler == 'default':
            if os.name == 'nt':
                return (python35_config,)
            else:
                return (
                    python27_config,
                    python34_config,
                )
        elif args.compiler == 'python2.7':
            return (python27_config,)
        elif args.compiler == 'python3.4':
            return (python34_config,)
        elif args.compiler == 'python3.5':
            return (python35_config,)
        elif args.compiler == 'python3.6':
            return (python36_config,)
        elif args.compiler == 'pypy':
            return (pypy27_config,)
        elif args.compiler == 'pypy3':
            return (pypy32_config,)
        elif args.compiler == 'python_alpine':
            return (python27_config,)
        elif args.compiler == 'all_the_cpythons':
            return (
                python27_config,
                python34_config,
                python35_config,
                python36_config,
            )
        else:
            raise Exception('Compiler %s not supported.' % args.compiler)

    def __str__(self):
        return 'python'


class RubyLanguage(object):

    def configure(self, config, args):
        self.config = config
        self.args = args
        _check_compiler(self.args.compiler, ['default'])

    def test_specs(self):
        tests = [
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/run_ruby.sh'],
                timeout_seconds=10 * 60,
                environ=_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS)
        ]
        tests.append(
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/run_ruby_end2end_tests.sh'],
                timeout_seconds=20 * 60,
                environ=_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS))
        return tests

    def pre_build_steps(self):
        return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/pre_build_ruby.sh']]

    def make_targets(self):
        return []

    def make_options(self):
        return []

    def build_steps(self):
        return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/build_ruby.sh']]

    def post_tests_steps(self):
        return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/post_tests_ruby.sh']]

    def makefile_name(self):
        return 'Makefile'

    def dockerfile_dir(self):
        return 'tools/dockerfile/test/ruby_jessie_%s' % _docker_arch_suffix(
            self.args.arch)

    def __str__(self):
        return 'ruby'


class CSharpLanguage(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.platform = platform_string()

    def configure(self, config, args):
        self.config = config
        self.args = args
        if self.platform == 'windows':
            _check_compiler(self.args.compiler, ['coreclr', 'default'])
            _check_arch(self.args.arch, ['default'])
            self._cmake_arch_option = 'x64'
            self._make_options = []
        else:
            _check_compiler(self.args.compiler, ['default', 'coreclr'])
            self._docker_distro = 'jessie'

            if self.platform == 'mac':
                # TODO(jtattermusch): EMBED_ZLIB=true currently breaks the mac build
                self._make_options = ['EMBED_OPENSSL=true']
            else:
                self._make_options = ['EMBED_OPENSSL=true', 'EMBED_ZLIB=true']

    def test_specs(self):
        with open('src/csharp/tests.json') as f:
            tests_by_assembly = json.load(f)

        msbuild_config = _MSBUILD_CONFIG[self.config.build_config]
        nunit_args = ['--labels=All', '--noresult', '--workers=1']
        assembly_subdir = 'bin/%s' % msbuild_config
        assembly_extension = '.exe'

        if self.args.compiler == 'coreclr':
            assembly_subdir += '/netcoreapp1.0'
            runtime_cmd = ['dotnet', 'exec']
            assembly_extension = '.dll'
        else:
            assembly_subdir += '/net45'
            if self.platform == 'windows':
                runtime_cmd = []
            elif self.platform == 'mac':
                # mono before version 5.2 on MacOS defaults to 32bit runtime
                runtime_cmd = ['mono', '--arch=64']
            else:
                runtime_cmd = ['mono']

        specs = []
        for assembly in six.iterkeys(tests_by_assembly):
            assembly_file = 'src/csharp/%s/%s/%s%s' % (assembly,
                                                       assembly_subdir,
                                                       assembly,
                                                       assembly_extension)
            if self.config.build_config != 'gcov' or self.platform != 'windows':
                # normally, run each test as a separate process
                for test in tests_by_assembly[assembly]:
                    cmdline = runtime_cmd + [assembly_file,
                                             '--test=%s' % test] + nunit_args
                    specs.append(
                        self.config.job_spec(
                            cmdline,
                            shortname='csharp.%s' % test,
                            environ=_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS))
            else:
                # For C# test coverage, run all tests from the same assembly at once
                # using OpenCover.Console (only works on Windows).
                cmdline = [
                    'src\\csharp\\packages\\OpenCover.4.6.519\\tools\\OpenCover.Console.exe',
                    '-target:%s' % assembly_file, '-targetdir:src\\csharp',
                    '-targetargs:%s' % ' '.join(nunit_args),
                    '-filter:+[Grpc.Core]*', '-register:user',
                    '-output:src\\csharp\\coverage_csharp_%s.xml' % assembly
                ]

                # set really high cpu_cost to make sure instances of OpenCover.Console run exclusively
                # to prevent problems with registering the profiler.
                run_exclusive = 1000000
                specs.append(
                    self.config.job_spec(
                        cmdline,
                        shortname='csharp.coverage.%s' % assembly,
                        cpu_cost=run_exclusive,
                        environ=_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS))
        return specs

    def pre_build_steps(self):
        if self.platform == 'windows':
            return [[
                'tools\\run_tests\\helper_scripts\\pre_build_csharp.bat',
                self._cmake_arch_option
            ]]
        else:
            return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/pre_build_csharp.sh']]

    def make_targets(self):
        return ['grpc_csharp_ext']

    def make_options(self):
        return self._make_options

    def build_steps(self):
        if self.platform == 'windows':
            return [['tools\\run_tests\\helper_scripts\\build_csharp.bat']]
        else:
            return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/build_csharp.sh']]

    def post_tests_steps(self):
        if self.platform == 'windows':
            return [['tools\\run_tests\\helper_scripts\\post_tests_csharp.bat']]
        else:
            return [['tools/run_tests/helper_scripts/post_tests_csharp.sh']]

    def makefile_name(self):
        if self.platform == 'windows':
            return 'cmake/build/%s/Makefile' % self._cmake_arch_option
        else:
            return 'Makefile'

    def dockerfile_dir(self):
        return 'tools/dockerfile/test/csharp_%s_%s' % (
            self._docker_distro, _docker_arch_suffix(self.args.arch))

    def __str__(self):
        return 'csharp'


class ObjCLanguage(object):

    def configure(self, config, args):
        self.config = config
        self.args = args
        _check_compiler(self.args.compiler, ['default'])

    def test_specs(self):
        return [
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['src/objective-c/tests/run_tests.sh'],
                timeout_seconds=60 * 60,
                shortname='objc-tests',
                cpu_cost=1e6,
                environ=_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS),
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['src/objective-c/tests/run_plugin_tests.sh'],
                timeout_seconds=60 * 60,
                shortname='objc-plugin-tests',
                cpu_cost=1e6,
                environ=_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS),
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['src/objective-c/tests/build_one_example.sh'],
                timeout_seconds=10 * 60,
                shortname='objc-build-example-helloworld',
                cpu_cost=1e6,
                environ={
                    'SCHEME': 'HelloWorld',
                    'EXAMPLE_PATH': 'examples/objective-c/helloworld'
                }),
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['src/objective-c/tests/build_one_example.sh'],
                timeout_seconds=10 * 60,
                shortname='objc-build-example-routeguide',
                cpu_cost=1e6,
                environ={
                    'SCHEME': 'RouteGuideClient',
                    'EXAMPLE_PATH': 'examples/objective-c/route_guide'
                }),
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['src/objective-c/tests/build_one_example.sh'],
                timeout_seconds=10 * 60,
                shortname='objc-build-example-authsample',
                cpu_cost=1e6,
                environ={
                    'SCHEME': 'AuthSample',
                    'EXAMPLE_PATH': 'examples/objective-c/auth_sample'
                }),
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['src/objective-c/tests/build_one_example.sh'],
                timeout_seconds=10 * 60,
                shortname='objc-build-example-sample',
                cpu_cost=1e6,
                environ={
                    'SCHEME': 'Sample',
                    'EXAMPLE_PATH': 'src/objective-c/examples/Sample'
                }),
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['src/objective-c/tests/build_one_example.sh'],
                timeout_seconds=10 * 60,
                shortname='objc-build-example-sample-frameworks',
                cpu_cost=1e6,
                environ={
                    'SCHEME': 'Sample',
                    'EXAMPLE_PATH': 'src/objective-c/examples/Sample',
                    'FRAMEWORKS': 'YES'
                }),
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['src/objective-c/tests/build_one_example.sh'],
                timeout_seconds=10 * 60,
                shortname='objc-build-example-switftsample',
                cpu_cost=1e6,
                environ={
                    'SCHEME': 'SwiftSample',
                    'EXAMPLE_PATH': 'src/objective-c/examples/SwiftSample'
                }),
            self.config.job_spec(
                ['test/core/iomgr/ios/CFStreamTests/run_tests.sh'],
                timeout_seconds=10 * 60,
                shortname='cfstream-tests',
                cpu_cost=1e6,
                environ=_FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS),
        ]

    def pre_build_steps(self):
        return []

    def make_targets(self):
        return ['interop_server']

    def make_options(self):
        return []

    def build_steps(self):
        return [
            ['src/objective-c/tests/build_tests.sh'],
            ['test/core/iomgr/ios/CFStreamTests/build_tests.sh'],
        ]

    def post_tests_steps(self):
        return []

    def makefile_name(self):
        return 'Makefile'

    def dockerfile_dir(self):
        return None

    def __str__(self):
        return 'objc'


class Sanity(object):

    def configure(self, config, args):
        self.config = config
        self.args = args
        _check_compiler(self.args.compiler, ['default'])

    def test_specs(self):
        import yaml
        with open('tools/run_tests/sanity/sanity_tests.yaml', 'r') as f:
            environ = {'TEST': 'true'}
            if _is_use_docker_child():
                environ['CLANG_FORMAT_SKIP_DOCKER'] = 'true'
                environ['CLANG_TIDY_SKIP_DOCKER'] = 'true'
            return [
                self.config.job_spec(
                    cmd['script'].split(),
                    timeout_seconds=30 * 60,
                    environ=environ,
                    cpu_cost=cmd.get('cpu_cost', 1)) for cmd in yaml.load(f)
            ]

    def pre_build_steps(self):
        return []

    def make_targets(self):
        return ['run_dep_checks']

    def make_options(self):
        return []

    def build_steps(self):
        return []

    def post_tests_steps(self):
        return []

    def makefile_name(self):
        return 'Makefile'

    def dockerfile_dir(self):
        return 'tools/dockerfile/test/sanity'

    def __str__(self):
        return 'sanity'


# different configurations we can run under
with open('tools/run_tests/generated/configs.json') as f:
    _CONFIGS = dict(
        (cfg['config'], Config(**cfg)) for cfg in ast.literal_eval(f.read()))

_LANGUAGES = {
    'c++': CLanguage('cxx', 'c++'),
    'c': CLanguage('c', 'c'),
    'grpc-node': RemoteNodeLanguage(),
    'php': PhpLanguage(),
    'php7': Php7Language(),
    'python': PythonLanguage(),
    'ruby': RubyLanguage(),
    'csharp': CSharpLanguage(),
    'objc': ObjCLanguage(),
    'sanity': Sanity()
}

_MSBUILD_CONFIG = {
    'dbg': 'Debug',
    'opt': 'Release',
    'gcov': 'Debug',
}


def _windows_arch_option(arch):
    """Returns msbuild cmdline option for selected architecture."""
    if arch == 'default' or arch == 'x86':
        return '/p:Platform=Win32'
    elif arch == 'x64':
        return '/p:Platform=x64'
    else:
        print('Architecture %s not supported.' % arch)
        sys.exit(1)


def _check_arch_option(arch):
    """Checks that architecture option is valid."""
    if platform_string() == 'windows':
        _windows_arch_option(arch)
    elif platform_string() == 'linux':
        # On linux, we need to be running under docker with the right architecture.
        runtime_arch = platform.architecture()[0]
        if arch == 'default':
            return
        elif runtime_arch == '64bit' and arch == 'x64':
            return
        elif runtime_arch == '32bit' and arch == 'x86':
            return
        else:
            print('Architecture %s does not match current runtime architecture.'
                  % arch)
            sys.exit(1)
    else:
        if args.arch != 'default':
            print('Architecture %s not supported on current platform.' %
                  args.arch)
            sys.exit(1)


def _docker_arch_suffix(arch):
    """Returns suffix to dockerfile dir to use."""
    if arch == 'default' or arch == 'x64':
        return 'x64'
    elif arch == 'x86':
        return 'x86'
    else:
        print('Architecture %s not supported with current settings.' % arch)
        sys.exit(1)


def runs_per_test_type(arg_str):
    """Auxilary function to parse the "runs_per_test" flag.

       Returns:
           A positive integer or 0, the latter indicating an infinite number of
           runs.

       Raises:
           argparse.ArgumentTypeError: Upon invalid input.
    """
    if arg_str == 'inf':
        return 0
    try:
        n = int(arg_str)
        if n <= 0: raise ValueError
        return n
    except:
        msg = '\'{}\' is not a positive integer or \'inf\''.format(arg_str)
        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(msg)


def percent_type(arg_str):
    pct = float(arg_str)
    if pct > 100 or pct < 0:
        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(
            "'%f' is not a valid percentage in the [0, 100] range" % pct)
    return pct


# This is math.isclose in python >= 3.5
def isclose(a, b, rel_tol=1e-09, abs_tol=0.0):
    return abs(a - b) <= max(rel_tol * max(abs(a), abs(b)), abs_tol)


# parse command line
argp = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Run grpc tests.')
argp.add_argument(
    '-c', '--config', choices=sorted(_CONFIGS.keys()), default='opt')
argp.add_argument(
    '-n',
    '--runs_per_test',
    default=1,
    type=runs_per_test_type,
    help='A positive integer or "inf". If "inf", all tests will run in an '
    'infinite loop. Especially useful in combination with "-f"')
argp.add_argument('-r', '--regex', default='.*', type=str)
argp.add_argument('--regex_exclude', default='', type=str)
argp.add_argument('-j', '--jobs', default=multiprocessing.cpu_count(), type=int)
argp.add_argument('-s', '--slowdown', default=1.0, type=float)
argp.add_argument(
    '-p',
    '--sample_percent',
    default=100.0,
    type=percent_type,
    help='Run a random sample with that percentage of tests')
argp.add_argument(
    '-f', '--forever', default=False, action='store_const', const=True)
argp.add_argument(
    '-t', '--travis', default=False, action='store_const', const=True)
argp.add_argument(
    '--newline_on_success', default=False, action='store_const', const=True)
argp.add_argument(
    '-l',
    '--language',
    choices=['all'] + sorted(_LANGUAGES.keys()),
    nargs='+',
    default=['all'])
argp.add_argument(
    '-S', '--stop_on_failure', default=False, action='store_const', const=True)
argp.add_argument(
    '--use_docker',
    default=False,
    action='store_const',
    const=True,
    help='Run all the tests under docker. That provides ' +
    'additional isolation and prevents the need to install ' +
    'language specific prerequisites. Only available on Linux.')
argp.add_argument(
    '--allow_flakes',
    default=False,
    action='store_const',
    const=True,
    help=
    'Allow flaky tests to show as passing (re-runs failed tests up to five times)'
)
argp.add_argument(
    '--arch',
    choices=['default', 'x86', 'x64'],
    default='default',
    help=
    'Selects architecture to target. For some platforms "default" is the only supported choice.'
)
argp.add_argument(
    '--compiler',
    choices=[
        'default', 'gcc4.4', 'gcc4.6', 'gcc4.8', 'gcc4.9', 'gcc5.3', 'gcc7.2',
        'gcc_musl', 'clang3.4', 'clang3.5', 'clang3.6', 'clang3.7', 'clang7.0',
        'python2.7', 'python3.4', 'python3.5', 'python3.6', 'pypy', 'pypy3',
        'python_alpine', 'all_the_cpythons', 'electron1.3', 'electron1.6',
        'coreclr', 'cmake', 'cmake_vs2015', 'cmake_vs2017'
    ],
    default='default',
    help=
    'Selects compiler to use. Allowed values depend on the platform and language.'
)
argp.add_argument(
    '--iomgr_platform',
    choices=['native', 'uv', 'gevent'],
    default='native',
    help='Selects iomgr platform to build on')
argp.add_argument(
    '--build_only',
    default=False,
    action='store_const',
    const=True,
    help='Perform all the build steps but don\'t run any tests.')
argp.add_argument(
    '--measure_cpu_costs',
    default=False,
    action='store_const',
    const=True,
    help='Measure the cpu costs of tests')
argp.add_argument(
    '--update_submodules',
    default=[],
    nargs='*',
    help=
    'Update some submodules before building. If any are updated, also run generate_projects. '
    +
    'Submodules are specified as SUBMODULE_NAME:BRANCH; if BRANCH is omitted, master is assumed.'
)
argp.add_argument('-a', '--antagonists', default=0, type=int)
argp.add_argument(
    '-x',
    '--xml_report',
    default=None,
    type=str,
    help='Generates a JUnit-compatible XML report')
argp.add_argument(
    '--report_suite_name',
    default='tests',
    type=str,
    help='Test suite name to use in generated JUnit XML report')
argp.add_argument(
    '--quiet_success',
    default=False,
    action='store_const',
    const=True,
    help=
    'Don\'t print anything when a test passes. Passing tests also will not be reported in XML report. '
    + 'Useful when running many iterations of each test (argument -n).')
argp.add_argument(
    '--force_default_poller',
    default=False,
    action='store_const',
    const=True,
    help='Don\'t try to iterate over many polling strategies when they exist')
argp.add_argument(
    '--force_use_pollers',
    default=None,
    type=str,
    help='Only use the specified comma-delimited list of polling engines. '
    'Example: --force_use_pollers epoll1,poll '
    ' (This flag has no effect if --force_default_poller flag is also used)')
argp.add_argument(
    '--max_time', default=-1, type=int, help='Maximum test runtime in seconds')
argp.add_argument(
    '--bq_result_table',
    default='',
    type=str,
    nargs='?',
    help='Upload test results to a specified BQ table.')
argp.add_argument(
    '--auto_set_flakes',
    default=False,
    const=True,
    action='store_const',
    help=
    'Allow repeated runs for tests that have been failing recently (based on BQ historical data).'
)
args = argp.parse_args()

flaky_tests = set()
shortname_to_cpu = {}
if args.auto_set_flakes:
    try:
        for test in get_bqtest_data():
            if test.flaky: flaky_tests.add(test.name)
            if test.cpu > 0: shortname_to_cpu[test.name] = test.cpu
    except:
        print(
            "Unexpected error getting flaky tests: %s" % traceback.format_exc())

if args.force_default_poller:
    _POLLING_STRATEGIES = {}
elif args.force_use_pollers:
    _POLLING_STRATEGIES[platform_string()] = args.force_use_pollers.split(',')

jobset.measure_cpu_costs = args.measure_cpu_costs

# update submodules if necessary
need_to_regenerate_projects = False
for spec in args.update_submodules:
    spec = spec.split(':', 1)
    if len(spec) == 1:
        submodule = spec[0]
        branch = 'master'
    elif len(spec) == 2:
        submodule = spec[0]
        branch = spec[1]
    cwd = 'third_party/%s' % submodule

    def git(cmd, cwd=cwd):
        print('in %s: git %s' % (cwd, cmd))
        run_shell_command('git %s' % cmd, cwd=cwd)

    git('fetch')
    git('checkout %s' % branch)
    git('pull origin %s' % branch)
    if os.path.exists('src/%s/gen_build_yaml.py' % submodule):
        need_to_regenerate_projects = True
if need_to_regenerate_projects:
    if jobset.platform_string() == 'linux':
        run_shell_command('tools/buildgen/generate_projects.sh')
    else:
        print(
            'WARNING: may need to regenerate projects, but since we are not on')
        print(
            '         Linux this step is being skipped. Compilation MAY fail.')

# grab config
run_config = _CONFIGS[args.config]
build_config = run_config.build_config

if args.travis:
    _FORCE_ENVIRON_FOR_WRAPPERS = {'GRPC_TRACE': 'api'}

if 'all' in args.language:
    lang_list = _LANGUAGES.keys()
else:
    lang_list = args.language
# We don't support code coverage on some languages
if 'gcov' in args.config:
    for bad in ['grpc-node', 'objc', 'sanity']:
        if bad in lang_list:
            lang_list.remove(bad)

languages = set(_LANGUAGES[l] for l in lang_list)
for l in languages:
    l.configure(run_config, args)

language_make_options = []
if any(language.make_options() for language in languages):
    if not 'gcov' in args.config and len(languages) != 1:
        print(
            'languages with custom make options cannot be built simultaneously with other languages'
        )
        sys.exit(1)
    else:
        # Combining make options is not clean and just happens to work. It allows C/C++ and C# to build
        # together, and is only used under gcov. All other configs should build languages individually.
        language_make_options = list(
            set([
                make_option
                for lang in languages
                for make_option in lang.make_options()
            ]))

if args.use_docker:
    if not args.travis:
        print('Seen --use_docker flag, will run tests under docker.')
        print('')
        print(
            'IMPORTANT: The changes you are testing need to be locally committed'
        )
        print(
            'because only the committed changes in the current branch will be')
        print('copied to the docker environment.')
        time.sleep(5)

    dockerfile_dirs = set([l.dockerfile_dir() for l in languages])
    if len(dockerfile_dirs) > 1:
        if 'gcov' in args.config:
            dockerfile_dir = 'tools/dockerfile/test/multilang_jessie_x64'
            print(
                'Using multilang_jessie_x64 docker image for code coverage for '
                'all languages.')
        else:
            print(
                'Languages to be tested require running under different docker '
                'images.')
            sys.exit(1)
    else:
        dockerfile_dir = next(iter(dockerfile_dirs))

    child_argv = [arg for arg in sys.argv if not arg == '--use_docker']
    run_tests_cmd = 'python tools/run_tests/run_tests.py %s' % ' '.join(
        child_argv[1:])

    env = os.environ.copy()
    env['RUN_TESTS_COMMAND'] = run_tests_cmd
    env['DOCKERFILE_DIR'] = dockerfile_dir
    env['DOCKER_RUN_SCRIPT'] = 'tools/run_tests/dockerize/docker_run_tests.sh'
    if args.xml_report:
        env['XML_REPORT'] = args.xml_report
    if not args.travis:
        env['TTY_FLAG'] = '-t'  # enables Ctrl-C when not on Jenkins.

    subprocess.check_call(
        'tools/run_tests/dockerize/build_docker_and_run_tests.sh',
        shell=True,
        env=env)
    sys.exit(0)

_check_arch_option(args.arch)


def make_jobspec(cfg, targets, makefile='Makefile'):
    if platform_string() == 'windows':
        return [
            jobset.JobSpec(
                [
                    'cmake', '--build', '.', '--target',
                    '%s' % target, '--config', _MSBUILD_CONFIG[cfg]
                ],
                cwd=os.path.dirname(makefile),
                timeout_seconds=None) for target in targets
        ]
    else:
        if targets and makefile.startswith('cmake/build/'):
            # With cmake, we've passed all the build configuration in the pre-build step already
            return [
                jobset.JobSpec(
                    [os.getenv('MAKE', 'make'), '-j',
                     '%d' % args.jobs] + targets,
                    cwd='cmake/build',
                    timeout_seconds=None)
            ]
        if targets:
            return [
                jobset.JobSpec(
                    [
                        os.getenv('MAKE', 'make'), '-f', makefile, '-j',
                        '%d' % args.jobs,
                        'EXTRA_DEFINES=GRPC_TEST_SLOWDOWN_MACHINE_FACTOR=%f' %
                        args.slowdown,
                        'CONFIG=%s' % cfg, 'Q='
                    ] + language_make_options +
                    ([] if not args.travis else ['JENKINS_BUILD=1']) + targets,
                    timeout_seconds=None)
            ]
        else:
            return []


make_targets = {}
for l in languages:
    makefile = l.makefile_name()
    make_targets[makefile] = make_targets.get(makefile, set()).union(
        set(l.make_targets()))


def build_step_environ(cfg):
    environ = {'CONFIG': cfg}
    msbuild_cfg = _MSBUILD_CONFIG.get(cfg)
    if msbuild_cfg:
        environ['MSBUILD_CONFIG'] = msbuild_cfg
    return environ


build_steps = list(
    set(
        jobset.JobSpec(
            cmdline, environ=build_step_environ(build_config), flake_retries=2)
        for l in languages
        for cmdline in l.pre_build_steps()))
if make_targets:
    make_commands = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
        make_jobspec(build_config, list(targets), makefile)
        for (makefile, targets) in make_targets.items())
    build_steps.extend(set(make_commands))
build_steps.extend(
    set(
        jobset.JobSpec(
            cmdline,
            environ=build_step_environ(build_config),
            timeout_seconds=None)
        for l in languages
        for cmdline in l.build_steps()))

post_tests_steps = list(
    set(
        jobset.JobSpec(cmdline, environ=build_step_environ(build_config))
        for l in languages
        for cmdline in l.post_tests_steps()))
runs_per_test = args.runs_per_test
forever = args.forever


def _shut_down_legacy_server(legacy_server_port):
    try:
        version = int(
            urllib.request.urlopen(
                'http://localhost:%d/version_number' % legacy_server_port,
                timeout=10).read())
    except:
        pass
    else:
        urllib.request.urlopen(
            'http://localhost:%d/quitquitquit' % legacy_server_port).read()


def _calculate_num_runs_failures(list_of_results):
    """Caculate number of runs and failures for a particular test.

  Args:
    list_of_results: (List) of JobResult object.
  Returns:
    A tuple of total number of runs and failures.
  """
    num_runs = len(list_of_results)  # By default, there is 1 run per JobResult.
    num_failures = 0
    for jobresult in list_of_results:
        if jobresult.retries > 0:
            num_runs += jobresult.retries
        if jobresult.num_failures > 0:
            num_failures += jobresult.num_failures
    return num_runs, num_failures


# _build_and_run results
class BuildAndRunError(object):

    BUILD = object()
    TEST = object()
    POST_TEST = object()


def _has_epollexclusive():
    binary = 'bins/%s/check_epollexclusive' % args.config
    if not os.path.exists(binary):
        return False
    try:
        subprocess.check_call(binary)
        return True
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError, e:
        return False
    except OSError, e:
        # For languages other than C and Windows the binary won't exist
        return False


# returns a list of things that failed (or an empty list on success)
def _build_and_run(check_cancelled,
                   newline_on_success,
                   xml_report=None,
                   build_only=False):
    """Do one pass of building & running tests."""
    # build latest sequentially
    num_failures, resultset = jobset.run(
        build_steps,
        maxjobs=1,
        stop_on_failure=True,
        newline_on_success=newline_on_success,
        travis=args.travis)
    if num_failures:
        return [BuildAndRunError.BUILD]

    if build_only:
        if xml_report:
            report_utils.render_junit_xml_report(
                resultset, xml_report, suite_name=args.report_suite_name)
        return []

    if not args.travis and not _has_epollexclusive() and platform_string(
    ) in _POLLING_STRATEGIES and 'epollex' in _POLLING_STRATEGIES[platform_string(
    )]:
        print('\n\nOmitting EPOLLEXCLUSIVE tests\n\n')
        _POLLING_STRATEGIES[platform_string()].remove('epollex')

    # start antagonists
    antagonists = [
        subprocess.Popen(['tools/run_tests/python_utils/antagonist.py'])
        for _ in range(0, args.antagonists)
    ]
    start_port_server.start_port_server()
    resultset = None
    num_test_failures = 0
    try:
        infinite_runs = runs_per_test == 0
        one_run = set(
            spec for language in languages for spec in language.test_specs()
            if (re.search(args.regex, spec.shortname) and
                (args.regex_exclude == '' or
                 not re.search(args.regex_exclude, spec.shortname))))
        # When running on travis, we want out test runs to be as similar as possible
        # for reproducibility purposes.
        if args.travis and args.max_time <= 0:
            massaged_one_run = sorted(one_run, key=lambda x: x.cpu_cost)
        else:
            # whereas otherwise, we want to shuffle things up to give all tests a
            # chance to run.
            massaged_one_run = list(
                one_run)  # random.sample needs an indexable seq.
            num_jobs = len(massaged_one_run)
            # for a random sample, get as many as indicated by the 'sample_percent'
            # argument. By default this arg is 100, resulting in a shuffle of all
            # jobs.
            sample_size = int(num_jobs * args.sample_percent / 100.0)
            massaged_one_run = random.sample(massaged_one_run, sample_size)
            if not isclose(args.sample_percent, 100.0):
                assert args.runs_per_test == 1, "Can't do sampling (-p) over multiple runs (-n)."
                print("Running %d tests out of %d (~%d%%)" %
                      (sample_size, num_jobs, args.sample_percent))
        if infinite_runs:
            assert len(massaged_one_run
                      ) > 0, 'Must have at least one test for a -n inf run'
        runs_sequence = (itertools.repeat(massaged_one_run)
                         if infinite_runs else itertools.repeat(
                             massaged_one_run, runs_per_test))
        all_runs = itertools.chain.from_iterable(runs_sequence)

        if args.quiet_success:
            jobset.message(
                'START',
                'Running tests quietly, only failing tests will be reported',
                do_newline=True)
        num_test_failures, resultset = jobset.run(
            all_runs,
            check_cancelled,
            newline_on_success=newline_on_success,
            travis=args.travis,
            maxjobs=args.jobs,
            maxjobs_cpu_agnostic=max_parallel_tests_for_current_platform(),
            stop_on_failure=args.stop_on_failure,
            quiet_success=args.quiet_success,
            max_time=args.max_time)
        if resultset:
            for k, v in sorted(resultset.items()):
                num_runs, num_failures = _calculate_num_runs_failures(v)
                if num_failures > 0:
                    if num_failures == num_runs:  # what about infinite_runs???
                        jobset.message('FAILED', k, do_newline=True)
                    else:
                        jobset.message(
                            'FLAKE',
                            '%s [%d/%d runs flaked]' % (k, num_failures,
                                                        num_runs),
                            do_newline=True)
    finally:
        for antagonist in antagonists:
            antagonist.kill()
        if args.bq_result_table and resultset:
            upload_extra_fields = {
                'compiler': args.compiler,
                'config': args.config,
                'iomgr_platform': args.iomgr_platform,
                'language': args.language[
                    0],  # args.language is a list but will always have one element when uploading to BQ is enabled.
                'platform': platform_string()
            }
            upload_results_to_bq(resultset, args.bq_result_table,
                                 upload_extra_fields)
        if xml_report and resultset:
            report_utils.render_junit_xml_report(
                resultset, xml_report, suite_name=args.report_suite_name)

    number_failures, _ = jobset.run(
        post_tests_steps,
        maxjobs=1,
        stop_on_failure=False,
        newline_on_success=newline_on_success,
        travis=args.travis)

    out = []
    if number_failures:
        out.append(BuildAndRunError.POST_TEST)
    if num_test_failures:
        out.append(BuildAndRunError.TEST)

    return out


if forever:
    success = True
    while True:
        dw = watch_dirs.DirWatcher(['src', 'include', 'test', 'examples'])
        initial_time = dw.most_recent_change()
        have_files_changed = lambda: dw.most_recent_change() != initial_time
        previous_success = success
        errors = _build_and_run(
            check_cancelled=have_files_changed,
            newline_on_success=False,
            build_only=args.build_only) == 0
        if not previous_success and not errors:
            jobset.message(
                'SUCCESS',
                'All tests are now passing properly',
                do_newline=True)
        jobset.message('IDLE', 'No change detected')
        while not have_files_changed():
            time.sleep(1)
else:
    errors = _build_and_run(
        check_cancelled=lambda: False,
        newline_on_success=args.newline_on_success,
        xml_report=args.xml_report,
        build_only=args.build_only)
    if not errors:
        jobset.message('SUCCESS', 'All tests passed', do_newline=True)
    else:
        jobset.message('FAILED', 'Some tests failed', do_newline=True)
    exit_code = 0
    if BuildAndRunError.BUILD in errors:
        exit_code |= 1
    if BuildAndRunError.TEST in errors:
        exit_code |= 2
    if BuildAndRunError.POST_TEST in errors:
        exit_code |= 4
    sys.exit(exit_code)