namespace Eigen { /** \page TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting Tutorial page 7 - Reductions, visitors and broadcasting \ingroup Tutorial \li \b Previous: \ref TutorialLinearAlgebra \li \b Next: \ref TutorialGeometry This tutorial explains Eigen's reductions, visitors and broadcasting and how they are used with \link MatrixBase matrices \endlink and \link ArrayBase arrays \endlink. \b Table \b of \b contents - \ref TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingReductions - \ref TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingReductionsNorm - \ref TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingReductionsBool - \ref TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingReductionsUserdefined - \ref TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingVisitors - \ref TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingPartialReductions - \ref TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingPartialReductionsCombined - \ref TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingBroadcasting - \ref TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingBroadcastingCombined \section TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingReductions Reductions In Eigen, a reduction is a function taking a matrix or array, and returning a single scalar value. One of the most used reductions is \link DenseBase::sum() .sum() \endlink, returning the sum of all the coefficients inside a given matrix or array.
Example:Output:
\include tut_arithmetic_redux_basic.cpp \verbinclude tut_arithmetic_redux_basic.out
The \em trace of a matrix, as returned by the function \c trace(), is the sum of the diagonal coefficients and can equivalently be computed a.diagonal().sum(). \subsection TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingReductionsNorm Norm computations The (Euclidean a.k.a. \f$\ell^2\f$) squared norm of a vector can be obtained \link MatrixBase::squaredNorm() squaredNorm() \endlink. It is equal to the dot product of the vector by itself, and equivalently to the sum of squared absolute values of its coefficients. Eigen also provides the \link MatrixBase::norm() norm() \endlink method, which returns the square root of \link MatrixBase::squaredNorm() squaredNorm() \endlink. These operations can also operate on matrices; in that case, a n-by-p matrix is seen as a vector of size (n*p), so for example the \link MatrixBase::norm() norm() \endlink method returns the "Frobenius" or "Hilbert-Schmidt" norm. We refrain from speaking of the \f$\ell^2\f$ norm of a matrix because that can mean different things. If you want other \f$\ell^p\f$ norms, use the \link MatrixBase::lpNorm() lpNnorm

() \endlink method. The template parameter \a p can take the special value \a Infinity if you want the \f$\ell^\infty\f$ norm, which is the maximum of the absolute values of the coefficients. The following example demonstrates these methods.
Example:Output:
\include Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_reductions_norm.cpp \verbinclude Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_reductions_norm.out
\subsection TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingReductionsBool Boolean reductions The following reductions operate on boolean values: - \link DenseBase::all() all() \endlink returns \b true if all of the coefficients in a given Matrix or Array evaluate to \b true . - \link DenseBase::any() any() \endlink returns \b true if at least one of the coefficients in a given Matrix or Array evaluates to \b true . - \link DenseBase::count() count() \endlink returns the number of coefficients in a given Matrix or Array that evaluate to \b true. These are typically used in conjunction with the coefficient-wise comparison and equality operators provided by Array. For instance, array > 0 is an %Array of the same size as \c array , with \b true at those positions where the corresponding coefficient of \c array is positive. Thus, (array > 0).all() tests whether all coefficients of \c array are positive. This can be seen in the following example:
Example:Output:
\include Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_reductions_bool.cpp \verbinclude Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_reductions_bool.out
\subsection TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingReductionsUserdefined User defined reductions TODO In the meantime you can have a look at the DenseBase::redux() function. \section TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingVisitors Visitors Visitors are useful when one wants to obtain the location of a coefficient inside a Matrix or Array. The simplest examples are \link MatrixBase::maxCoeff() maxCoeff(&x,&y) \endlink and \link MatrixBase::minCoeff() minCoeff(&x,&y)\endlink, which can be used to find the location of the greatest or smallest coefficient in a Matrix or Array. The arguments passed to a visitor are pointers to the variables where the row and column position are to be stored. These variables should be of type \link DenseBase::Index Index \endlink (FIXME: link ok?), as shown below:
Example:Output:
\include Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_visitors.cpp \verbinclude Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_visitors.out
Note that both functions also return the value of the minimum or maximum coefficient if needed, as if it was a typical reduction operation. \section TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingPartialReductions Partial reductions Partial reductions are reductions that can operate column- or row-wise on a Matrix or Array, applying the reduction operation on each column or row and returning a column or row-vector with the corresponding values. Partial reductions are applied with \link DenseBase::colwise() colwise() \endlink or \link DenseBase::rowwise() rowwise() \endlink. A simple example is obtaining the maximum of the elements in each column in a given matrix, storing the result in a row-vector:
Example:Output:
\include Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_colwise.cpp \verbinclude Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_colwise.out
The same operation can be performed row-wise:
Example:Output:
\include Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_rowwise.cpp \verbinclude Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_rowwise.out
Note that column-wise operations return a 'row-vector' while row-wise operations return a 'column-vector' \subsection TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingPartialReductionsCombined Combining partial reductions with other operations It is also possible to use the result of a partial reduction to do further processing. Here is another example that aims to find the column whose sum of elements is the maximum within a matrix. With column-wise partial reductions this can be coded as:
Example:Output:
\include Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_maxnorm.cpp \verbinclude Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_maxnorm.out
The previous example applies the \link DenseBase::sum() sum() \endlink reduction on each column though the \link DenseBase::colwise() colwise() \endlink visitor, obtaining a new matrix whose size is 1x4. Therefore, if \f[ \mbox{m} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 6 & 9 \\ 3 & 1 & 7 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \f] then \f[ \mbox{m.colwise().sum()} = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & 3 & 13 & 11 \end{bmatrix} \f] The \link DenseBase::maxCoeff() maxCoeff() \endlink reduction is finally applied to obtain the column index where the maximum sum is found, which is the column index 2 (third column) in this case. \section TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingBroadcasting Broadcasting The concept behind broadcasting is similar to partial reductions, with the difference that broadcasting constructs an expression where a vector (column or row) is interpreted as a matrix by replicating it in one direction. A simple example is to add a certain column-vector to each column in a matrix. This can be accomplished with:
Example:Output:
\include Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_broadcast_simple.cpp \verbinclude Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_broadcast_simple.out
It is important to point out that the vector to be added column-wise or row-wise must be of type Vector, and cannot be a Matrix. If this is not met then you will get compile-time error. This also means that broadcasting operations can only be applied with an object of type Vector, when operating with Matrix. The same applies for the Array class, where the equivalent for VectorXf is ArrayXf. Therefore, to perform the same operation row-wise we can do:
Example:Output:
\include Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_broadcast_simple_rowwise.cpp \verbinclude Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_broadcast_simple_rowwise.out
\subsection TutorialReductionsVisitorsBroadcastingBroadcastingCombined Combining broadcasting with other operations Broadcasting can also be combined with other operations, such as Matrix or Array operations, reductions and partial reductions. Now that broadcasting, reductions and partial reductions have been introduced, we can dive into a more advanced example that finds the nearest neighbour of a vector v within the columns of matrix m. The Euclidean distance will be used in this example, computing the squared Euclidean distance with the partial reduction named \link MatrixBase::squaredNorm() squaredNorm() \endlink:
Example:Output:
\include Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_broadcast_1nn.cpp \verbinclude Tutorial_ReductionsVisitorsBroadcasting_broadcast_1nn.out
The line that does the job is \code (m.colwise() - v).colwise().squaredNorm().minCoeff(&index); \endcode We will go step by step to understand what is happening: - m.colwise() - v is a broadcasting operation, subtracting v from each column in m. The result of this operation is a new matrix whose size is the same as matrix m: \f[ \mbox{m.colwise() - v} = \begin{bmatrix} -1 & 21 & 4 & 7 \\ 0 & 8 & 4 & -1 \end{bmatrix} \f] - (m.colwise() - v).colwise().squaredNorm() is a partial reduction, computing the squared norm column-wise. The result of this operation is a row-vector where each coefficient is the squared Euclidean distance between each column in m and v: \f[ \mbox{(m.colwise() - v).colwise().squaredNorm()} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 505 & 32 & 50 \end{bmatrix} \f] - Finally, minCoeff(&index) is used to obtain the index of the column in m that is closest to v in terms of Euclidean distance. \li \b Next: \ref TutorialGeometry */ }