path: root/theories/Reals/Cos_plus.v

  (************************************************************************)
  (*  v      *   The Coq Proof Assistant  /  The Coq Development Team     *)
  (* <O___,, * CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique-INRIA Futurs-Universite Paris Sud *)
  (*   \VV/  **************************************************************)
  (*    //   *      This file is distributed under the terms of the       *)
  (*         *       GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1        *)
  (************************************************************************)

  (*i $Id$ i*)

Require Import Rbase.
Require Import Rfunctions.
Require Import SeqSeries.
Require Import Rtrigo_def.
Require Import Cos_rel.
Require Import Max.
Open Local Scope nat_scope.
Open Local Scope R_scope.

Definition Majxy (x y:R) (n:nat) : R :=
  Rmax 1 (Rmax (Rabs x) (Rabs y)) ^ (4 * S n) / INR (fact n).

Lemma Majxy_cv_R0 : forall x y:R, Un_cv (Majxy x y) 0.
Proof.
  intros.
  set (C := Rmax 1 (Rmax (Rabs x) (Rabs y))).
  set (C0 := C ^ 4).
  cut (0 < C).
  intro.
  cut (0 < C0).
  intro.
  assert (H1 := cv_speed_pow_fact C0).
  unfold Un_cv in H1; unfold R_dist in H1.
  unfold Un_cv in |- *; unfold R_dist in |- *; intros.
  cut (0 < eps / C0);
    [ intro
      | unfold Rdiv in |- *; apply Rmult_lt_0_compat;
	[ assumption | apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; assumption ] ].
  elim (H1 (eps / C0) H3); intros N0 H4.
  exists N0; intros.
  replace (Majxy x y n) with (C0 ^ S n / INR (fact n)).
  simpl in |- *.
  apply Rmult_lt_reg_l with (Rabs (/ C0)).
  apply Rabs_pos_lt.
  apply Rinv_neq_0_compat.
  red in |- *; intro; rewrite H6 in H0; elim (Rlt_irrefl _ H0).
  rewrite <- Rabs_mult.
  unfold Rminus in |- *; rewrite Rmult_plus_distr_l.
  rewrite Ropp_0; rewrite Rmult_0_r.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; repeat rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- Rinv_l_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_l.
  rewrite (Rabs_right (/ C0)).
  rewrite <- (Rmult_comm eps).
  replace (C0 ^ n * / INR (fact n) + 0) with (C0 ^ n * / INR (fact n) - 0);
    [ idtac | ring ].
  unfold Rdiv in H4; apply H4; assumption.
  apply Rle_ge; left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; assumption.
  red in |- *; intro; rewrite H6 in H0; elim (Rlt_irrefl _ H0).
  unfold Majxy in |- *.
  unfold C0 in |- *.
  rewrite pow_mult.
  unfold C in |- *; reflexivity.
  unfold C0 in |- *; apply pow_lt; assumption.
  apply Rlt_le_trans with 1.
  apply Rlt_0_1.
  unfold C in |- *.
  apply RmaxLess1.
Qed.

Lemma reste1_maj :
  forall (x y:R) (N:nat),
    (0 < N)%nat -> Rabs (Reste1 x y N) <= Majxy x y (pred N).
Proof.
  intros.
  set (C := Rmax 1 (Rmax (Rabs x) (Rabs y))).
  unfold Reste1 in |- *.
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0
      (fun k:nat =>
	Rabs
        (sum_f_R0
          (fun l:nat =>
            (-1) ^ S (l + k) / INR (fact (2 * S (l + k))) *
            x ^ (2 * S (l + k)) *
            ((-1) ^ (N - l) / INR (fact (2 * (N - l)))) *
            y ^ (2 * (N - l))) (pred (N - k)))) (
	      pred N)).
  apply
    (Rsum_abs
      (fun k:nat =>
	sum_f_R0
        (fun l:nat =>
          (-1) ^ S (l + k) / INR (fact (2 * S (l + k))) *
          x ^ (2 * S (l + k)) * ((-1) ^ (N - l) / INR (fact (2 * (N - l)))) *
          y ^ (2 * (N - l))) (pred (N - k))) (pred N)).
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0
      (fun k:nat =>
	sum_f_R0
        (fun l:nat =>
          Rabs
          ((-1) ^ S (l + k) / INR (fact (2 * S (l + k))) *
            x ^ (2 * S (l + k)) *
            ((-1) ^ (N - l) / INR (fact (2 * (N - l)))) *
            y ^ (2 * (N - l)))) (pred (N - k))) (
	      pred N)).
  apply sum_Rle.
  intros.
  apply
    (Rsum_abs
      (fun l:nat =>
	(-1) ^ S (l + n) / INR (fact (2 * S (l + n))) * x ^ (2 * S (l + n)) *
	((-1) ^ (N - l) / INR (fact (2 * (N - l)))) *
	y ^ (2 * (N - l))) (pred (N - n))).
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0
      (fun k:nat =>
	sum_f_R0
        (fun l:nat =>
          / INR (fact (2 * S (l + k)) * fact (2 * (N - l))) *
          C ^ (2 * S (N + k))) (pred (N - k))) (pred N)).
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; repeat rewrite Rabs_mult.
  do 2 rewrite pow_1_abs.
  do 2 rewrite Rmult_1_l.
  rewrite (Rabs_right (/ INR (fact (2 * S (n0 + n))))).
  rewrite (Rabs_right (/ INR (fact (2 * (N - n0))))).
  rewrite mult_INR.
  rewrite Rinv_mult_distr.
  repeat rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (/ INR (fact (2 * (N - n0))))).
  rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  do 2 rewrite <- RPow_abs.
  apply Rle_trans with (Rabs x ^ (2 * S (n0 + n)) * C ^ (2 * (N - n0))).
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pow_le; apply Rabs_pos.
  apply pow_incr.
  split.
  apply Rabs_pos.
  unfold C in |- *.
  apply Rle_trans with (Rmax (Rabs x) (Rabs y)); apply RmaxLess2.
  apply Rle_trans with (C ^ (2 * S (n0 + n)) * C ^ (2 * (N - n0))).
  do 2 rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (C ^ (2 * (N - n0)))).
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pow_le.
  apply Rle_trans with 1.
  left; apply Rlt_0_1.
  unfold C in |- *; apply RmaxLess1.
  apply pow_incr.
  split.
  apply Rabs_pos.
  unfold C in |- *; apply Rle_trans with (Rmax (Rabs x) (Rabs y)).
  apply RmaxLess1.
  apply RmaxLess2.
  right.
  replace (2 * S (N + n))%nat with (2 * (N - n0) + 2 * S (n0 + n))%nat.
  rewrite pow_add.
  apply Rmult_comm.
  apply INR_eq; rewrite plus_INR; do 3 rewrite mult_INR.
  rewrite minus_INR.
  repeat rewrite S_INR; do 2 rewrite plus_INR; ring.
  apply le_trans with (pred (N - n)).
  exact H1.
  apply le_S_n.
  replace (S (pred (N - n))) with (N - n)%nat.
  apply le_trans with N.
  apply (fun p n m:nat => plus_le_reg_l n m p) with n.
  rewrite <- le_plus_minus.
  apply le_plus_r.
  apply le_trans with (pred N).
  assumption.
  apply le_pred_n.
  apply le_n_Sn.
  apply S_pred with 0%nat.
  apply plus_lt_reg_l with n.
  rewrite <- le_plus_minus.
  replace (n + 0)%nat with n; [ idtac | ring ].
  apply le_lt_trans with (pred N).
  assumption.
  apply lt_pred_n_n; assumption.
  apply le_trans with (pred N).
  assumption.
  apply le_pred_n.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply Rle_ge; left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply Rle_ge; left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0
      (fun k:nat =>
	sum_f_R0
        (fun l:nat =>
          / INR (fact (2 * S (l + k)) * fact (2 * (N - l))) * C ^ (4 * N))
        (pred (N - k))) (pred N)).
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat.
  rewrite mult_INR; apply Rmult_lt_0_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply Rle_pow.
  unfold C in |- *; apply RmaxLess1.
  replace (4 * N)%nat with (2 * (2 * N))%nat; [ idtac | ring ].
  apply (fun m n p:nat => mult_le_compat_l p n m).
  replace (2 * N)%nat with (S (N + pred N)).
  apply le_n_S.
  apply plus_le_compat_l; assumption.
  rewrite pred_of_minus.
  omega.
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0
      (fun k:nat =>
	sum_f_R0 (fun l:nat => C ^ (4 * N) * Rsqr (/ INR (fact (S (N + k)))))
        (pred (N - k))) (pred N)).
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (C ^ (4 * N))).
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pow_le.
  left; apply Rlt_le_trans with 1.
  apply Rlt_0_1.
  unfold C in |- *; apply RmaxLess1.
  replace (/ INR (fact (2 * S (n0 + n)) * fact (2 * (N - n0)))) with
    (Binomial.C (2 * S (N + n)) (2 * S (n0 + n)) / INR (fact (2 * S (N + n)))).
  apply Rle_trans with
    (Binomial.C (2 * S (N + n)) (S (N + n)) / INR (fact (2 * S (N + n)))).
  unfold Rdiv in |- *;
    do 2 rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (/ INR (fact (2 * S (N + n))))).
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply C_maj.
  omega.
  right.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; rewrite Rmult_comm.
  unfold Binomial.C in |- *.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; repeat rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- Rinv_l_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_l.
  replace (2 * S (N + n) - S (N + n))%nat with (S (N + n)).
  rewrite Rinv_mult_distr.
  unfold Rsqr in |- *; reflexivity.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  omega.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; rewrite Rmult_comm.
  unfold Binomial.C in |- *.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; repeat rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- Rinv_l_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_l.
  replace (2 * S (N + n) - 2 * S (n0 + n))%nat with (2 * (N - n0))%nat.
  rewrite mult_INR.
  reflexivity.
  omega.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0 (fun k:nat => INR N / INR (fact (S N)) * C ^ (4 * N)) (pred N)).
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  rewrite <-
    (scal_sum (fun _:nat => C ^ (4 * N)) (pred (N - n))
      (Rsqr (/ INR (fact (S (N + n)))))).
  rewrite sum_cte.
  rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  do 2 rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (C ^ (4 * N))).
  rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pow_le.
  left; apply Rlt_le_trans with 1.
  apply Rlt_0_1.
  unfold C in |- *; apply RmaxLess1.
  apply Rle_trans with (Rsqr (/ INR (fact (S (N + n)))) * INR N).
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply Rle_0_sqr.
  apply le_INR.
  omega.
  rewrite Rmult_comm; unfold Rdiv in |- *; apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pos_INR.
  apply Rle_trans with (/ INR (fact (S (N + n)))).
  pattern (/ INR (fact (S (N + n)))) at 2 in |- *; rewrite <- Rmult_1_r.
  unfold Rsqr in |- *.
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply Rmult_le_reg_l with (INR (fact (S (N + n)))).
  apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  rewrite <- Rinv_r_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_r.
  replace 1 with (INR 1).
  apply le_INR.
  apply lt_le_S.
  apply INR_lt; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  reflexivity.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply Rmult_le_reg_l with (INR (fact (S (N + n)))).
  apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  rewrite <- Rinv_r_sym.
  apply Rmult_le_reg_l with (INR (fact (S N))).
  apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  rewrite Rmult_1_r.
  rewrite (Rmult_comm (INR (fact (S N)))).
  rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- Rinv_l_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_r.
  apply le_INR.
  apply fact_le.
  apply le_n_S.
  apply le_plus_l.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  rewrite sum_cte.
  apply Rle_trans with (C ^ (4 * N) / INR (fact (pred N))).
  rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (C ^ (4 * N))).
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; rewrite Rmult_assoc; apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pow_le.
  left; apply Rlt_le_trans with 1.
  apply Rlt_0_1.
  unfold C in |- *; apply RmaxLess1.
  cut (S (pred N) = N).
  intro; rewrite H0.
  pattern N at 2 in |- *; rewrite <- H0.
  do 2 rewrite fact_simpl.
  rewrite H0.
  repeat rewrite mult_INR.
  repeat rewrite Rinv_mult_distr.
  rewrite (Rmult_comm (/ INR (S N))).
  repeat rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- Rinv_r_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_l.
  pattern (/ INR (fact (pred N))) at 2 in |- *; rewrite <- Rmult_1_r.
  rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply Rmult_le_reg_l with (INR (S N)).
  apply lt_INR_0; apply lt_O_Sn.
  rewrite <- Rmult_assoc; rewrite <- Rinv_r_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_r; rewrite Rmult_1_l.
  apply le_INR; apply le_n_Sn.
  apply not_O_INR; discriminate.
  apply not_O_INR.
  red in |- *; intro; rewrite H1 in H; elim (lt_irrefl _ H).
  apply not_O_INR.
  red in |- *; intro; rewrite H1 in H; elim (lt_irrefl _ H).
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply not_O_INR; discriminate.
  apply prod_neq_R0.
  apply not_O_INR.
  red in |- *; intro; rewrite H1 in H; elim (lt_irrefl _ H).
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  symmetry  in |- *; apply S_pred with 0%nat; assumption.
  right.
  unfold Majxy in |- *.
  unfold C in |- *.
  replace (S (pred N)) with N.
  reflexivity.
  apply S_pred with 0%nat; assumption.
Qed.

Lemma reste2_maj :
  forall (x y:R) (N:nat), (0 < N)%nat -> Rabs (Reste2 x y N) <= Majxy x y N.
Proof.
  intros.
  set (C := Rmax 1 (Rmax (Rabs x) (Rabs y))).
  unfold Reste2 in |- *.
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0
      (fun k:nat =>
	Rabs
        (sum_f_R0
          (fun l:nat =>
            (-1) ^ S (l + k) / INR (fact (2 * S (l + k) + 1)) *
            x ^ (2 * S (l + k) + 1) *
            ((-1) ^ (N - l) / INR (fact (2 * (N - l) + 1))) *
            y ^ (2 * (N - l) + 1)) (pred (N - k)))) (
	      pred N)).
  apply
    (Rsum_abs
      (fun k:nat =>
	sum_f_R0
        (fun l:nat =>
          (-1) ^ S (l + k) / INR (fact (2 * S (l + k) + 1)) *
          x ^ (2 * S (l + k) + 1) *
          ((-1) ^ (N - l) / INR (fact (2 * (N - l) + 1))) *
          y ^ (2 * (N - l) + 1)) (pred (N - k))) (
	    pred N)).
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0
      (fun k:nat =>
	sum_f_R0
        (fun l:nat =>
          Rabs
          ((-1) ^ S (l + k) / INR (fact (2 * S (l + k) + 1)) *
            x ^ (2 * S (l + k) + 1) *
            ((-1) ^ (N - l) / INR (fact (2 * (N - l) + 1))) *
            y ^ (2 * (N - l) + 1))) (pred (N - k))) (
	      pred N)).
  apply sum_Rle.
  intros.
  apply
    (Rsum_abs
      (fun l:nat =>
	(-1) ^ S (l + n) / INR (fact (2 * S (l + n) + 1)) *
	x ^ (2 * S (l + n) + 1) *
	((-1) ^ (N - l) / INR (fact (2 * (N - l) + 1))) *
	y ^ (2 * (N - l) + 1)) (pred (N - n))).
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0
      (fun k:nat =>
	sum_f_R0
        (fun l:nat =>
          / INR (fact (2 * S (l + k) + 1) * fact (2 * (N - l) + 1)) *
          C ^ (2 * S (S (N + k)))) (pred (N - k))) (
	    pred N)).
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; repeat rewrite Rabs_mult.
  do 2 rewrite pow_1_abs.
  do 2 rewrite Rmult_1_l.
  rewrite (Rabs_right (/ INR (fact (2 * S (n0 + n) + 1)))).
  rewrite (Rabs_right (/ INR (fact (2 * (N - n0) + 1)))).
  rewrite mult_INR.
  rewrite Rinv_mult_distr.
  repeat rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (/ INR (fact (2 * (N - n0) + 1)))).
  rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  do 2 rewrite <- RPow_abs.
  apply Rle_trans with (Rabs x ^ (2 * S (n0 + n) + 1) * C ^ (2 * (N - n0) + 1)).
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pow_le; apply Rabs_pos.
  apply pow_incr.
  split.
  apply Rabs_pos.
  unfold C in |- *.
  apply Rle_trans with (Rmax (Rabs x) (Rabs y)); apply RmaxLess2.
  apply Rle_trans with (C ^ (2 * S (n0 + n) + 1) * C ^ (2 * (N - n0) + 1)).
  do 2 rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (C ^ (2 * (N - n0) + 1))).
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pow_le.
  apply Rle_trans with 1.
  left; apply Rlt_0_1.
  unfold C in |- *; apply RmaxLess1.
  apply pow_incr.
  split.
  apply Rabs_pos.
  unfold C in |- *; apply Rle_trans with (Rmax (Rabs x) (Rabs y)).
  apply RmaxLess1.
  apply RmaxLess2.
  right.
  replace (2 * S (S (N + n)))%nat with
    (2 * (N - n0) + 1 + (2 * S (n0 + n) + 1))%nat.
  repeat rewrite pow_add.
  ring.
  omega.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply Rle_ge; left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat.
  apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply Rle_ge; left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat.
  apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0
      (fun k:nat =>
	sum_f_R0
        (fun l:nat =>
          / INR (fact (2 * S (l + k) + 1) * fact (2 * (N - l) + 1)) *
          C ^ (4 * S N)) (pred (N - k))) (pred N)).
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat.
  rewrite mult_INR; apply Rmult_lt_0_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply Rle_pow.
  unfold C in |- *; apply RmaxLess1.
  replace (4 * S N)%nat with (2 * (2 * S N))%nat; [ idtac | ring ].
  apply (fun m n p:nat => mult_le_compat_l p n m).
  replace (2 * S N)%nat with (S (S (N + N))).
  repeat apply le_n_S.
  apply plus_le_compat_l.
  apply le_trans with (pred N).
  assumption.
  apply le_pred_n.
  ring.
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0
      (fun k:nat =>
	sum_f_R0
        (fun l:nat => C ^ (4 * S N) * Rsqr (/ INR (fact (S (S (N + k))))))
        (pred (N - k))) (pred N)).
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (C ^ (4 * S N))).
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pow_le.
  left; apply Rlt_le_trans with 1.
  apply Rlt_0_1.
  unfold C in |- *; apply RmaxLess1.
  replace (/ INR (fact (2 * S (n0 + n) + 1) * fact (2 * (N - n0) + 1))) with
    (Binomial.C (2 * S (S (N + n))) (2 * S (n0 + n) + 1) /
      INR (fact (2 * S (S (N + n))))).
  apply Rle_trans with
    (Binomial.C (2 * S (S (N + n))) (S (S (N + n))) /
      INR (fact (2 * S (S (N + n))))).
  unfold Rdiv in |- *;
    do 2 rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (/ INR (fact (2 * S (S (N + n)))))).
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply C_maj.
  apply le_trans with (2 * S (S (n0 + n)))%nat.
  replace (2 * S (S (n0 + n)))%nat with (S (2 * S (n0 + n) + 1)).
  apply le_n_Sn.
  ring.
  omega.
  right.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; rewrite Rmult_comm.
  unfold Binomial.C in |- *.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; repeat rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- Rinv_l_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_l.
  replace (2 * S (S (N + n)) - S (S (N + n)))%nat with (S (S (N + n))).
  rewrite Rinv_mult_distr.
  unfold Rsqr in |- *; reflexivity.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  omega.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; rewrite Rmult_comm.
  unfold Binomial.C in |- *.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; repeat rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- Rinv_l_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_l.
  replace (2 * S (S (N + n)) - (2 * S (n0 + n) + 1))%nat with
    (2 * (N - n0) + 1)%nat.
  rewrite mult_INR.
  reflexivity.
  omega.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply Rle_trans with
    (sum_f_R0 (fun k:nat => INR N / INR (fact (S (S N))) * C ^ (4 * S N))
      (pred N)).
  apply sum_Rle; intros.
  rewrite <-
    (scal_sum (fun _:nat => C ^ (4 * S N)) (pred (N - n))
      (Rsqr (/ INR (fact (S (S (N + n))))))).
  rewrite sum_cte.
  rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  do 2 rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (C ^ (4 * S N))).
  rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pow_le.
  left; apply Rlt_le_trans with 1.
  apply Rlt_0_1.
  unfold C in |- *; apply RmaxLess1.
  apply Rle_trans with (Rsqr (/ INR (fact (S (S (N + n))))) * INR N).
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply Rle_0_sqr.
  replace (S (pred (N - n))) with (N - n)%nat.
  apply le_INR.
  omega.
  omega.
  rewrite Rmult_comm; unfold Rdiv in |- *; apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pos_INR.
  apply Rle_trans with (/ INR (fact (S (S (N + n))))).
  pattern (/ INR (fact (S (S (N + n))))) at 2 in |- *; rewrite <- Rmult_1_r.
  unfold Rsqr in |- *.
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply Rmult_le_reg_l with (INR (fact (S (S (N + n))))).
  apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  rewrite <- Rinv_r_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_r.
  replace 1 with (INR 1).
  apply le_INR.
  apply lt_le_S.
  apply INR_lt; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  reflexivity.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply Rmult_le_reg_l with (INR (fact (S (S (N + n))))).
  apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  rewrite <- Rinv_r_sym.
  apply Rmult_le_reg_l with (INR (fact (S (S N)))).
  apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  rewrite Rmult_1_r.
  rewrite (Rmult_comm (INR (fact (S (S N))))).
  rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- Rinv_l_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_r.
  apply le_INR.
  apply fact_le.
  omega.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  rewrite sum_cte.
  apply Rle_trans with (C ^ (4 * S N) / INR (fact N)).
  rewrite <- (Rmult_comm (C ^ (4 * S N))).
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; rewrite Rmult_assoc; apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  apply pow_le.
  left; apply Rlt_le_trans with 1.
  apply Rlt_0_1.
  unfold C in |- *; apply RmaxLess1.
  cut (S (pred N) = N).
  intro; rewrite H0.
  do 2 rewrite fact_simpl.
  repeat rewrite mult_INR.
  repeat rewrite Rinv_mult_distr.
  apply Rle_trans with
    (INR (S (S N)) * (/ INR (S (S N)) * (/ INR (S N) * / INR (fact N))) * INR N).
  repeat rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite (Rmult_comm (INR N)).
  rewrite (Rmult_comm (INR (S (S N)))).
  apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  repeat apply Rmult_le_pos.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply lt_INR_0; apply lt_O_Sn.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply lt_INR_0; apply lt_O_Sn.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat.
  apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply pos_INR.
  apply le_INR.
  apply le_trans with (S N); apply le_n_Sn.
  repeat rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- Rinv_r_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_l.
  apply Rle_trans with (/ INR (S N) * / INR (fact N) * INR (S N)).
  repeat rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  repeat apply Rmult_le_compat_l.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply lt_INR_0; apply lt_O_Sn.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  apply le_INR; apply le_n_Sn.
  rewrite (Rmult_comm (/ INR (S N))).
  rewrite Rmult_assoc.
  rewrite <- Rinv_l_sym.
  rewrite Rmult_1_r; right; reflexivity.
  apply not_O_INR; discriminate.
  apply not_O_INR; discriminate.
  apply not_O_INR; discriminate.
  apply INR_fact_neq_0.
  apply not_O_INR; discriminate.
  apply prod_neq_R0; [ apply not_O_INR; discriminate | apply INR_fact_neq_0 ].
  symmetry  in |- *; apply S_pred with 0%nat; assumption.
  right.
  unfold Majxy in |- *.
  unfold C in |- *.
  reflexivity.
Qed.

Lemma reste1_cv_R0 : forall x y:R, Un_cv (Reste1 x y) 0.
Proof.
  intros.
  assert (H := Majxy_cv_R0 x y).
  unfold Un_cv in H; unfold R_dist in H.
  unfold Un_cv in |- *; unfold R_dist in |- *; intros.
  elim (H eps H0); intros N0 H1.
  exists (S N0); intros.
  unfold Rminus in |- *; rewrite Ropp_0; rewrite Rplus_0_r.
  apply Rle_lt_trans with (Rabs (Majxy x y (pred n))).
  rewrite (Rabs_right (Majxy x y (pred n))).
  apply reste1_maj.
  apply lt_le_trans with (S N0).
  apply lt_O_Sn.
  assumption.
  apply Rle_ge.
  unfold Majxy in |- *.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; apply Rmult_le_pos.
  apply pow_le.
  apply Rle_trans with 1.
  left; apply Rlt_0_1.
  apply RmaxLess1.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  replace (Majxy x y (pred n)) with (Majxy x y (pred n) - 0); [ idtac | ring ].
  apply H1.
  unfold ge in |- *; apply le_S_n.
  replace (S (pred n)) with n.
  assumption.
  apply S_pred with 0%nat.
  apply lt_le_trans with (S N0); [ apply lt_O_Sn | assumption ].
Qed.

Lemma reste2_cv_R0 : forall x y:R, Un_cv (Reste2 x y) 0.
Proof.
  intros.
  assert (H := Majxy_cv_R0 x y).
  unfold Un_cv in H; unfold R_dist in H.
  unfold Un_cv in |- *; unfold R_dist in |- *; intros.
  elim (H eps H0); intros N0 H1.
  exists (S N0); intros.
  unfold Rminus in |- *; rewrite Ropp_0; rewrite Rplus_0_r.
  apply Rle_lt_trans with (Rabs (Majxy x y n)).
  rewrite (Rabs_right (Majxy x y n)).
  apply reste2_maj.
  apply lt_le_trans with (S N0).
  apply lt_O_Sn.
  assumption.
  apply Rle_ge.
  unfold Majxy in |- *.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *; apply Rmult_le_pos.
  apply pow_le.
  apply Rle_trans with 1.
  left; apply Rlt_0_1.
  apply RmaxLess1.
  left; apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; apply INR_fact_lt_0.
  replace (Majxy x y n) with (Majxy x y n - 0); [ idtac | ring ].
  apply H1.
  unfold ge in |- *; apply le_trans with (S N0).
  apply le_n_Sn.
  exact H2.
Qed.

Lemma reste_cv_R0 : forall x y:R, Un_cv (Reste x y) 0.
Proof.
  intros.
  unfold Reste in |- *.
  set (An := fun n:nat => Reste2 x y n).
  set (Bn := fun n:nat => Reste1 x y (S n)).
  cut
    (Un_cv (fun n:nat => An n - Bn n) (0 - 0) ->
      Un_cv (fun N:nat => Reste2 x y N - Reste1 x y (S N)) 0).
  intro.
  apply H.
  apply CV_minus.
  unfold An in |- *.
  replace (fun n:nat => Reste2 x y n) with (Reste2 x y).
  apply reste2_cv_R0.
  reflexivity.
  unfold Bn in |- *.
  assert (H0 := reste1_cv_R0 x y).
  unfold Un_cv in H0; unfold R_dist in H0.
  unfold Un_cv in |- *; unfold R_dist in |- *; intros.
  elim (H0 eps H1); intros N0 H2.
  exists N0; intros.
  apply H2.
  unfold ge in |- *; apply le_trans with (S N0).
  apply le_n_Sn.
  apply le_n_S; assumption.
  unfold An, Bn in |- *.
  intro.
  replace 0 with (0 - 0); [ idtac | ring ].
  exact H.
Qed.

Theorem cos_plus : forall x y:R, cos (x + y) = cos x * cos y - sin x * sin y.
Proof.
  intros.
  cut (Un_cv (C1 x y) (cos x * cos y - sin x * sin y)).
  cut (Un_cv (C1 x y) (cos (x + y))).
  intros.
  apply UL_sequence with (C1 x y); assumption.
  apply C1_cvg.
  unfold Un_cv in |- *; unfold R_dist in |- *.
  intros.
  assert (H0 := A1_cvg x).
  assert (H1 := A1_cvg y).
  assert (H2 := B1_cvg x).
  assert (H3 := B1_cvg y).
  assert (H4 := CV_mult _ _ _ _ H0 H1).
  assert (H5 := CV_mult _ _ _ _ H2 H3).
  assert (H6 := reste_cv_R0 x y).
  unfold Un_cv in H4; unfold Un_cv in H5; unfold Un_cv in H6.
  unfold R_dist in H4; unfold R_dist in H5; unfold R_dist in H6.
  cut (0 < eps / 3);
    [ intro
      | unfold Rdiv in |- *; apply Rmult_lt_0_compat;
	[ assumption | apply Rinv_0_lt_compat; prove_sup0 ] ].
  elim (H4 (eps / 3) H7); intros N1 H8.
  elim (H5 (eps / 3) H7); intros N2 H9.
  elim (H6 (eps / 3) H7); intros N3 H10.
  set (N := S (S (max (max N1 N2) N3))).
  exists N.
  intros.
  cut (n = S (pred n)).
  intro; rewrite H12.
  rewrite <- cos_plus_form.
  rewrite <- H12.
  apply Rle_lt_trans with
    (Rabs (A1 x n * A1 y n - cos x * cos y) +
      Rabs (sin x * sin y - B1 x (pred n) * B1 y (pred n) + Reste x y (pred n))).
  replace
    (A1 x n * A1 y n - B1 x (pred n) * B1 y (pred n) + Reste x y (pred n) -
      (cos x * cos y - sin x * sin y)) with
    (A1 x n * A1 y n - cos x * cos y +
      (sin x * sin y - B1 x (pred n) * B1 y (pred n) + Reste x y (pred n)));
    [ apply Rabs_triang | ring ].
  replace eps with (eps / 3 + (eps / 3 + eps / 3)).
  apply Rplus_lt_compat.
  apply H8.
  unfold ge in |- *; apply le_trans with N.
  unfold N in |- *.
  apply le_trans with (max N1 N2).
  apply le_max_l.
  apply le_trans with (max (max N1 N2) N3).
  apply le_max_l.
  apply le_trans with (S (max (max N1 N2) N3)); apply le_n_Sn.
  assumption.
  apply Rle_lt_trans with
    (Rabs (sin x * sin y - B1 x (pred n) * B1 y (pred n)) +
      Rabs (Reste x y (pred n))).
  apply Rabs_triang.
  apply Rplus_lt_compat.
  rewrite <- Rabs_Ropp.
  rewrite Ropp_minus_distr.
  apply H9.
  unfold ge in |- *; apply le_trans with (max N1 N2).
  apply le_max_r.
  apply le_S_n.
  rewrite <- H12.
  apply le_trans with N.
  unfold N in |- *.
  apply le_n_S.
  apply le_trans with (max (max N1 N2) N3).
  apply le_max_l.
  apply le_n_Sn.
  assumption.
  replace (Reste x y (pred n)) with (Reste x y (pred n) - 0).
  apply H10.
  unfold ge in |- *.
  apply le_S_n.
  rewrite <- H12.
  apply le_trans with N.
  unfold N in |- *.
  apply le_n_S.
  apply le_trans with (max (max N1 N2) N3).
  apply le_max_r.
  apply le_n_Sn.
  assumption.
  ring.
  pattern eps at 4 in |- *; replace eps with (3 * (eps / 3)).
  ring.
  unfold Rdiv in |- *.
  rewrite <- Rmult_assoc.
  apply Rinv_r_simpl_m.
  discrR.
  apply lt_le_trans with (pred N).
  unfold N in |- *; simpl in |- *; apply lt_O_Sn.
  apply le_S_n.
  rewrite <- H12.
  replace (S (pred N)) with N.
  assumption.
  unfold N in |- *; simpl in |- *; reflexivity.
  cut (0 < N)%nat.
  intro.
  cut (0 < n)%nat.
  intro.
  apply S_pred with 0%nat; assumption.
  apply lt_le_trans with N; assumption.
  unfold N in |- *; apply lt_O_Sn.
Qed.