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+(************************************************************************)
+(* v * The Coq Proof Assistant / The Coq Development Team *)
+(* <O___,, * INRIA - CNRS - LIX - LRI - PPS - Copyright 1999-2012 *)
+(* \VV/ **************************************************************)
+(* // * This file is distributed under the terms of the *)
+(* * GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 *)
+(************************************************************************)
+
+Require Import ZArith_base.
+Require Import Zpow_def.
+Require Import BinInt.
+Require Import BinNat.
+Require Import Setoid.
+Require Import BinList.
+Require Import BinPos.
+Require Import BinNat.
+Require Import BinInt.
+Require Import Setoid.
+Require Export Ncring.
+Require Export Ncring_polynom.
+Import List.
+
+Set Implicit Arguments.
+
+(* An object to return when an expression is not recognized as a constant *)
+Definition NotConstant := false.
+
+(** Z is a ring and a setoid*)
+
+Lemma Zsth : Equivalence (@eq Z).
+Proof. exact Z.eq_equiv. Qed.
+
+Instance Zops:@Ring_ops Z 0%Z 1%Z Z.add Z.mul Z.sub Z.opp (@eq Z).
+
+Instance Zr: (@Ring _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zops).
+Proof.
+constructor; try apply Zsth; try solve_proper.
+ exact Z.add_comm. exact Z.add_assoc.
+ exact Z.mul_1_l. exact Z.mul_1_r. exact Z.mul_assoc.
+ exact Z.mul_add_distr_r. intros; apply Z.mul_add_distr_l. exact Z.sub_diag.
+Defined.
+
+(*Instance ZEquality: @Equality Z:= (@eq Z).*)
+
+(** Two generic morphisms from Z to (abrbitrary) rings, *)
+(**second one is more convenient for proofs but they are ext. equal*)
+Section ZMORPHISM.
+Context {R:Type}`{Ring R}.
+
+ Ltac rrefl := reflexivity.
+
+ Fixpoint gen_phiPOS1 (p:positive) : R :=
+ match p with
+ | xH => 1
+ | xO p => (1 + 1) * (gen_phiPOS1 p)
+ | xI p => 1 + ((1 + 1) * (gen_phiPOS1 p))
+ end.
+
+ Fixpoint gen_phiPOS (p:positive) : R :=
+ match p with
+ | xH => 1
+ | xO xH => (1 + 1)
+ | xO p => (1 + 1) * (gen_phiPOS p)
+ | xI xH => 1 + (1 +1)
+ | xI p => 1 + ((1 + 1) * (gen_phiPOS p))
+ end.
+
+ Definition gen_phiZ1 z :=
+ match z with
+ | Zpos p => gen_phiPOS1 p
+ | Z0 => 0
+ | Zneg p => -(gen_phiPOS1 p)
+ end.
+
+ Definition gen_phiZ z :=
+ match z with
+ | Zpos p => gen_phiPOS p
+ | Z0 => 0
+ | Zneg p => -(gen_phiPOS p)
+ end.
+ Notation "[ x ]" := (gen_phiZ x).
+
+ Definition get_signZ z :=
+ match z with
+ | Zneg p => Some (Zpos p)
+ | _ => None
+ end.
+
+ Ltac norm := gen_rewrite.
+ Ltac add_push := Ncring.gen_add_push.
+Ltac rsimpl := simpl.
+
+ Lemma same_gen : forall x, gen_phiPOS1 x == gen_phiPOS x.
+ Proof.
+ induction x;rsimpl.
+ rewrite IHx. destruct x;simpl;norm.
+ rewrite IHx;destruct x;simpl;norm.
+ reflexivity.
+ Qed.
+
+ Lemma ARgen_phiPOS_Psucc : forall x,
+ gen_phiPOS1 (Pos.succ x) == 1 + (gen_phiPOS1 x).
+ Proof.
+ induction x;rsimpl;norm.
+ rewrite IHx. gen_rewrite. add_push 1. reflexivity.
+ Qed.
+
+ Lemma ARgen_phiPOS_add : forall x y,
+ gen_phiPOS1 (x + y) == (gen_phiPOS1 x) + (gen_phiPOS1 y).
+ Proof.
+ induction x;destruct y;simpl;norm.
+ rewrite Pos.add_carry_spec.
+ rewrite ARgen_phiPOS_Psucc.
+ rewrite IHx;norm.
+ add_push (gen_phiPOS1 y);add_push 1;reflexivity.
+ rewrite IHx;norm;add_push (gen_phiPOS1 y);reflexivity.
+ rewrite ARgen_phiPOS_Psucc;norm;add_push 1;reflexivity.
+ rewrite IHx;norm;add_push(gen_phiPOS1 y); add_push 1;reflexivity.
+ rewrite IHx;norm;add_push(gen_phiPOS1 y);reflexivity.
+ add_push 1;reflexivity.
+ rewrite ARgen_phiPOS_Psucc;norm;add_push 1;reflexivity.
+ Qed.
+
+ Lemma ARgen_phiPOS_mult :
+ forall x y, gen_phiPOS1 (x * y) == gen_phiPOS1 x * gen_phiPOS1 y.
+ Proof.
+ induction x;intros;simpl;norm.
+ rewrite ARgen_phiPOS_add;simpl;rewrite IHx;norm.
+ rewrite IHx;reflexivity.
+ Qed.
+
+
+(*morphisms are extensionaly equal*)
+ Lemma same_genZ : forall x, [x] == gen_phiZ1 x.
+ Proof.
+ destruct x;rsimpl; try rewrite same_gen; reflexivity.
+ Qed.
+
+ Lemma gen_Zeqb_ok : forall x y,
+ Zeq_bool x y = true -> [x] == [y].
+ Proof.
+ intros x y H7.
+ assert (H10 := Zeq_bool_eq x y H7);unfold IDphi in H10.
+ rewrite H10;reflexivity.
+ Qed.
+
+ Lemma gen_phiZ1_add_pos_neg : forall x y,
+ gen_phiZ1 (Z.pos_sub x y)
+ == gen_phiPOS1 x + -gen_phiPOS1 y.
+ Proof.
+ intros x y.
+ generalize (Z.pos_sub_discr x y).
+ destruct (Z.pos_sub x y) as [|p|p]; intros; subst.
+ - now rewrite ring_opp_def.
+ - rewrite ARgen_phiPOS_add;simpl;norm.
+ add_push (gen_phiPOS1 p). rewrite ring_opp_def;norm.
+ - rewrite ARgen_phiPOS_add;simpl;norm.
+ rewrite ring_opp_def;norm.
+ Qed.
+
+ Lemma match_compOpp : forall x (B:Type) (be bl bg:B),
+ match CompOpp x with Eq => be | Lt => bl | Gt => bg end
+ = match x with Eq => be | Lt => bg | Gt => bl end.
+ Proof. destruct x;simpl;intros;trivial. Qed.
+
+ Lemma gen_phiZ_add : forall x y, [x + y] == [x] + [y].
+ Proof.
+ intros x y; repeat rewrite same_genZ; generalize x y;clear x y.
+ induction x;destruct y;simpl;norm.
+ apply ARgen_phiPOS_add.
+ apply gen_phiZ1_add_pos_neg.
+ rewrite gen_phiZ1_add_pos_neg. rewrite ring_add_comm.
+reflexivity.
+ rewrite ARgen_phiPOS_add. rewrite ring_opp_add. reflexivity.
+Qed.
+
+Lemma gen_phiZ_opp : forall x, [- x] == - [x].
+ Proof.
+ intros x. repeat rewrite same_genZ. generalize x ;clear x.
+ induction x;simpl;norm.
+ rewrite ring_opp_opp. reflexivity.
+ Qed.
+
+ Lemma gen_phiZ_mul : forall x y, [x * y] == [x] * [y].
+ Proof.
+ intros x y;repeat rewrite same_genZ.
+ destruct x;destruct y;simpl;norm;
+ rewrite ARgen_phiPOS_mult;try (norm;fail).
+ rewrite ring_opp_opp ;reflexivity.
+ Qed.
+
+ Lemma gen_phiZ_ext : forall x y : Z, x = y -> [x] == [y].
+ Proof. intros;subst;reflexivity. Qed.
+
+(*proof that [.] satisfies morphism specifications*)
+Global Instance gen_phiZ_morph :
+(@Ring_morphism (Z:Type) R _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zops Zr _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gen_phiZ) . (* beurk!*)
+ apply Build_Ring_morphism; simpl;try reflexivity.
+ apply gen_phiZ_add. intros. rewrite ring_sub_def.
+replace (x-y)%Z with (x + (-y))%Z.
+now rewrite gen_phiZ_add, gen_phiZ_opp, ring_sub_def.
+reflexivity.
+ apply gen_phiZ_mul. apply gen_phiZ_opp. apply gen_phiZ_ext.
+ Defined.
+
+End ZMORPHISM.
+
+Instance multiplication_phi_ring{R:Type}`{Ring R} : Multiplication :=
+ {multiplication x y := (gen_phiZ x) * y}.