// This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library // for linear algebra. // // Copyright (C) 2008 Gael Guennebaud // // Eigen is free software; you can redistribute it and/or // modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public // License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either // version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. // // Alternatively, you can redistribute it and/or // modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as // published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of // the License, or (at your option) any later version. // // Eigen is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY // WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License or the // GNU General Public License for more details. // // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public // License and a copy of the GNU General Public License along with // Eigen. If not, see . #ifndef EIGEN_EIGENSOLVER_H #define EIGEN_EIGENSOLVER_H /** \eigenvalues_module \ingroup Eigenvalues_Module * \nonstableyet * * \class EigenSolver * * \brief Eigen values/vectors solver for non selfadjoint matrices * * \param MatrixType the type of the matrix of which we are computing the eigen decomposition * * Currently it only support real matrices. * * \note this code was adapted from JAMA (public domain) * * \sa MatrixBase::eigenvalues(), SelfAdjointEigenSolver */ template class EigenSolver { public: typedef _MatrixType MatrixType; enum { RowsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::RowsAtCompileTime, ColsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::ColsAtCompileTime, Options = MatrixType::Options, MaxRowsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::MaxRowsAtCompileTime, MaxColsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::MaxColsAtCompileTime }; typedef typename MatrixType::Scalar Scalar; typedef typename NumTraits::Real RealScalar; typedef std::complex Complex; typedef typename ei_plain_col_type::type EigenvalueType; typedef Matrix EigenvectorType; typedef typename ei_plain_col_type::type RealVectorType; /** * \brief Default Constructor. * * The default constructor is useful in cases in which the user intends to * perform decompositions via EigenSolver::compute(const MatrixType&). */ EigenSolver() : m_eivec(), m_eivalues(), m_isInitialized(false) {} EigenSolver(const MatrixType& matrix) : m_eivec(matrix.rows(), matrix.cols()), m_eivalues(matrix.cols()), m_isInitialized(false) { compute(matrix); } EigenvectorType eigenvectors(void) const; /** \returns a real matrix V of pseudo eigenvectors. * * Let D be the block diagonal matrix with the real eigenvalues in 1x1 blocks, * and any complex values u+iv in 2x2 blocks [u v ; -v u]. Then, the matrices D * and V satisfy A*V = V*D. * * More precisely, if the diagonal matrix of the eigen values is:\n * \f$ * \left[ \begin{array}{cccccc} * u+iv & & & & & \\ * & u-iv & & & & \\ * & & a+ib & & & \\ * & & & a-ib & & \\ * & & & & x & \\ * & & & & & y \\ * \end{array} \right] * \f$ \n * then, we have:\n * \f$ * D =\left[ \begin{array}{cccccc} * u & v & & & & \\ * -v & u & & & & \\ * & & a & b & & \\ * & & -b & a & & \\ * & & & & x & \\ * & & & & & y \\ * \end{array} \right] * \f$ * * \sa pseudoEigenvalueMatrix() */ const MatrixType& pseudoEigenvectors() const { ei_assert(m_isInitialized && "EigenSolver is not initialized."); return m_eivec; } MatrixType pseudoEigenvalueMatrix() const; /** \returns the eigenvalues as a column vector */ EigenvalueType eigenvalues() const { ei_assert(m_isInitialized && "EigenSolver is not initialized."); return m_eivalues; } EigenSolver& compute(const MatrixType& matrix); private: void orthes(MatrixType& matH, RealVectorType& ort); void hqr2(MatrixType& matH); protected: MatrixType m_eivec; EigenvalueType m_eivalues; bool m_isInitialized; }; /** \returns the real block diagonal matrix D of the eigenvalues. * * See pseudoEigenvectors() for the details. */ template MatrixType EigenSolver::pseudoEigenvalueMatrix() const { ei_assert(m_isInitialized && "EigenSolver is not initialized."); int n = m_eivec.cols(); MatrixType matD = MatrixType::Zero(n,n); for (int i=0; i(i,i) << ei_real(m_eivalues.coeff(i)), ei_imag(m_eivalues.coeff(i)), -ei_imag(m_eivalues.coeff(i)), ei_real(m_eivalues.coeff(i)); ++i; } } return matD; } /** \returns the normalized complex eigenvectors as a matrix of column vectors. * * \sa eigenvalues(), pseudoEigenvectors() */ template typename EigenSolver::EigenvectorType EigenSolver::eigenvectors(void) const { ei_assert(m_isInitialized && "EigenSolver is not initialized."); int n = m_eivec.cols(); EigenvectorType matV(n,n); for (int j=0; j(); } else { // we have a pair of complex eigen values for (int i=0; i EigenSolver& EigenSolver::compute(const MatrixType& matrix) { assert(matrix.cols() == matrix.rows()); int n = matrix.cols(); m_eivalues.resize(n,1); m_eivec.resize(n,n); MatrixType matH = matrix; RealVectorType ort(n); // Reduce to Hessenberg form. orthes(matH, ort); // Reduce Hessenberg to real Schur form. hqr2(matH); m_isInitialized = true; return *this; } // Nonsymmetric reduction to Hessenberg form. template void EigenSolver::orthes(MatrixType& matH, RealVectorType& ort) { // This is derived from the Algol procedures orthes and ortran, // by Martin and Wilkinson, Handbook for Auto. Comp., // Vol.ii-Linear Algebra, and the corresponding // Fortran subroutines in EISPACK. int n = m_eivec.cols(); int low = 0; int high = n-1; for (int m = low+1; m <= high-1; ++m) { // Scale column. RealScalar scale = matH.block(m, m-1, high-m+1, 1).cwiseAbs().sum(); if (scale != 0.0) { // Compute Householder transformation. RealScalar h = 0.0; // FIXME could be rewritten, but this one looks better wrt cache for (int i = high; i >= m; i--) { ort.coeffRef(i) = matH.coeff(i,m-1)/scale; h += ort.coeff(i) * ort.coeff(i); } RealScalar g = ei_sqrt(h); if (ort.coeff(m) > 0) g = -g; h = h - ort.coeff(m) * g; ort.coeffRef(m) = ort.coeff(m) - g; // Apply Householder similarity transformation // H = (I-u*u'/h)*H*(I-u*u')/h) int bSize = high-m+1; matH.block(m, m, bSize, n-m).noalias() -= ((ort.segment(m, bSize)/h) * (ort.segment(m, bSize).transpose() * matH.block(m, m, bSize, n-m))); matH.block(0, m, high+1, bSize).noalias() -= ((matH.block(0, m, high+1, bSize) * ort.segment(m, bSize)) * (ort.segment(m, bSize)/h).transpose()); ort.coeffRef(m) = scale*ort.coeff(m); matH.coeffRef(m,m-1) = scale*g; } } // Accumulate transformations (Algol's ortran). m_eivec.setIdentity(); for (int m = high-1; m >= low+1; m--) { if (matH.coeff(m,m-1) != 0.0) { ort.segment(m+1, high-m) = matH.col(m-1).segment(m+1, high-m); int bSize = high-m+1; m_eivec.block(m, m, bSize, bSize).noalias() += ( (ort.segment(m, bSize) / (matH.coeff(m,m-1) * ort.coeff(m))) * (ort.segment(m, bSize).transpose() * m_eivec.block(m, m, bSize, bSize)) ); } } } // Complex scalar division. template std::complex cdiv(Scalar xr, Scalar xi, Scalar yr, Scalar yi) { Scalar r,d; if (ei_abs(yr) > ei_abs(yi)) { r = yi/yr; d = yr + r*yi; return std::complex((xr + r*xi)/d, (xi - r*xr)/d); } else { r = yr/yi; d = yi + r*yr; return std::complex((r*xr + xi)/d, (r*xi - xr)/d); } } // Nonsymmetric reduction from Hessenberg to real Schur form. template void EigenSolver::hqr2(MatrixType& matH) { // This is derived from the Algol procedure hqr2, // by Martin and Wilkinson, Handbook for Auto. Comp., // Vol.ii-Linear Algebra, and the corresponding // Fortran subroutine in EISPACK. // Initialize int nn = m_eivec.cols(); int n = nn-1; int low = 0; int high = nn-1; Scalar eps = ei_pow(Scalar(2),ei_is_same_type::ret ? Scalar(-23) : Scalar(-52)); Scalar exshift = 0.0; Scalar p=0,q=0,r=0,s=0,z=0,t,w,x,y; // Store roots isolated by balanc and compute matrix norm // FIXME to be efficient the following would requires a triangular reduxion code // Scalar norm = matH.upper().cwiseAbs().sum() + matH.corner(BottomLeft,n,n).diagonal().cwiseAbs().sum(); Scalar norm = 0.0; for (int j = 0; j < nn; ++j) { // FIXME what's the purpose of the following since the condition is always false if ((j < low) || (j > high)) { m_eivalues.coeffRef(j) = Complex(matH.coeff(j,j), 0.0); } norm += matH.row(j).segment(std::max(j-1,0), nn-std::max(j-1,0)).cwiseAbs().sum(); } // Outer loop over eigenvalue index int iter = 0; while (n >= low) { // Look for single small sub-diagonal element int l = n; while (l > low) { s = ei_abs(matH.coeff(l-1,l-1)) + ei_abs(matH.coeff(l,l)); if (s == 0.0) s = norm; if (ei_abs(matH.coeff(l,l-1)) < eps * s) break; l--; } // Check for convergence // One root found if (l == n) { matH.coeffRef(n,n) = matH.coeff(n,n) + exshift; m_eivalues.coeffRef(n) = Complex(matH.coeff(n,n), 0.0); n--; iter = 0; } else if (l == n-1) // Two roots found { w = matH.coeff(n,n-1) * matH.coeff(n-1,n); p = (matH.coeff(n-1,n-1) - matH.coeff(n,n)) * Scalar(0.5); q = p * p + w; z = ei_sqrt(ei_abs(q)); matH.coeffRef(n,n) = matH.coeff(n,n) + exshift; matH.coeffRef(n-1,n-1) = matH.coeff(n-1,n-1) + exshift; x = matH.coeff(n,n); // Scalar pair if (q >= 0) { if (p >= 0) z = p + z; else z = p - z; m_eivalues.coeffRef(n-1) = Complex(x + z, 0.0); m_eivalues.coeffRef(n) = Complex(z!=0.0 ? x - w / z : m_eivalues.coeff(n-1).real(), 0.0); x = matH.coeff(n,n-1); s = ei_abs(x) + ei_abs(z); p = x / s; q = z / s; r = ei_sqrt(p * p+q * q); p = p / r; q = q / r; // Row modification for (int j = n-1; j < nn; ++j) { z = matH.coeff(n-1,j); matH.coeffRef(n-1,j) = q * z + p * matH.coeff(n,j); matH.coeffRef(n,j) = q * matH.coeff(n,j) - p * z; } // Column modification for (int i = 0; i <= n; ++i) { z = matH.coeff(i,n-1); matH.coeffRef(i,n-1) = q * z + p * matH.coeff(i,n); matH.coeffRef(i,n) = q * matH.coeff(i,n) - p * z; } // Accumulate transformations for (int i = low; i <= high; ++i) { z = m_eivec.coeff(i,n-1); m_eivec.coeffRef(i,n-1) = q * z + p * m_eivec.coeff(i,n); m_eivec.coeffRef(i,n) = q * m_eivec.coeff(i,n) - p * z; } } else // Complex pair { m_eivalues.coeffRef(n-1) = Complex(x + p, z); m_eivalues.coeffRef(n) = Complex(x + p, -z); } n = n - 2; iter = 0; } else // No convergence yet { // Form shift x = matH.coeff(n,n); y = 0.0; w = 0.0; if (l < n) { y = matH.coeff(n-1,n-1); w = matH.coeff(n,n-1) * matH.coeff(n-1,n); } // Wilkinson's original ad hoc shift if (iter == 10) { exshift += x; for (int i = low; i <= n; ++i) matH.coeffRef(i,i) -= x; s = ei_abs(matH.coeff(n,n-1)) + ei_abs(matH.coeff(n-1,n-2)); x = y = Scalar(0.75) * s; w = Scalar(-0.4375) * s * s; } // MATLAB's new ad hoc shift if (iter == 30) { s = Scalar((y - x) / 2.0); s = s * s + w; if (s > 0) { s = ei_sqrt(s); if (y < x) s = -s; s = Scalar(x - w / ((y - x) / 2.0 + s)); for (int i = low; i <= n; ++i) matH.coeffRef(i,i) -= s; exshift += s; x = y = w = Scalar(0.964); } } iter = iter + 1; // (Could check iteration count here.) // Look for two consecutive small sub-diagonal elements int m = n-2; while (m >= l) { z = matH.coeff(m,m); r = x - z; s = y - z; p = (r * s - w) / matH.coeff(m+1,m) + matH.coeff(m,m+1); q = matH.coeff(m+1,m+1) - z - r - s; r = matH.coeff(m+2,m+1); s = ei_abs(p) + ei_abs(q) + ei_abs(r); p = p / s; q = q / s; r = r / s; if (m == l) { break; } if (ei_abs(matH.coeff(m,m-1)) * (ei_abs(q) + ei_abs(r)) < eps * (ei_abs(p) * (ei_abs(matH.coeff(m-1,m-1)) + ei_abs(z) + ei_abs(matH.coeff(m+1,m+1))))) { break; } m--; } for (int i = m+2; i <= n; ++i) { matH.coeffRef(i,i-2) = 0.0; if (i > m+2) matH.coeffRef(i,i-3) = 0.0; } // Double QR step involving rows l:n and columns m:n for (int k = m; k <= n-1; ++k) { int notlast = (k != n-1); if (k != m) { p = matH.coeff(k,k-1); q = matH.coeff(k+1,k-1); r = notlast ? matH.coeff(k+2,k-1) : Scalar(0); x = ei_abs(p) + ei_abs(q) + ei_abs(r); if (x != 0.0) { p = p / x; q = q / x; r = r / x; } } if (x == 0.0) break; s = ei_sqrt(p * p + q * q + r * r); if (p < 0) s = -s; if (s != 0) { if (k != m) matH.coeffRef(k,k-1) = -s * x; else if (l != m) matH.coeffRef(k,k-1) = -matH.coeff(k,k-1); p = p + s; x = p / s; y = q / s; z = r / s; q = q / p; r = r / p; // Row modification for (int j = k; j < nn; ++j) { p = matH.coeff(k,j) + q * matH.coeff(k+1,j); if (notlast) { p = p + r * matH.coeff(k+2,j); matH.coeffRef(k+2,j) = matH.coeff(k+2,j) - p * z; } matH.coeffRef(k,j) = matH.coeff(k,j) - p * x; matH.coeffRef(k+1,j) = matH.coeff(k+1,j) - p * y; } // Column modification for (int i = 0; i <= std::min(n,k+3); ++i) { p = x * matH.coeff(i,k) + y * matH.coeff(i,k+1); if (notlast) { p = p + z * matH.coeff(i,k+2); matH.coeffRef(i,k+2) = matH.coeff(i,k+2) - p * r; } matH.coeffRef(i,k) = matH.coeff(i,k) - p; matH.coeffRef(i,k+1) = matH.coeff(i,k+1) - p * q; } // Accumulate transformations for (int i = low; i <= high; ++i) { p = x * m_eivec.coeff(i,k) + y * m_eivec.coeff(i,k+1); if (notlast) { p = p + z * m_eivec.coeff(i,k+2); m_eivec.coeffRef(i,k+2) = m_eivec.coeff(i,k+2) - p * r; } m_eivec.coeffRef(i,k) = m_eivec.coeff(i,k) - p; m_eivec.coeffRef(i,k+1) = m_eivec.coeff(i,k+1) - p * q; } } // (s != 0) } // k loop } // check convergence } // while (n >= low) // Backsubstitute to find vectors of upper triangular form if (norm == 0.0) { return; } for (n = nn-1; n >= 0; n--) { p = m_eivalues.coeff(n).real(); q = m_eivalues.coeff(n).imag(); // Scalar vector if (q == 0) { int l = n; matH.coeffRef(n,n) = 1.0; for (int i = n-1; i >= 0; i--) { w = matH.coeff(i,i) - p; r = matH.row(i).segment(l,n-l+1).dot(matH.col(n).segment(l, n-l+1)); if (m_eivalues.coeff(i).imag() < 0.0) { z = w; s = r; } else { l = i; if (m_eivalues.coeff(i).imag() == 0.0) { if (w != 0.0) matH.coeffRef(i,n) = -r / w; else matH.coeffRef(i,n) = -r / (eps * norm); } else // Solve real equations { x = matH.coeff(i,i+1); y = matH.coeff(i+1,i); q = (m_eivalues.coeff(i).real() - p) * (m_eivalues.coeff(i).real() - p) + m_eivalues.coeff(i).imag() * m_eivalues.coeff(i).imag(); t = (x * s - z * r) / q; matH.coeffRef(i,n) = t; if (ei_abs(x) > ei_abs(z)) matH.coeffRef(i+1,n) = (-r - w * t) / x; else matH.coeffRef(i+1,n) = (-s - y * t) / z; } // Overflow control t = ei_abs(matH.coeff(i,n)); if ((eps * t) * t > 1) matH.col(n).tail(nn-i) /= t; } } } else if (q < 0) // Complex vector { std::complex cc; int l = n-1; // Last vector component imaginary so matrix is triangular if (ei_abs(matH.coeff(n,n-1)) > ei_abs(matH.coeff(n-1,n))) { matH.coeffRef(n-1,n-1) = q / matH.coeff(n,n-1); matH.coeffRef(n-1,n) = -(matH.coeff(n,n) - p) / matH.coeff(n,n-1); } else { cc = cdiv(0.0,-matH.coeff(n-1,n),matH.coeff(n-1,n-1)-p,q); matH.coeffRef(n-1,n-1) = ei_real(cc); matH.coeffRef(n-1,n) = ei_imag(cc); } matH.coeffRef(n,n-1) = 0.0; matH.coeffRef(n,n) = 1.0; for (int i = n-2; i >= 0; i--) { Scalar ra,sa,vr,vi; ra = matH.row(i).segment(l, n-l+1).dot(matH.col(n-1).segment(l, n-l+1)); sa = matH.row(i).segment(l, n-l+1).dot(matH.col(n).segment(l, n-l+1)); w = matH.coeff(i,i) - p; if (m_eivalues.coeff(i).imag() < 0.0) { z = w; r = ra; s = sa; } else { l = i; if (m_eivalues.coeff(i).imag() == 0) { cc = cdiv(-ra,-sa,w,q); matH.coeffRef(i,n-1) = ei_real(cc); matH.coeffRef(i,n) = ei_imag(cc); } else { // Solve complex equations x = matH.coeff(i,i+1); y = matH.coeff(i+1,i); vr = (m_eivalues.coeff(i).real() - p) * (m_eivalues.coeff(i).real() - p) + m_eivalues.coeff(i).imag() * m_eivalues.coeff(i).imag() - q * q; vi = (m_eivalues.coeff(i).real() - p) * Scalar(2) * q; if ((vr == 0.0) && (vi == 0.0)) vr = eps * norm * (ei_abs(w) + ei_abs(q) + ei_abs(x) + ei_abs(y) + ei_abs(z)); cc= cdiv(x*r-z*ra+q*sa,x*s-z*sa-q*ra,vr,vi); matH.coeffRef(i,n-1) = ei_real(cc); matH.coeffRef(i,n) = ei_imag(cc); if (ei_abs(x) > (ei_abs(z) + ei_abs(q))) { matH.coeffRef(i+1,n-1) = (-ra - w * matH.coeff(i,n-1) + q * matH.coeff(i,n)) / x; matH.coeffRef(i+1,n) = (-sa - w * matH.coeff(i,n) - q * matH.coeff(i,n-1)) / x; } else { cc = cdiv(-r-y*matH.coeff(i,n-1),-s-y*matH.coeff(i,n),z,q); matH.coeffRef(i+1,n-1) = ei_real(cc); matH.coeffRef(i+1,n) = ei_imag(cc); } } // Overflow control t = std::max(ei_abs(matH.coeff(i,n-1)),ei_abs(matH.coeff(i,n))); if ((eps * t) * t > 1) matH.block(i, n-1, nn-i, 2) /= t; } } } } // Vectors of isolated roots for (int i = 0; i < nn; ++i) { // FIXME again what's the purpose of this test ? // in this algo low==0 and high==nn-1 !! if (i < low || i > high) { m_eivec.row(i).tail(nn-i) = matH.row(i).tail(nn-i); } } // Back transformation to get eigenvectors of original matrix int bRows = high-low+1; for (int j = nn-1; j >= low; j--) { int bSize = std::min(j,high)-low+1; m_eivec.col(j).segment(low, bRows) = (m_eivec.block(low, low, bRows, bSize) * matH.col(j).segment(low, bSize)); } } #endif // EIGEN_EIGENSOLVER_H