Changes from V8.1 to V8.2 ========================= Language - If a fixpoint is not written with an explicit { struct ... }, then all arguments are tried successively (from left to right) until one is found that satisfies the structural decreasing condition. - New experimental typeclass system giving ad-hoc polymorphism and overloading based on dependent records and implicit arguments. - New syntax "let 'pat := b in c" for let-binding using irrefutable patterns. - New syntax "forall {A}, T" for specifying maximally inserted implicit arguments in terms. - Sort of Record/Structure, Inductive and CoInductive defaults to Type if omitted. - Support for optional "where" notation clauses for record fields. - (Co)Inductive types can be defined as records (e.g. "CoInductive stream := { hd : nat; tl : stream }.") - New syntax "Theorem id1:t1 ... with idn:tn" for proving mutually dependent statements. - Support for sort-polymorphism on constants denoting inductive types. - Several evolutions of the module system (handling of module aliases, functorial module types, an Include feature, etc). - Prop now a subtype of Set (predicative and impredicative forms). - Recursive inductive types in Prop with a single constructor of which all arguments are in Prop is now considered to be a singleton type. It consequently supports all eliminations to Prop, Set and Type. As a consequence, Acc_rect has now a more direct proof [possible source of easily fixed incompatibility in case of manual definition of a recursor in a recursive singleton inductive type]. - New syntax to do implicit generalization in binders and inside terms. - New tentative syntax for introduction of record objects without mentioning the constructor {| field := body; ... |}, turning missing fields into holes (compatible with refine and Program). Vernacular commands - Added option Global to "Arguments Scope" for section surviving. - Added option "Unset Elimination Schemes" to deactivate the automatic generation of elimination schemes. - Modification of the Scheme command so you can ask for the name to be automatically computed (e.g. Scheme Induction for nat Sort Set). - New command "Combined Scheme" to build combined mutual induction principles from existing mutual induction principles. - New command "Scheme Equality" to build a decidable (boolean) equality for simple inductive datatypes and a decision property over this equality (e.g. Scheme Equality for nat). - Added option "Set Equality Scheme" to make automatic the declaration of the boolean equality when possible. - Source of universe inconsistencies now printed when option "Set Printing Universes" is activated. - New option "Set Printing Existential Instances" for making the display of existential variable instances explicit. - Support for option "[id1 ... idn]", and "-[id1 ... idn]", for the "compute"/"cbv" reduction strategy, respectively meaning reduce only, or everything but, the constants id1 ... idn. "lazy" alone or followed by "[id1 ... idn]", and "-[id1 ... idn]" also supported, meaning apply all of beta-iota-zeta-delta, possibly restricting delta. - New command "Strategy" to control the expansion of constants during conversion tests. It generalizes commands Opaque and Transparent by introducing a range of levels. Lower levels are assigned to constants that should be expanded first. - New options Global and Local to Opaque and Transparent. - New command "Print Assumptions" to display all variables, parameters or axioms a theorem or definition relies on. - "Add Rec LoadPath" now provides references to libraries using partially qualified names (this holds also for coqtop/coqc option -R). - SearchAbout supports negated search criteria, reference to logical objects by their notation, and more generally search of subterms. - "Declare ML Module" now allows to import .cmxs files when Coq is compiled in native code with a version of OCaml that supports native Dynlink (>= 3.11). - New command "Create HintDb name [discriminated]" to explicitely declare a new hint database and optionaly turn on a discrimination net implementation to index all the lemmas in the database. - New commands "Hint Transparent" and "Hint Opaque" to set the unfolding status of definitions used by auto. This information is taken into account by the discrimination net and the unification algorithm. - "Hint Extern" now takes an optional pattern and applies the given tactic all the time if no pattern is given. - Specific sort constraints on Record now taken into account. - "Print LoadPath" supports a path argument to filter the display. Libraries - Several parts of the libraries are now in Type, in particular FSets, SetoidList, ListSet, Sorting, Zmisc. This may induce a few incompatibilities. In case of trouble while fixing existing development, it may help to simply declare Set as an alias for Type (see file SetIsType). - New arithmetical library in theories/Numbers. It contains: * an abstract modular development of natural and integer arithmetics in Numbers/Natural/Abstract and Numbers/Integer/Abstract * an implementation of efficient computational bounded and unbounded integers that can be mapped to processor native arithmetics. See Numbers/Cyclic/Int31 for 31-bit integers and Numbers/Natural/BigN for unbounded natural numbers and Numbers/Integer/BigZ for unbounded integers. * some proofs that both older libraries Arith, ZArith and NArith and newer BigN and BigZ implement the abstract modular development. This allows in particular BigN and BigZ to already come with a large database of basic lemmas and some generic tactics (ring), This library has still an experimental status, as well as the processor-acceleration mechanism, but both its abstract and its concrete parts are already quite usable and could challenge the use of nat, N and Z in actual developments. Moreover, an extension of this framework to rational numbers is ongoing, and an efficient Q structure is already provided (see Numbers/Rational/BigQ), but this part is currently incomplete (no abstract layer and generic lemmas). - Many changes in FSets/FMaps. In practice, compatibility with earlier version should be fairly good, but some adaptations may be required. * Interfaces of unordered ("weak") and ordered sets have been factorized thanks to new features of Coq modules (in particular Include), see FSetInterface. Same for maps. Hints in these interfaces have been reworked (they are now placed in a "set" database). * To allow full subtyping between weak and ordered sets, a field "eq_dec" has been added to OrderedType. The old version of OrderedType is now called MiniOrderedType and functor MOT_to_OT allow to convert to the new version. The interfaces and implementations of sets now contain also such a "eq_dec" field. * FSetDecide, contributed by Aaron Bohannon, contains a decision procedure allowing to solve basic set-related goals (for instance, is a point in a particular set ?). See FSetProperties for examples. * Functors of properties have been improved, especially the ones about maps, that now propose some induction principles. Some properties of fold need less hypothesis. * More uniformity in implementations of sets and maps: they all use implicit arguments, and no longer export unnecessary scopes (see bug #1347) * Internal parts of the implementations based on AVL have evolved a lot. The main files FSetAVL and FMapAVL are now much more lightweight now. In particular, minor changes in some functions has allowed to fully separate the proofs of operational correctness from the proofs of well-balancing: well-balancing is critical for efficiency, but not anymore for proving that these trees implement our interfaces, hence we have moved these proofs into appendix files FSetFullAVL and FMapFullAVL. Moreover, a few functions like union and compare have been modified in order to be structural yet efficient. The appendix files also contains alternative versions of these few functions, much closer to the initial Ocaml code and written via the Function framework. - Library IntMap, subsumed by FSets/FMaps, has been removed from Coq Standard Library and moved into a user contribution Cachan/IntMap - Better computational behavior of some constants (eq_nat_dec and le_lt_dec more efficient, Z_lt_le_dec and Positive_as_OT.compare transparent, ...) (exceptional source of incompatibilities). - Boolean operators moved from module Bool to module Datatypes (may need to rename qualified references in script and force notations || and && to be at levels 50 and 40 respectively). - The constructors xI and xO of type positive now have postfix notations "~1" and "~0", allowing to write numbers in binary form easily, for instance 6 is 1~1~0 and 4*p is p~0~0 (see BinPos.v). - Improvements to NArith (Nminus, Nmin, Nmax), and to QArith (in particular a better power function). - Changes in ZArith: several additional lemmas (used in theories/Numbers), especially in Zdiv, Znumtheory, Zpower. Moreover, many results in Zdiv have been generalized: the divisor may simply be non-null instead of strictly positive (see lemmas with name ending by "_full"). An alternative file ZOdiv proposes a different behavior (the one of Ocaml) when dividing by negative numbers. - Changes in Arith: EqNat and Wf_nat now exported from Arith, some constructions on nat that were outside Arith are now in (e.g. iter_nat). - In SetoidList, eqlistA now expresses that two lists have similar elements at the same position, while the predicate previously called eqlistA is now equivlistA (this one only states that the lists contain the same elements, nothing more). - Changes in Reals: * Most statement in "sigT" (including the completeness axiom) are now in "sig" (in case of incompatibility, use proj1_sig instead of projT1, sig instead of sigT, etc). * More uniform naming scheme (identifiers in French moved to English, consistent use of 0 -- zero -- instead of O -- letter O --, etc). * Lemma on prod_f_SO is now on prod_f_R0. * Useless hypothesis of ln_exists1 dropped. * New Rlogic.v states a few logical properties about R axioms. * RIneq.v extended and made cleaner. - Slight restructuration of the Logic library regarding choice and classical logic. Addition of files providing intuitionistic axiomatizations of descriptions: Epsilon.v, Description.v and IndefiniteDescription.v. - Definition of pred and minus made compatible with the structural decreasing criterion for use in fixpoints. - Files Relations/Rstar.v and Relations/Newman.v moved out to the user contribution repository (contribution CoC_History). New lemmas about transitive closure added and some bound variables renamed (exceptional risk of incompatibilities). Notations, coercions, implicit arguments and type inference - More automation in the inference of the return clause of dependent pattern-matching problems. - Experimental allowance for omission of the clauses easily detectable as impossible in pattern-matching problems. - Improved inference of implicit arguments, now working inside record declarations. - New options "Set Maximal Implicit Insertion", "Set Reversible Pattern Implicit", "Set Strongly Strict Implicit" and "Set Printing Implicit Defensive" for controlling inference and use of implicit arguments. - New modifier in "Implicit Arguments" to force an implicit argument to be maximally inserted. - New options Global and Local to "Implicit Arguments" for section surviving or non export outside module. - Level "constr" moved from 9 to 8. - Structure/Record now printed as Record (unless option Printing All is set). - Support for parametric notations defining constants. - Insertion of coercions below product types refrains to unfold constants (possible source of incompatibility). - New support for fix/cofix in notations. Tactic Language - Second-order pattern-matching now working in Ltac "match" clauses (syntax for second-order unification variable is "@?X"). - Support for matching on let bindings in match context using syntax "H := body" or "H := body : type". - (?X ?Y) patterns now match any application instead of only unary applications (possible source of incompatibility). - Ltac accepts integer arguments (syntax is "ltac:nnn" for nnn an integer). - The general sequence tactical "expr_0 ; [ expr_1 | ... | expr_n ]" is extended so that at most one expr_i may have the form "expr .." or just "..". Also, n can be different from the number of subgoals generated by expr_0. In this case, the value of expr (or idtac in case of just "..") is applied to the intermediate subgoals to make the number of tactics equal to the number of subgoals. - A name used as the name of the parameter of a lemma (like f in "apply f_equal with (f:=t)") is now interpreted as a ltac variable if such a variable exists (this is a possible source of incompatibility and it can be fixed by renaming the variables of a ltac function into names that do not clash with the lemmas parameter names used in the tactic). - New syntax "Ltac tac ::= ..." to rebind a tactic to a new expression. - "let rec ... in ... " now supported for expressions without explicit parameters; interpretation is lazy to the contrary of "let ... in ..."; hence, the "rec" keyword can be used to turn the argument of a "let ... in ..." into a lazy one. - Patterns for hypotheses types in "match goal" are now interpreted in type_scope. - A bound variable whose name is not used elsewhere now serves as metavariable in "match" and it gets instantiated by an identifier (allow e.g. to extract the name of a statement like "exists x, P x"). - New printing of Ltac call trace for better debugging. - The C-zar (formerly know as declarative) proof language is now properly documented. Tactics - New tactics "apply -> term", "apply <- term", "apply -> term in ident", "apply <- term in ident" for applying equivalences (iff). - "apply" and "rewrite" now take open terms (terms with undefined existentials) as input. - Slight improvement of the hnf and simpl tactics when applied on expressions with explicit occurrences of match or fix. - New tactics "eapply in", "erewrite", "erewrite in". - New tactics "ediscriminate", "einjection", "esimplify_eq". - Tactics "discriminate", "injection", "simplify_eq" now support any term as argument. Clause "with" is also supported. - Unfoldable references can be given by notation's string rather than by name in unfold. - The "with" arguments are now typed using informations from the current goal: allows support for coercions and more inference of implicit arguments. - Application of "f_equal"-style lemmas works better. - Tactics elim, case, destruct and induction now support variants eelim, ecase, edestruct and einduction. - Tactics destruct and induction now support the "with" option and the "in" clause option. If the option "in" is used, an equality is added to remember the term to which the induction or case analysis applied (possible source of parsing incompatibilities when destruct or induction is part of a let-in expression in Ltac; extra parentheses are then required). - New support for "as" clause in tactics "apply in" and "eapply in". - Some new intro patterns: * intro pattern "?A" genererates a fresh name based on A. Caveat about a slight loss of compatibility: Some intro patterns don't need space between them. In particular intros ?a?b used to be legal and equivalent to intros ? a ? b. Now it is still legal but equivalent to intros ?a ?b. * intro pattern "(A & ... & Y & Z)" synonym to "(A,....,(Y,Z)))))" for right-associative constructs like /\ or exists. - Several syntax extensions concerning "rewrite": * "rewrite A,B,C" can be used to rewrite A, then B, then C. These rewrites occur only on the first subgoal: in particular, side-conditions of the "rewrite A" are not concerned by the "rewrite B,C". * "rewrite A by tac" allows to apply tac on all side-conditions generated by the "rewrite A". * "rewrite A at n" allows to select occurrences to rewrite: rewrite only happen at the n-th exact occurrence of the first successful matching of A in the goal. * "rewrite 3 A" or "rewrite 3!A" is equivalent to "rewrite A,A,A". * "rewrite !A" means rewriting A as long as possible (and at least once). * "rewrite 3?A" means rewriting A at most three times. * "rewrite ?A" means rewriting A as long as possible (possibly never). * many of the above extensions can be combined with each other. - Introduction patterns better respect the structure of context in presence of missing or extra names in nested disjunction-conjunction patterns [possible source of rare incompatibilities]. - New syntax "rename a into b, c into d" for "rename a into b; rename c into d" - New tactics "dependent induction/destruction H [ generalizing id_1 .. id_n ]" to do induction-inversion on instantiated inductive families à la BasicElim. - Tactics "apply" and "apply in" now able to reason modulo unfolding of constants (possible source of incompatibility in situations where apply may fail, e.g. as argument of a try or a repeat and in a ltac function); versions that do not unfold are renamed into "simple apply" and "simple apply in" (usable for compatibility or for automation). - Tactics "apply" and "apply in" now able to traverse conjunctions and to select the first matching lemma among the components of the conjunction; tactic "apply" also able to apply lemmas of conclusion an empty type. - Tactic "apply" now supports application of several lemmas in a row. - Tactics "set" and "pose" can set functions using notation "(f x1..xn := c)". - New tactic "instantiate" (without argument). - Tactic firstorder "with" and "using" options have their meaning swapped for consistency with auto/eauto (source of incompatibility). - Tactic "generalize" now supports "at" options to specify occurrences and "as" options to name the quantified hypotheses. - New tactic "specialize H with a" or "specialize (H a)" allows to transform in-place a universally-quantified hypothesis (H : forall x, T x) into its instantiated form (H : T a). Nota: "specialize" was in fact there in earlier versions of Coq, but was undocumented, and had a slightly different behavior. - New tactic "contradict H" can be used to solve any kind of goal as long as the user can provide afterwards a proof of the negation of the hypothesis H. If H is already a negation, say ~T, then a proof of T is asked. If the current goal is a negation, say ~U, then U is saved in H afterwards, hence this new tactic "contradict" extends earlier tactic "swap", which is now obsolete. - Tactics f_equal is now done in ML instead of Ltac: it now works on any equality of functions, regardless of the arity of the function. - New options "before id", "at top", "at bottom" for tactics "move"/"intro". - Some more debug of reflexive omega (romega), and internal clarifications. Moreover, romega now has a variant "romega with *" that can be also used on non-Z goals (nat, N, positive) via a call to a translation tactic named zify (its purpose is to Z-ify your goal...). This zify may also be used independantly of romega. - Tactic "remember" now supports an "in" clause to remember only selected occurrences of a term. - Tactic "pose proof" supports name overwriting in case of specialization of an hypothesis. - Semi-decision tactic "jp" for first-order intuitionistic logic moved to user contributions (subsumed by "firstorder"). Program - Moved useful tactics in theories/Program and documented them. - Add Program.Basics which contains standard definitions for functional programming (id, apply, flip...) - More robust obligation handling, dependent pattern-matching and well-founded definitions. - Program CoFixpoint is accepted, Program Fixpoint uses the new way to infer which argument decreases structurally. - Program Lemma, Axiom etc... now permit to have obligations in the statement iff they can be automatically solved by the default tactic. - Renamed "Obligations Tactic" command to "Obligation Tactic". - New command "Preterm [ of id ]" to see the actual term fed to Coq for debugging purposes. - New option "Transparent Obligations" to control the declaration of obligations as transparent or opaque. All obligations are now transparent by default, otherwise the system declares them opaque if possible. - Changed the notations "left" and "right" to "in_left" and "in_right" to hide the proofs in standard disjunctions, to avoid breaking existing scripts when importing Program. Also, put them in program_scope. Type Classes - New "Class", "Instance" and "Program Instance" commands to define classes and instances documented in the reference manual. - New binding construct "`{Class_1 param_1 .. param_n, Class_2 ...}" for binding type classes, usable everywhere. - New command " Print Classes " and " Print Instances some_class " to print tables for typeclasses. - New default eauto hint database "typeclass_instances" used by the default typeclass instance search tactic. - New theories directory "theories/Classes" for standard typeclasses declarations. Module Classes.RelationClasses is a typeclass port of Relation_Definitions plus a generic development of algebra on n-ary heterogeneous predicates. Setoid rewriting - Complete (and still experimental) rewrite of the tactic based on typeclasses. The old interface and semantics are almost entirely respected, except: - Import Setoid is now mandatory to be able to call setoid_replace and declare morphisms. - "-->", "++>" and "==>" are now right associative notations declared at level 55 in scope signature_scope. Their introduction may break existing scripts that defined them as notations with different levels. - One can use [Typeclasses Opaque/Transparent [cst]] to indicate that [cst] should not be unfolded during unification for morphism resolution, by default all constants are transparent. - The [setoid_rewrite]'s semantics change when rewriting with a lemma: it can rewrite two different instantiations of the lemma at once. Use [setoid_rewrite H at 1] for (almost) the usual semantics. [setoid_rewrite] will also try to rewrite under binders now, and can succeed on different terms than before. In particular, it will unify under let-bound variables. When called through [rewrite], the semantics are unchanged though. - [Add Morphism term : id] has different semantics when used with parametric morphism: it will try to find a relation on the parameters too. The behavior has also changed with respect to default relations: the most recently declared Setoid/Relation will be used, the documentation explains how to customize this behavior. - Parametric Relation and Morphism are declared differently, using the new [Add Parametric] commands, documented in the manual. - Setoid_Theory is now an alias to Equivalence, scripts building objects of type Setoid_Theory need to unfold (or [red]) the definitions of Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive in order to get the same goals as before. Scripts which introduced variables explicitely will not break. - The order of subgoals when doing [setoid_rewrite] with side-conditions is now always the same: first the new goal, then the conditions. - New standard library modules Classes.Morphisms declares standard morphisms on refl/sym/trans relations. Classes.Morphisms_Prop declares morphisms on propositional connectives and Classes.Morphisms_Relations on generalized predicate connectives. Classes.Equivalence declares notations and tactics related to equivalences and Classes.SetoidTactics defines the setoid_replace tactics and some support for the "Add *" interface, notably the tactic applied automatically before each "Add Morphism" proof. - User-defined subrelations are supported, as well as higher-order morphisms and rewriting under binders. The tactic is also extensible entirely in Ltac. The documentation has been updated to cover these features. - [setoid_rewrite] and [rewrite] now support the [at] modifier to select occurrences to rewrite, and both use the [setoid_rewrite] code, even when rewriting with leibniz equality if occurrences are specified. Extraction - Improved behavior of the Caml extraction of modules: name clashes should not happen anymore. - The command Extract Inductive has now a syntax for infix notations. This allows in particular to map Coq lists and pairs onto Caml ones: Extract Inductive list => list [ "[]" "(::)" ]. Extract Inductive prod => "(*)" [ "(,)" ]. - In pattern matchings, a default pattern "| _ -> ..." is now used whenever possible if several branches are identical. For instance, functions corresponding to decidability of equalities are now linear instead of quadratic. - A new instruction Extraction Blacklist id1 .. idn allows to prevent filename conflits with existing code, for instance when extracting module List to Ocaml. CoqIDE - CoqIDE font defaults to monospace so as indentation to be meaningful. - CoqIDE supports nested goals and any other kind of declaration in the middle of a proof. - Undoing non-tactic commands in CoqIDE works faster. - New CoqIDE menu for activating display of various implicit informations. - Added the possibility to choose the location of tabs in coqide: (in Edit->Preferences->Misc) - New Open and Save As dialogs in CoqIDE which filter *.v files. Tools - New stand-alone .vo files verifier "coqchk". - Extended -I coqtop/coqc option to specify a logical dir: "-I dir -as coqdir". - New coqtop/coqc option -exclude-dir to exclude subdirs for option -R. - The binary "parser" has been renamed to "coq-parser". coqdoc - Improved coqdoc and dump of globalization information to give more meta-information on identifiers. All categories of Coq definitions are supported, which makes typesetting trivial in the generated documentation. - A "--interpolate" option permits to use typesetting information from the typechecked part of the file to typeset identifiers appearing in Coq escapings inside the documentation. - Better handling of utf8 ("--utf8" option) and respect of spaces in the source. - Support for hyperlinking and indexing developments in the TeX output. - New option "color" of the coqdoc style file to render identifiers using colors. - Additional macros in the TeX ouput allowing to customize indentation and size of empty lines. New environment "coqdoccode" for Coq code. Miscellaneous - Coq installation provides enough files so that Ocaml's extensions need not the Coq sources to be compiled (this assumes O'Caml 3.10 and Camlp5). - New commands "Set Whelp Server" and "Set Whelp Getter" to customize the Whelp search tool. - Syntax of "Test Printing Let ref" and "Test Printing If ref" changed into "Test Printing Let for ref" and "Test Printing If for ref". - An overhauled build system (new Makefiles); see dev/doc/build-system.txt. - Add -browser option to configure script. - Build a shared library for the C part of Coq, and use it by default on non-(Windows or MacOS) systems. Bytecode executables are now pure. The behaviour is configurable with -coqrunbyteflags, -coqtoolsbyteflags and -custom configure options. - Complexity tests can be skipped by setting the environment variable COQTEST_SKIPCOMPLEXITY. Changes from V8.1gamma to V8.1 ============================== Bug fixes - Many bugs have been fixed (cf coq-bugs web page) Tactics - New tactics ring, ring_simplify and new tactic field now able to manage power to a positive integer constant. Tactic ring on Z and R, and field on R manage power (may lead to incompatibilities with V8.1gamma). - Tactic field_simplify now applicable in hypotheses. - New field_simplify_eq for simplifying field equations into ring equations. - Tactics ring, ring_simplify, field, field_simplify and field_simplify_eq all able to apply user-given equations to rewrite monoms on the fly (see documentation). Libraries - New file ConstructiveEpsilon.v defining an epsilon operator and proving the axiom of choice constructively for a countable domain and a decidable predicate. Changes from V8.1beta to V8.1gamma ================================== Syntax - changed parsing precedence of let/in and fun constructions of Ltac: let x := t in e1; e2 is now parsed as let x := t in (e1;e2). Language and commands - Added sort-polymorphism for definitions in Type (but finally abandonned). - Support for implicit arguments in the types of parameters in (co-)fixpoints and (co-)inductive declarations. - Improved type inference: use as much of possible general information. before applying irreversible unification heuristics (allow e.g. to infer the predicate in "(exist _ 0 (refl_equal 0) : {n:nat | n=0 })"). - Support for Miller-Pfenning's patterns unification in type synthesis (e.g. can infer P such that P x y = phi(x,y)). - Support for "where" clause in cofixpoint definitions. - New option "Set Printing Universes" for making Type levels explicit. Tactics - Improved implementation of the ring and field tactics. For compatibility reasons, the previous tactics are renamed as legacy ring and legacy field, but should be considered as deprecated. - New declarative mathematical proof language. - Support for argument lists of arbitrary length in Tactic Notation. - [rewrite ... in H] now fails if [H] is used either in an hypothesis or in the goal. - The semantics of [rewrite ... in *] has been slightly modified (see doc). - Support for "as" clause in tactic injection. - New forward-reasoning tactic "apply in". - Ltac fresh operator now builds names from a concatenation of its arguments. - New ltac tactic "remember" to abstract over a subterm and keep an equality - Support for Miller-Pfenning's patterns unification in apply/rewrite/... (may lead to few incompatibilities - generally now useless tactic calls). Bug fixes - Fix for notations involving basic "match" expressions. - Numerous other bugs solved (a few fixes may lead to incompatibilities). Changes from V8.0 to V8.1beta ============================= Logic - Added sort-polymorphism on inductive families - Allowance for recursively non uniform parameters in inductive types Syntax - No more support for version 7 syntax and for translation to version 8 syntax. - In fixpoints, the { struct ... } annotation is not mandatory any more when only one of the arguments has an inductive type - Added disjunctive patterns in match-with patterns - Support for primitive interpretation of string literals - Extended support for Unicode ranges Vernacular commands - Added "Print Ltac qualid" to print a user defined tactic. - Added "Print Rewrite HintDb" to print the content of a DB used by autorewrite. - Added "Print Canonical Projections". - Added "Example" as synonym of "Definition". - Added "Proposition" and "Corollary" as extra synonyms of "Lemma". - New command "Whelp" to send requests to the Helm database of proofs formalized in the Calculus of Inductive Constructions. - Command "functional induction" has been re-implemented from the new "Function" command. Ltac and tactic syntactic extensions - New primitive "external" for communication with tool external to Coq - New semantics for "match t with": if a clause returns a tactic, it is now applied to the current goal. If it fails, the next clause or next matching subterm is tried (i.e. it behaves as "match goal with" does). The keyword "lazymatch" can be used to delay the evaluation of tactics occurring in matching clauses. - Hint base names can be parametric in auto and trivial. - Occurrence values can be parametric in unfold, pattern, etc. - Added entry constr_may_eval for tactic extensions. - Low-priority term printer made available in ML-written tactic extensions. - "Tactic Notation" extended to allow notations of tacticals. Tactics - New implementation and generalization of [setoid_]* (setoid_rewrite, setoid_symmetry, setoid_transitivity, setoid_reflexivity and autorewite). New syntax for declaring relations and morphisms (old syntax still working with minor modifications, but deprecated). - New implementation (still experimental) of the ring tactic with a built-in notion of coefficients and a better usage of setoids. - New conversion tactic "vm_compute": evaluates the goal (or an hypothesis) with a call-by-value strategy, using the compiled version of terms. - When rewriting H where H is not directly a Coq equality, search first H for a registered setoid equality before starting to reduce in H. This is unlikely to break any script. Should this happen nonetheless, one can insert manually some "unfold ... in H" before rewriting. - Fixed various bugs about (setoid) rewrite ... in ... (in particular #1101) - "rewrite ... in" now accepts a clause as place where to rewrite instead of juste a simple hypothesis name. For instance: rewrite H in H1,H2 |- * means rewrite H in H1; rewrite H in H2; rewrite H rewrite H in * |- will do try rewrite H in Hi for all hypothesis Hi <> H. - Added "dependent rewrite term" and "dependent rewrite term in hyp". - Added "autorewrite with ... in hyp [using ...]". - Tactic "replace" now accepts a "by" tactic clause. - Added "clear - id" to clear all hypotheses except the ones depending in id. - The argument of Declare Left Step and Declare Right Step is now a term (it used to be a reference). - Omega now handles arbitrary precision integers. - Several bug fixes in Reflexive Omega (romega). - Idtac can now be left implicit in a [...|...] construct: for instance, [ foo | | bar ] stands for [ foo | idtac | bar ]. - Fixed a "fold" bug (non critical but possible source of incompatibilities). - Added classical_left and classical_right which transforms |- A \/ B into ~B |- A and ~A |- B respectively. - Added command "Declare Implicit Tactic" to set up a default tactic to be used to solve unresolved subterms of term arguments of tactics. - Better support for coercions to Sortclass in tactics expecting type arguments. - Tactic "assert" now accepts "as" intro patterns and "by" tactic clauses. - New tactic "pose proof" that generalizes "assert (id:=p)" with intro patterns. - New introduction pattern "?" for letting Coq choose a name. - Introduction patterns now support side hypotheses (e.g. intros [|] on "(nat -> nat) -> nat" works). - New introduction patterns "->" and "<-" for immediate rewriting of introduced hypotheses. - Introduction patterns coming after non trivial introduction patterns now force full introduction of the first pattern (e.g. "intros [[|] p]" on "nat->nat->nat" now behaves like "intros [[|?] p]") - Added "eassumption". - Added option 'using lemmas' to auto, trivial and eauto. - Tactic "congruence" is now complete for its intended scope (ground equalities and inequalities with constructors). Furthermore, it tries to equates goal and hypotheses. - New tactic "rtauto" solves pure propositional logic and gives a reflective version of the available proof. - Numbering of "pattern", "unfold", "simpl", ... occurrences in "match with" made consistent with the printing of the return clause after the term to match in the "match-with" construct (use "Set Printing All" to see hidden occurrences). - Generalization of induction "induction x1...xn using scheme" where scheme is an induction principle with complex predicates (like the ones generated by function induction). - Some small Ltac tactics has been added to the standard library (file Tactics.v): * f_equal : instead of using the different f_equalX lemmas * case_eq : a "case" without loss of information. An equality stating the current situation is generated in every sub-cases. * swap : for a negated goal ~B and a negated hypothesis H:~A, swap H asks you to prove A from hypothesis B * revert : revert H is generalize H; clear H. Extraction - All type parts should now disappear instead of sometimes producing _ (for instance in Map.empty). - Haskell extraction: types of functions are now printed, better unsafeCoerce mechanism, both for hugs and ghc. - Scheme extraction improved, see http://www.pps.jussieu.fr/~letouzey/scheme. - Many bug fixes. Modules - Added "Locate Module qualid" to get the full path of a module. - Module/Declare Module syntax made more uniform. - Added syntactic sugar "Declare Module Export/Import" and "Module Export/Import". - Added syntactic sugar "Module M(Export/Import X Y: T)" and "Module Type M(Export/Import X Y: T)" (only for interactive definitions) - Construct "with" generalized to module paths: T with (Definition|Module) M1.M2....Mn.l := l'. Notations - Option "format" aware of recursive notations. - Added insertion of spaces by default in recursive notations w/o separators. - No more automatic printing box in case of user-provided printing "format". - New notation "exists! x:A, P" for unique existence. - Notations for specific numerals now compatible with generic notations of numerals (e.g. "1" can be used to denote the unit of a group without hiding 1%nat) Libraries - New library on String and Ascii characters (contributed by L. Thery). - New library FSets+FMaps of finite sets and maps. - New library QArith on rational numbers. - Small extension of Zmin.V, new Zmax.v, new Zminmax.v. - Reworking and extension of the files on classical logic and description principles (possible incompatibilities) - Few other improvements in ZArith potentially exceptionally breaking the compatibility (useless hypothesys of Zgt_square_simpl and Zlt_square_simpl removed; fixed names mentioning letter O instead of digit 0; weaken premises in Z_lt_induction). - Restructuration of Eqdep_dec.v and Eqdep.v: more lemmas in Type. - Znumtheory now contains a gcd function that can compute within Coq. - More lemmas stated on Type in Wf.v, removal of redundant Acc_iter and Acc_iter2. - Change of the internal names of lemmas in OmegaLemmas. - Acc in Wf.v and clos_refl_trans in Relation_Operators.v now rely on the allowance for recursively non uniform parameters (possible source of incompatibilities: explicit pattern-matching on these types may require to remove the occurrence associated to their recursively non uniform parameter). - Coq.List.In_dec has been set transparent (this may exceptionally break proof scripts, set it locally opaque for compatibility). - More on permutations of lists in List.v and Permutation.v. - List.v has been much expanded. - New file SetoidList.v now contains results about lists seen with respect to a setoid equality. - Library NArith has been expanded, mostly with results coming from Intmap (for instance a bitwise xor), plus also a bridge between N and Bitvector. - Intmap has been reorganized. In particular its address type "addr" is now N. User contributions known to use Intmap have been adapted accordingly. If you're using this library please contact us. A wrapper FMapIntMap now presents Intmap as a particular implementation of FMaps. New developments are strongly encouraged to use either this wrapper or any other implementations of FMap instead of using directly this obsolete Intmap. Tools - New semantics for coqtop options ("-batch" expects option "-top dir" for loading vernac file that contains definitions). - Tool coq_makefile now removes custom targets that are file names in "make clean" - New environment variable COQREMOTEBROWSER to set the command invoked to start the remote browser both in Coq and coqide. Standard syntax: "%s" is the placeholder for the URL. Changes from V8.0beta to V8.0 ============================= Vernacular commands - New option "Set Printing All" to deactivate all high-level forms of printing (implicit arguments, coercions, destructing let, if-then-else, notations, projections) - "Functional Scheme" and "Functional Induction" extended to polymorphic types and dependent types - Notation now allows recursive patterns, hence recovering parts of the fonctionalities of pre-V8 Grammar/Syntax commands - Command "Print." discontinued. - Redundant syntax "Implicit Arguments On/Off" discontinued New syntax - Semantics change of the if-then-else construction in new syntax: "if c then t1 else t2" now stands for "match c with c1 _ ... _ => t1 | c2 _ ... _ => t2 end" with no dependency of t1 and t2 in the arguments of the constructors; this may cause incompatibilities for files translated using coq 8.0beta Interpretation scopes - Delimiting key %bool for bool_scope added - Import no more needed to activate argument scopes from a module Tactics and the tactic Language - Semantics of "assert" is now consistent with the reference manual - New tactics stepl and stepr for chaining transitivity steps - Tactic "replace ... with ... in" added - Intro patterns now supported in Ltac (parsed with prefix "ipattern:") Executables and tools - Added option -top to change the name of the toplevel module "Top" - Coqdoc updated to new syntax and now part of Coq sources - XML exportation tool now exports the structure of vernacular files (cf chapter 13 in the reference manual) User contributions - User contributions have been updated to the new syntax Bug fixes - Many bugs have been fixed (cf coq-bugs web page) Changes from V8.0beta old syntax to V8.0beta ============================================ New concrete syntax - A completely new syntax for terms - A more uniform syntax for tactics and the tactic language - A few syntactic changes for vernacular commands - A smart automatic translator translating V8.0 files in old syntax to files valid for V8.0 Syntax extensions - "Grammar" for terms disappears - "Grammar" for tactics becomes "Tactic Notation" - "Syntax" disappears - Introduction of a notion of interpretation scope allowing to use the same notations in various contexts without using specific delimiters (e.g the same expression "4<=3+x" is interpreted either in "nat", "positive", "N" (previously "entier"), "Z", "R", depending on which interpretation scope is currently open) [see documentation for details] - Notation now mandatorily requires a precedence and associativity (default was to set precedence to 1 and associativity to none) Revision of the standard library - Many lemmas and definitions names have been made more uniform mostly in Arith, NArith, ZArith and Reals (e.g : "times" -> "Pmult", "times_sym" -> "Pmult_comm", "Zle_Zmult_pos_right" -> "Zmult_le_compat_r", "SUPERIEUR" -> "Gt", "ZERO" -> "Z0") - Order and names of arguments of basic lemmas on nat, Z, positive and R have been made uniform. - Notions of Coq initial state are declared with (strict) implicit arguments - eq merged with eqT: old eq disappear, new eq (written =) is old eqT and new eqT is syntactic sugar for new eq (notation == is an alias for = and is written as it, exceptional source of incompatibilities) - Similarly, ex, ex2, all, identity are merged with exT, exT2, allT, identityT - Arithmetical notations for nat, positive, N, Z, R, without needing any backquote or double-backquotes delimiters. - In Lists: new concrete notations; argument of nil is now implicit - All changes in the library are taken in charge by the translator Semantical changes during translation - Recursive keyword set by default (and no longer needed) in Tactic Definition - Set Implicit Arguments is strict by default in new syntax - reductions in hypotheses of the form "... in H" now apply to the type also if H is a local definition - etc Gallina - New syntax of the form "Inductive bool : Set := true, false : bool." for enumerated types - Experimental syntax of the form p.(fst) for record projections (activable with option "Set Printing Projections" which is recognized by the translator) Known problems of the automatic translation - iso-latin-1 characters are no longer supported: move your files to 7-bits ASCII or unicode before translation (swith to unicode is automatically done if a file is loaded and saved again by coqide) - Renaming in ZArith: incompatibilities in Coq user contribs due to merging names INZ, from Reals, and inject_nat. - Renaming and new lemmas in ZArith: may clash with names used by users - Restructuration of ZArith: replace requirement of specific modules in ZArith by "Require Import ZArith_base" or "Require Import ZArith" - Some implicit arguments must be made explicit before translation: typically for "length nil", the implicit argument of length must be made explicit - Grammar rules, Infix notations and V7.4 Notations must be updated wrt the new scheme for syntactic extensions (see translator documentation) - Unsafe for annotation Cases when constructors coercions are used or when annotations are eta-reduced predicates Changes from V7.4 to V8.0beta old syntax ======================================== Logic - Set now predicative by default - New option -impredicative-set to set Set impredicative - The standard library doesn't need impredicativity of Set and is compatible with the classical axioms which contradict Set impredicativity Syntax for arithmetic - Notation "=" and "<>" in Z and R are no longer implicitly in Z or R (with possible introduction of a coercion), use ...=... or ...<>... instead - Locate applied to a simple string (e.g. "+") searches for all notations containing this string Vernacular commands - "Declare ML Module" now allows to import .cma files. This avoids to use a bunch of "Declare ML Module" statements when using several ML files. - "Set Printing Width n" added, allows to change the size of width printing. - "Implicit Variables Type x,y:t" (new syntax: "Implicit Types x y:t") assigns default types for binding variables. - Declarations of Hints and Notation now accept a "Local" flag not to be exported outside the current file even if not in section - "Print Scopes" prints all notations - New command "About name" for light printing of type, implicit arguments, etc. - New command "Admitted" to declare incompletely proven statement as axioms - New keyword "Conjecture" to declare an axiom intended to be provable - SearchAbout can now search for lemmas referring to more than one constant and on substrings of the name of the lemma - "Print Implicit" displays the implicit arguments of a constant - Locate now searches for all names having a given suffix - New command "Functional Scheme" for building an induction principle from a function defined by case analysis and fix. Commands - new coqtop/coqc option -dont-load-proofs not to load opaque proofs in memory Implicit arguments - Inductive in sections declared with implicits now "discharged" with implicits (like constants and variables) - Implicit Arguments flags are now synchronous with reset - New switch "Unset/Set Printing Implicits" (new syntax: "Unset/Set Printing Implicit") to globally control printing of implicits Grammar extensions - Many newly supported UTF-8 encoded unicode blocks - Greek letters (0380-03FF), Hebrew letters (U05D0-05EF), letter-like symbols (2100-214F, that includes double N,Z,Q,R), prime signs (from 2080-2089) and characters from many written languages are valid in identifiers - mathematical operators (2200-22FF), supplemental mathematical operators (2A00-2AFF), miscellaneous technical (2300-23FF that includes sqrt symbol), miscellaneous symbols (2600-26FF), arrows (2190-21FF and 2900-297F), invisible mathematical operators (from 2080-2089), ... are valid symbols Library - New file about the factorial function in Arith - An additional elimination Acc_iter for Acc, simplier than Acc_rect. This new elimination principle is used for definition well_founded_induction. - New library NArith on binary natural numbers - R is now of type Set - Restructuration in ZArith library - "true_sub" used in Zplus now a definition, not a local one (source of incompatibilities in proof referring to true_sub, may need extra Unfold) - Some lemmas about minus moved from fast_integer to Arith/Minus.v (le_minus, lt_mult_left) (theoretical source of incompatibilities) - Several lemmas moved from auxiliary.v and zarith_aux.v to fast_integer.v (theoretical source of incompatibilities) - Variables names of iff_trans changed (source of incompatibilities) - ZArith lemmas named OMEGA something or fast_ something, and lemma new_var are now out of ZArith (except OMEGA2) - Redundant ZArith lemmas have been renamed: for the following pairs, use the second name (Zle_Zmult_right2, Zle_mult_simpl), (OMEGA2, Zle_0_plus), (Zplus_assoc_l, Zplus_assoc), (Zmult_one, Zmult_1_n), (Zmult_assoc_l, Zmult_assoc), (Zmult_minus_distr, Zmult_Zminus_distr_l) (add_un_double_moins_un_xO, is_double_moins_un), (Rlt_monotony_rev,Rlt_monotony_contra) (source of incompatibilities) - Few minor changes (no more implicit arguments in Zmult_Zminus_distr_l and Zmult_Zminus_distr_r, lemmas moved from Zcomplements to other files) (rare source of incompatibilities) - New lemmas provided by users added Tactic language - Fail tactic now accepts a failure message - Idtac tactic now accepts a message - New primitive tactic "FreshId" (new syntax: "fresh") to generate new names - Debugger prints levels of calls Tactics - Replace can now replace proofs also - Fail levels are now decremented at "Match Context" blocks only and if the right-hand-side of "Match term With" are tactics, these tactics are never evaluated immediately and do not induce backtracking (in contrast with "Match Context") - Quantified names now avoid global names of the current module (like Intro names did) [source of rare incompatibilities: 2 changes in the set of user contribs] - NewDestruct/NewInduction accepts intro patterns as introduction names - NewDestruct/NewInduction now work for non-inductive type using option "using" - A NewInduction naming bug for inductive types with functional arguments (e.g. the accessibility predicate) has been fixed (source of incompatibilities) - Symmetry now applies to hypotheses too - Inversion now accept option "as [ ... ]" to name the hypotheses - Contradiction now looks also for contradictory hypotheses stating ~A and A (source of incompatibility) - "Contradiction c" try to find an hypothesis in context which contradicts the type of c - Ring applies to new library NArith (require file NArithRing) - Field now works on types in Set - Auto with reals now try to replace le by ge (Rge_le is no longer an immediate hint), resulting in shorter proofs - Instantiate now works in hyps (syntax : Instantiate in ...) - Some new tactics : EConstructor, ELeft, Eright, ESplit, EExists - New tactic "functional induction" to perform case analysis and induction following the definition of a function. - Clear now fails when trying to remove a local definition used by a constant appearing in the current goal Extraction (See details in contrib/extraction/CHANGES) - The old commands: (Recursive) Extraction Module M. are now: (Recursive) Extraction Library M. To use these commands, M should come from a library M.v - The other syntax Extraction & Recursive Extraction now accept module names as arguments. Bugs - see coq-bugs server for the complete list of fixed bugs Miscellaneous - Implicit parameters of inductive types definition now taken into account for infering other implicit arguments Incompatibilities - Persistence of true_sub (4 incompatibilities in Coq user contributions) - Variable names of some constants changed for a better uniformity (2 changes in Coq user contributions) - Naming of quantified names in goal now avoid global names (2 occurrences) - NewInduction naming for inductive types with functional arguments (no incompatibility in Coq user contributions) - Contradiction now solve more goals (source of 2 incompatibilities) - Merge of eq and eqT may exceptionally result in subgoals now solved automatically - Redundant pairs of ZArith lemmas may have different names: it may cause "Apply/Rewrite with" to fail if using the first name of a pair of redundant lemmas (this is solved by renaming the variables bound by "with"; 3 incompatibilities in Coq user contribs) - ML programs referring to constants from fast_integer.v must use "Coqlib.gen_constant_modules Coqlib.zarith_base_modules" instead Changes from V7.3.1 to V7.4 =========================== Symbolic notations - Introduction of a notion of scope gathering notations in a consistent set; a notation sets has been developped for nat, Z and R (undocumented) - New command "Notation" for declaring notations simultaneously for parsing and printing (see chap 10 of the reference manual) - Declarations with only implicit arguments now handled (e.g. the argument of nil can be set implicit; use !nil to refer to nil without arguments) - "Print Scope sc" and "Locate ntn" allows to know to what expression a notation is bound - New defensive strategy for printing or not implicit arguments to ensure re-type-checkability of the printed term - In Grammar command, the only predefined non-terminal entries are ident, global, constr and pattern (e.g. nvar, numarg disappears); the only allowed grammar types are constr and pattern; ast and ast list are no longer supported; some incompatibilities in Grammar: when a syntax is a initial segment of an other one, Grammar does not work, use Notation Library - Lemmas in Set from Compare_dec.v (le_lt_dec, ...) and Wf_nat.v (lt_wf_rec, ...) are now transparent. This may be source of incompatibilities. - Syntactic Definitions Fst, Snd, Ex, All, Ex2, AllT, ExT, ExT2, ProjS1, ProjS2, Error, Value and Except are turned to notations. They now must be applied (incompatibilities only in unrealistic cases). - More efficient versions of Zmult and times (30% faster) - Reals: the library is now divided in 6 parts (Rbase, Rfunctions, SeqSeries, Rtrigo, Ranalysis, Integration). New tactics: Sup and RCompute. See Reals.v for details. Modules - Beta version, see doc chap 2.5 for commands and chap 5 for theory Language - Inductive definitions now accept ">" in constructor types to declare the corresponding constructor as a coercion. - Idem for assumptions declarations and constants when the type is mentionned. - The "Coercion" and "Canonical Structure" keywords now accept the same syntax as "Definition", i.e. "hyps :=c (:t)?" or "hyps :t". - Theorem-like declaration now accepts the syntax "Theorem thm [x:t;...] : u". - Remark's and Fact's now definitively behave as Theorem and Lemma: when sections are closed, the full name of a Remark or a Fact has no longer a section part (source of incompatibilities) - Opaque Local's (i.e. built by tactics and ended by Qed), do not survive section closing any longer; as a side-effect, Opaque Local's now appear in the local context of proofs; their body is hidden though (source of incompatibilities); use one of Remark/Fact/Lemma/Theorem instead to simulate the old behaviour of Local (the section part of the name is not kept though) ML tactic and vernacular commands - "Grammar tactic" and "Grammar vernac" of type "ast" are no longer supported (only "Grammar tactic simple_tactic" of type "tactic" remains available). - Concrete syntax for ML written vernacular commands and tactics is now declared at ML level using camlp4 macros TACTIC EXTEND et VERNAC COMMAND EXTEND. - "Check n c" now "n:Check c", "Eval n ..." now "n:Eval ..." - "Proof with T" (* no documentation *) - SearchAbout id - prints all theorems which contain id in their type Tactic definitions - Static globalisation of identifiers and global references (source of incompatibilities, especially, Recursive keyword is required for mutually recursive definitions). - New evaluation semantics: no more partial evaluation at definition time; evaluation of all Tactic/Meta Definition, even producing terms, expect a proof context to be evaluated (especially "()" is no longer needed). - Debugger now shows the nesting level and the reasons of failure Tactics - Equality tactics (Rewrite, Reflexivity, Symmetry, Transitivity) now understand JM equality - Simpl and Change now apply to subterms also - "Simpl f" reduces subterms whose head constant is f - Double Induction now referring to hypotheses like "Intros until" - "Inversion" now applies also on quantified hypotheses (naming as for Intros until) - NewDestruct now accepts terms with missing hypotheses - NewDestruct and NewInduction now accept user-provided elimination scheme - NewDestruct and NewInduction now accept user-provided introduction names - Omega could solve goals such as ~`x=y` but failed when the hypothesis was unfolded to `x < y` -> False. This is fixed. In addition, it can also recognize 'False' in the hypothesis and use it to solve the goal. - Coercions now handled in "with" bindings - "Subst x" replaces all ocurrences of x by t in the goal and hypotheses when an hypothesis x=t or x:=t or t=x exists - Fresh names for Assert and Pose now based on collision-avoiding Intro naming strategy (exceptional source of incompatibilities) - LinearIntuition (* no documentation *) - Unfold expects a correct evaluable argument - Clear expects existing hypotheses Extraction (See details in contrib/extraction/CHANGES and README): - An experimental Scheme extraction is provided. - Concerning Ocaml, extracted code is now ensured to always type-check, thanks to automatic inserting of Obj.magic. - Experimental extraction of Coq new modules to Ocaml modules. Proof rendering in natural language - Export of theories to XML for publishing and rendering purposes now includes proof-trees (see http://www.cs.unibo.it/helm) Miscellaneous - Printing Coercion now used through the standard keywords Set/Add, Test, Print - "Print Term id" is an alias for "Print id" - New switch "Unset/Set Printing Symbols" to control printing of symbolic notations - Two new variants of implicit arguments are available - "Unset/Set Contextual Implicits" tells to consider implicit also the arguments inferable from the context (e.g. for nil or refl_eq) - "Unset/Set Strict Implicits" tells to consider implicit only the arguments that are inferable in any case (i.e. arguments that occurs as argument of rigid constants in the type of the remaining arguments; e.g. the witness of an existential is not strict since it can vanish when applied to a predicate which does not use its argument) Incompatibilities - "Grammar tactic ... : ast" and "Grammar vernac ... : ast" are no longer supported, use TACTIC EXTEND and VERNAC COMMAND EXTEND on the ML-side instead - Transparency of le_lt_dec and co (leads to some simplification in proofs; in some cases, incompatibilites is solved by declaring locally opaque the relevant constant) - Opaque Local do not now survive section closing (rename them into Remark/Lemma/... to get them still surviving the sections; this renaming allows also to solve incompatibilites related to now forbidden calls to the tactic Clear) - Remark and Fact have no longer (very) long names (use Local instead in case of name conflict) Bugs - Improved localisation of errors in Syntactic Definitions - Induction principle creation failure in presence of let-in fixed (#238) - Inversion bugs fixed (#212 and #220) - Omega bug related to Set fixed (#180) - Type-checking inefficiency of nested destructuring let-in fixed (#216) - Improved handling of let-in during holes resolution phase (#239) Efficiency - Implementation of a memory sharing strategy reducing memory requirements by an average ratio of 3. Changes from V7.3 to V7.3.1 =========================== Bug fixes - Corrupted Field tactic and Match Context tactic construction fixed - Checking of names already existing in Assert added (PR#182) - Invalid argument bug in Exact tactic solved (PR#183) - Colliding bound names bug fixed (PR#202) - Wrong non-recursivity test for Record fixed (PR#189) - Out of memory/seg fault bug related to parametric inductive fixed (PR#195) - Setoid_replace/Setoid_rewrite bug wrt "==" fixed Misc - Ocaml version >= 3.06 is needed to compile Coq from sources - Simplification of fresh names creation strategy for Assert, Pose and LetTac (PR#192) Changes from V7.2 to V7.3 ========================= Language - Slightly improved compilation of pattern-matching (slight source of incompatibilities) - Record's now accept anonymous fields "_" which does not build projections - Changes in the allowed elimination sorts for certain class of inductive definitions : an inductive definition without constructors of Sort Prop can be eliminated on sorts Set and Type A "singleton" inductive definition (one constructor with arguments in the sort Prop like conjunction of two propositions or equality) can be eliminated directly on sort Type (In V7.2, only the sorts Prop and Set were allowed) Tactics - New tactic "Rename x into y" for renaming hypotheses - New tactics "Pose x:=u" and "Pose u" to add definitions to local context - Pattern now working on partially applied subterms - Ring no longer applies irreversible congruence laws of mult but better applies congruence laws of plus (slight source of incompatibilities). - Field now accepts terms to be simplified as arguments (as for Ring). This extension has been also implemented using the toplevel tactic language. - Intuition does no longer unfold constants except "<->" and "~". It can be parameterized by a tactic. It also can introduce dependent product if needed (source of incompatibilities) - "Match Context" now matching more recent hypotheses first and failing only on user errors and Fail tactic (possible source of incompatibilities) - Tactic Definition's without arguments now allowed in Coq states - Better simplification and discrimination made by Inversion (source of incompatibilities) Bugs - "Intros H" now working like "Intro H" trying first to reduce if not a product - Forward dependencies in Cases now taken into account - Known bugs related to Inversion and let-in's fixed - Bug unexpected Delta with let-in now fixed Extraction (details in contrib/extraction/CHANGES or documentation) - Signatures of extracted terms are now mostly expunged from dummy arguments. - Haskell extraction is now operational (tested & debugged). Standard library - Some additions in [ZArith]: three files (Zcomplements.v, Zpower.v and Zlogarithms.v) moved from contrib/omega in order to be more visible, one Zsgn function, more induction principles (Wf_Z.v and tail of Zcomplements.v), one more general Euclid theorem - Peano_dec.v and Compare_dec.v now part of Arith.v Tools - new option -dump-glob to coqtop to dump globalizations (to be used by the new documentation tool coqdoc; see http://www.lri.fr/~filliatr/coqdoc) User Contributions - CongruenceClosure (congruence closure decision procedure) [Pierre Corbineau, ENS Cachan] - MapleMode (an interface to embed Maple simplification procedures over rational fractions in Coq) [David Delahaye, Micaela Mayero, Chalmers University] - Presburger: A formalization of Presburger's algorithm [Laurent Thery, INRIA Sophia Antipolis] - Chinese has been rewritten using Z from ZArith as datatype ZChinese is the new version, Chinese the obsolete one [Pierre Letouzey, LRI Orsay] Incompatibilities - Ring: exceptional incompatibilities (1 above 650 in submitted user contribs, leading to a simplification) - Intuition: does not unfold any definition except "<->" and "~" - Cases: removal of some extra Cases in configurations of the form "Cases ... of C _ => ... | _ D => ..." (effects on 2 definitions of submitted user contributions necessitating the removal of now superfluous proof steps in 3 different proofs) - Match Context, in case of incompatibilities because of a now non trapped error (e.g. Not_found or Failure), use instead tactic Fail to force Match Context trying the next clause - Inversion: better simplification and discrimination may occasionally lead to less subgoals and/or hypotheses and different naming of hypotheses - Unification done by Apply/Elim has been changed and may exceptionally lead to incompatible instantiations - Peano_dec.v and Compare_dec.v parts of Arith.v make Auto more powerful if these files were not already required (1 occurrence of this in submitted user contribs) Changes from V7.1 to V7.2 ========================= Language - Automatic insertion of patterns for local definitions in the type of the constructors of an inductive types (for compatibility with V6.3 let-in style) - Coercions allowed in Cases patterns - New declaration "Canonical Structure id = t : I" to help resolution of equations of the form (proj ?)=a; if proj(e)=a then a is canonically equipped with the remaining fields in e, i.e. ? is instantiated by e Tactics - New tactic "ClearBody H" to clear the body of definitions in local context - New tactic "Assert H := c" for forward reasoning - Slight improvement in naming strategy for NewInduction/NewDestruct - Intuition/Tauto do not perform useless unfolding and work up to conversion Extraction (details in contrib/extraction/CHANGES or documentation) - Syntax changes: there are no more options inside the extraction commands. New commands for customization and options have been introduced instead. - More optimizations on extracted code. - Extraction tests are now embedded in 14 user contributions. Standard library - In [Relations], Rstar.v and Newman.v now axiom-free. - In [Sets], Integers.v now based on nat - In [Arith], more lemmas in Min.v, new file Max.v, tail-recursive plus and mult added to Plus.v and Mult.v respectively - New directory [Sorting] with a proof of heapsort (dragged from 6.3.1 lib) - In [Reals], more lemmas in Rbase.v, new lemmas on square, square root and trigonometric functions (R_sqr.v - Rtrigo.v); a complementary approach and new theorems about continuity and derivability in Ranalysis.v; some properties in plane geometry such as translation, rotation or similarity in Rgeom.v; finite sums and Chasles property in Rsigma.v Bugs - Confusion between implicit args of locals and globals of same base name fixed - Various incompatibilities wrt inference of "?" in V6.3.1 fixed - Implicits in infix section variables bug fixed - Known coercions bugs fixed - Apply "universe anomaly" bug fixed - NatRing now working - "Discriminate 1", "Injection 1", "Simplify_eq 1" now working - NewInduction bugs with let-in and recursively dependent hypotheses fixed - Syntax [x:=t:T]u now allowed as mentioned in documentation - Bug with recursive inductive types involving let-in fixed - Known pattern-matching bugs fixed - Known Cases elimination predicate bugs fixed - Improved errors messages for pattern-matching and projections - Better error messages for ill-typed Cases expressions Incompatibilities - New naming strategy for NewInduction/NewDestruct may affect 7.1 compatibility - Extra parentheses may exceptionally be needed in tactic definitions. - Coq extensions written in Ocaml need to be updated (see dev/changements.txt for a description of the main changes in the interface files of V7.2) - New behaviour of Intuition/Tauto may exceptionally lead to incompatibilities ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes from V6.3.1 and V7.0 to V7.1 ==================================== Notes: - items followed by (**) are important sources of incompatibilities - items followed by (*) may exceptionally be sources of incompatibilities - items followed by (+) have been introduced in version 7.0 Main novelties ============== References are to Coq V7.1 reference manual - New primitive let-in construct (see sections 1.2.8 and ) - Long names (see sections 2.6 and 2.7) - New high-level tactic language (see chapter 10) - Improved search facilities (see section 5.2) - New extraction algorithm managing the Type level (see chapter 17) - New rewriting tactic for arbitrary equalities (see chapter 19) - New tactic Field to decide equalities on commutative fields (see 7.11) - New tactic Fourier to solve linear inequalities on reals numbers (see 7.11) - New tactics for induction/case analysis in "natural" style (see 7.7) - Deep restructuration of the code (safer, simpler and more efficient) - Export of theories to XML for publishing and rendering purposes (see http://www.cs.unibo.it/helm) Details of changes ================== Language: new "let-in" construction ----------------------------------- - New construction for local definitions (let-in) with syntax [x:=u]t (*)(+) - Local definitions allowed in Record (a.k.a. record à la Randy Pollack) Language: long names -------------------- - Each construction has a unique absolute names built from a base name, the name of the module in which they are defined (Top if in coqtop), and possibly an arbitrary long sequence of directory (e.g. "Coq.Lists.PolyList.flat_map" where "Coq" means that "flat_map" is part of Coq standard library, "Lists" means it is defined in the Lists library and "PolyList" means it is in the file Polylist) (+) - Constructions can be referred by their base name, or, in case of conflict, by a "qualified" name, where the base name is prefixed by the module name (and possibly by a directory name, and so on). A fully qualified name is an absolute name which always refer to the construction it denotes (to preserve the visibility of all constructions, no conflict is allowed for an absolute name) (+) - Long names are available for modules with the possibility of using the directory name as a component of the module full name (with option -R to coqtop and coqc, or command Add LoadPath) (+) - Improved conflict resolution strategy (the Unix PATH model), allowing more constructions to be referred just by their base name Language: miscellaneous ----------------------- - The names of variables for Record projections _and_ for induction principles (e.g. sum_ind) is now based on the first letter of their type (main source of incompatibility) (**)(+) - Most typing errors have now a precise location in the source (+) - Slightly different mechanism to solve "?" (*)(+) - More arguments may be considered implicit at section closing (*)(+) - Bug with identifiers ended by a number greater than 2^30 fixed (+) - New visibility discipline for Remark, Fact and Local: Remark's and Fact's now survive at the end of section, but are only accessible using a qualified names as soon as their strength expires; Local's disappear and are moved into local definitions for each construction persistent at section closing Language: Cases --------------- - Cases no longer considers aliases inferable from dependencies in types (*)(+) - A redundant clause in Cases is now an error (*) Reduction --------- - New reduction flags "Zeta" and "Evar" in Eval Compute, for inlining of local definitions and instantiation of existential variables - Delta reduction flag does not perform Zeta and Evar reduction any more (*) - Constants declared as opaque (using Qed) can no longer become transparent (a constant intended to be alternatively opaque and transparent must be declared as transparent (using Defined)); a risk exists (until next Coq version) that Simpl and Hnf reduces opaque constants (*) New tactics ----------- - New set of tactics to deal with types equipped with specific equalities (a.k.a. Setoids, e.g. nat equipped with eq_nat) [by C. Renard] - New tactic Assert, similar to Cut but expected to be more user-friendly - New tactic NewDestruct and NewInduction intended to replace Elim and Induction, Case and Destruct in a more user-friendly way (see restrictions in the reference manual) - New tactic ROmega: an experimental alternative (based on reflexion) to Omega [by P. Crégut] - New tactic language Ltac (see reference manual) (+) - New versions of Tauto and Intuition, fully rewritten in the new Ltac language; they run faster and produce more compact proofs; Tauto is fully compatible but, in exchange of a better uniformity, Intuition is slightly weaker (then use Tauto instead) (**)(+) - New tactic Field to decide equalities on commutative fields (as a special case, it works on real numbers) (+) - New tactic Fourier to solve linear inequalities on reals numbers [by L. Pottier] (+) - New tactics dedicated to real numbers: DiscrR, SplitRmult, SplitAbsolu (+) Changes in existing tactics --------------------------- - Reduction tactics in local definitions apply only to the body - New syntax of the form "Compute in Type of H." to require a reduction on the types of local definitions - Inversion, Injection, Discriminate, ... apply also on the quantified premises of a goal (using the "Intros until" syntax) - Decompose has been fixed but hypotheses may get different names (*)(+) - Tauto now manages uniformly hypotheses and conclusions of the form "t=t" which all are considered equivalent to "True". Especially, Tauto now solves goals of the form "H : ~ t = t |- A". - The "Let" tactic has been renamed "LetTac" and is now based on the primitive "let-in" (+) - Elim can no longer be used with an elimination schema different from the one defined at definition time of the inductive type. To overload an elimination schema, use "Elim using " (*)(+) - Simpl no longer unfolds the recursive calls of a mutually defined fixpoint (*)(+) - Intro now fails if the hypothesis name already exists (*)(+) - "Require Prolog" is no longer needed (i.e. it is available by default) (*)(+) - Unfold now fails on a non unfoldable identifier (*)(+) - Unfold also applies on definitions of the local context - AutoRewrite now deals only with the main goal and it is the purpose of Hint Rewrite to deal with generated subgoals (+) - Redundant or incompatible instantiations in Apply ... with ... are now correctly managed (+) Efficiency ---------- - Excessive memory uses specific to V7.0 fixed - Sizes of .vo files vary a lot compared to V6.3 (from -30% to +300% depending on the developments) - An improved reduction strategy for lazy evaluation - A more economical mechanism to ensure logical consistency at the Type level; warning: this is experimental and may produce "universes" anomalies (please report) Concrete syntax of constructions -------------------------------- - Only identifiers starting with "_" or a letter, and followed by letters, digits, "_" or "'" are allowed (e.g. "$" and "@" are no longer allowed) (*) - A multiple binder like (a:A)(a,b:(P a))(Q a) is no longer parsed as (a:A)(a0:(P a))(b:(P a))(Q a0) but as (a:A)(a0:(P a))(b:(P a0))(Q a0) (*)(+) - A dedicated syntax has been introduced for Reals (e.g ``3+1/x``) (+) - Pretty-printing of Infix notations fixed. (+) Parsing and grammar extension ----------------------------- - More constraints when writing ast - "{...}" and the macros $LIST, $VAR, etc. now expect a metavariable (an identifier starting with $) (*) - identifiers should starts with a letter or "_" and be followed by letters, digits, "_" or "'" (other characters are still supported but it is not advised to use them) (*)(+) - Entry "command" in "Grammar" and quotations (<<...>> stuff) is renamed "constr" as in "Syntax" (+) - New syntax "[" sentence_1 ... sentence_n"]." to group sentences (useful for Time and to write grammar rules abbreviating several commands) (+) - The default parser for actions in the grammar rules (and for patterns in the pretty-printing rules) is now the one associated to the grammar (i.e. vernac, tactic or constr); no need then for quotations as in <:vernac:<...>>; to return an "ast", the grammar must be explicitly typed with tag ": ast" or ": ast list", or if a syntax rule, by using <<...>> in the patterns (expression inside these angle brackets are parsed as "ast"); for grammars other than vernac, tactic or constr, you may explicitly type the action with tags ": constr", ": tactic", or ":vernac" (**)(+) - Interpretation of names in Grammar rule is now based on long names, which allows to avoid problems (or sometimes tricks;) related to overloaded names (+) New commands ------------ - New commands "Print XML All", "Show XML Proof", ... to show or export theories to XML to be used with Helm's publishing and rendering tools (see http://www.cs.unibo.it/helm) (by Claudio Sacerdoti Coen) (+) - New commands to manually set implicit arguments (+) - "Implicits ident." to activate the implicit arguments mode just for ident - "Implicits ident [num1 num2 ...]." to explicitly give which arguments have to be considered as implicit - New SearchPattern/SearchRewrite (by Yves Bertot) (+) - New commands "Debug on"/"Debug off" to activate/deactivate the tactic language debugger (+) - New commands to map physical paths to logical paths (+) - Add LoadPath physical_dir as logical_dir - Add Rec LoadPath physical_dir as logical_dir Changes in existing commands ---------------------------- - Generalization of the usage of qualified identifiers in tactics and commands about globals, e.g. Decompose, Eval Delta; Hints Unfold, Transparent, Require - Require synchronous with Reset; Require's scope stops at Section ending (*) - For a module indirectly loaded by a "Require" but not exported, the command "Import module" turns the constructions defined in the module accessible by their short name, and activates the Grammar, Syntax, Hint, ... declared in the module (+) - The scope of the "Search" command can be restricted to some modules (+) - Final dot in command (full stop/period) must be followed by a blank (newline, tabulation or whitespace) (+) - Slight restriction of the syntax for Cbv Delta: if present, option [-myconst] must immediately follow the Delta keyword (*)(+) - SearchIsos currently not supported - Add ML Path is now implied by Add LoadPath (+) - New names for the following commands (+) AddPath -> Add LoadPath Print LoadPath -> Print LoadPath DelPath -> Remove LoadPath AddRecPath -> Add Rec LoadPath Print Path -> Print Coercion Paths Implicit Arguments On -> Set Implicit Arguments Implicit Arguments Off -> Unset Implicit Arguments Begin Silent -> Set Silent End Silent -> Unset Silent. Tools ----- - coqtop (+) - Two executables: coqtop.byte and coqtop.opt (if supported by the platform) - coqtop is a link to the more efficient executable (coqtop.opt if present) - option -full is obsolete (+) - do_Makefile renamed into coq_makefile (+) - New option -R to coqtop and coqc to map a physical directory to a logical one (+) - coqc no longer needs to create a temporary file - No more warning if no initialization file .coqrc exists Extraction ---------- - New algorithm for extraction able to deal with "Type" (+) (by J.-C. Filliâtre and P. Letouzey) Standard library ---------------- - New library on maps on integers (IntMap, contributed by Jean Goubault) - New lemmas about integer numbers [ZArith] - New lemmas and a "natural" syntax for reals [Reals] (+) - Exc/Error/Value renamed into Option/Some/None (*) New user contributions ---------------------- - Constructive complex analysis and the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra [FTA] (Herman Geuvers, Freek Wiedijk, Jan Zwanenburg, Randy Pollack, Henk Barendregt, Nijmegen) - A new axiomatization of ZFC set theory [Functions_in_ZFC] (C. Simpson, Sophia-Antipolis) - Basic notions of graph theory [GRAPHS-BASICS] (Jean Duprat, Lyon) - A library for floating-point numbers [Float] (Laurent Théry, Sylvie Boldo, Sophia-Antipolis) - Formalisation of CTL and TCTL temporal logic [CtlTctl] (Carlos Daniel Luna,Montevideo) - Specification and verification of the Railroad Crossing Problem in CTL and TCTL [RailroadCrossing] (Carlos Daniel Luna,Montevideo) - P-automaton and the ABR algorithm [PAutomata] (Christine Paulin, Emmanuel Freund, Orsay) - Semantics of a subset of the C language [MiniC] (Eduardo Giménez, Emmanuel Ledinot, Suresnes) - Correctness proofs of the following imperative algorithms: Bresenham line drawing algorithm [Bresenham], Marché's minimal edition distance algorithm [Diff] (Jean-Christophe Filliâtre, Orsay) - Correctness proofs of Buchberger's algorithm [Buchberger] and RSA cryptographic algorithm [Rsa] (Laurent Théry, Sophia-Antipolis) - Correctness proof of Stalmarck tautology checker algorithm [Stalmarck] (Laurent Théry, Pierre Letouzey, Sophia-Antipolis)