using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Numerics; using Microsoft.Boogie; using System.IO; using System.Text; using System; using System.Diagnostics.Contracts; namespace Microsoft.Dafny { public class Parser { public const int _EOF = 0; public const int _ident = 1; public const int _digits = 2; public const int _arrayToken = 3; public const int _string = 4; public const int maxT = 104; const bool T = true; const bool x = false; const int minErrDist = 2; public Scanner/*!*/ scanner; public Errors/*!*/ errors; public Token/*!*/ t; // last recognized token public Token/*!*/ la; // lookahead token int errDist = minErrDist; static List theModules; static BuiltIns theBuiltIns; static Expression/*!*/ dummyExpr = new LiteralExpr(Token.NoToken); static FrameExpression/*!*/ dummyFrameExpr = new FrameExpression(dummyExpr, null); static Statement/*!*/ dummyStmt = new ReturnStmt(Token.NoToken); static Attributes.Argument/*!*/ dummyAttrArg = new Attributes.Argument("dummyAttrArg"); static Scope/*!*/ parseVarScope = new Scope(); static int anonymousIds = 0; struct MemberModifiers { public bool IsGhost; public bool IsStatic; public bool IsUnlimited; } // helper routine for parsing call statements private static void RecordCallLhs(IdentifierExpr/*!*/ e, List/*!*/ lhs, List/*!*/ newVars) { Contract.Requires(e != null); Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(lhs)); Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(newVars)); int index = lhs.Count; lhs.Add(e); if (parseVarScope.Find(e.Name) == null) { AutoVarDecl d = new AutoVarDecl(e.tok, e.Name, new InferredTypeProxy(), index); newVars.Add(d); parseVarScope.Push(e.Name, e.Name); } } // helper routine for parsing call statements private static Expression/*!*/ ConvertToLocal(Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Requires(e != null); Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result() != null); FieldSelectExpr fse = e as FieldSelectExpr; if (fse != null && fse.Obj is ImplicitThisExpr) { return new IdentifierExpr(fse.tok, fse.FieldName); } return e; // cannot convert to IdentifierExpr (or is already an IdentifierExpr) } /// /// Parses top-level things (modules, classes, datatypes, class members) from "filename" /// and appends them in appropriate form to "modules". /// Returns the number of parsing errors encountered. /// Note: first initialize the Scanner. /// public static int Parse (string/*!*/ filename, List/*!*/ modules, BuiltIns builtIns) /* throws System.IO.IOException */ { Contract.Requires(filename != null); Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(modules)); string s; if (filename == "stdin.dfy") { s = Microsoft.Boogie.ParserHelper.Fill(System.Console.In, new List()); return Parse(s, filename, modules, builtIns); } else { using (System.IO.StreamReader reader = new System.IO.StreamReader(filename)) { s = Microsoft.Boogie.ParserHelper.Fill(reader, new List()); return Parse(s, filename, modules, builtIns); } } } /// /// Parses top-level things (modules, classes, datatypes, class members) /// and appends them in appropriate form to "modules". /// Returns the number of parsing errors encountered. /// Note: first initialize the Scanner. /// public static int Parse (string/*!*/ s, string/*!*/ filename, List/*!*/ modules, BuiltIns builtIns) { Contract.Requires(s != null); Contract.Requires(filename != null); Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(modules)); Errors errors = new Errors(); return Parse(s, filename, modules, builtIns, errors); } /// /// Parses top-level things (modules, classes, datatypes, class members) /// and appends them in appropriate form to "modules". /// Returns the number of parsing errors encountered. /// Note: first initialize the Scanner with the given Errors sink. /// public static int Parse (string/*!*/ s, string/*!*/ filename, List/*!*/ modules, BuiltIns builtIns, Errors/*!*/ errors) { Contract.Requires(s != null); Contract.Requires(filename != null); Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(modules)); Contract.Requires(errors != null); List oldModules = theModules; theModules = modules; BuiltIns oldBuiltIns = builtIns; theBuiltIns = builtIns; byte[]/*!*/ buffer = cce.NonNull( UTF8Encoding.Default.GetBytes(s)); MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream(buffer,false); Scanner scanner = new Scanner(ms, errors, filename); Parser parser = new Parser(scanner, errors); parser.Parse(); theModules = oldModules; theBuiltIns = oldBuiltIns; return parser.errors.count; } /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ public Parser(Scanner/*!*/ scanner, Errors/*!*/ errors) { this.scanner = scanner; this.errors = errors; Token/*!*/ tok = new Token(); tok.val = ""; this.la = tok; this.t = new Token(); // just to satisfy its non-null constraint } void SynErr (int n) { if (errDist >= minErrDist) errors.SynErr(la.filename, la.line, la.col, n); errDist = 0; } public void SemErr (string/*!*/ msg) { Contract.Requires(msg != null); if (errDist >= minErrDist) errors.SemErr(t, msg); errDist = 0; } public void SemErr(IToken/*!*/ tok, string/*!*/ msg) { Contract.Requires(tok != null); Contract.Requires(msg != null); errors.SemErr(tok, msg); } void Get () { for (;;) { t = la; la = scanner.Scan(); if (la.kind <= maxT) { ++errDist; break; } la = t; } } void Expect (int n) { if (la.kind==n) Get(); else { SynErr(n); } } bool StartOf (int s) { return set[s, la.kind]; } void ExpectWeak (int n, int follow) { if (la.kind == n) Get(); else { SynErr(n); while (!StartOf(follow)) Get(); } } bool WeakSeparator(int n, int syFol, int repFol) { int kind = la.kind; if (kind == n) {Get(); return true;} else if (StartOf(repFol)) {return false;} else { SynErr(n); while (!(set[syFol, kind] || set[repFol, kind] || set[0, kind])) { Get(); kind = la.kind; } return StartOf(syFol); } } void Dafny() { ClassDecl/*!*/ c; DatatypeDecl/*!*/ dt; Attributes attrs; IToken/*!*/ id; List theImports; List membersDefaultClass = new List(); ModuleDecl module; // to support multiple files, create a default module only if theModules doesn't already contain one DefaultModuleDecl defaultModule = null; foreach (ModuleDecl mdecl in theModules) { defaultModule = mdecl as DefaultModuleDecl; if (defaultModule != null) { break; } } bool defaultModuleCreatedHere = false; if (defaultModule == null) { defaultModuleCreatedHere = true; defaultModule = new DefaultModuleDecl(); } while (StartOf(1)) { if (la.kind == 5) { Get(); attrs = null; theImports = new List(); while (la.kind == 7) { Attribute(ref attrs); } Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 6) { Get(); Idents(theImports); } module = new ModuleDecl(id, id.val, theImports, attrs); Expect(7); module.BodyStartTok = t; while (la.kind == 9 || la.kind == 14) { if (la.kind == 9) { ClassDecl(module, out c); module.TopLevelDecls.Add(c); } else { DatatypeDecl(module, out dt); module.TopLevelDecls.Add(dt); } } Expect(8); module.BodyEndTok = t; theModules.Add(module); } else if (la.kind == 9) { ClassDecl(defaultModule, out c); defaultModule.TopLevelDecls.Add(c); } else if (la.kind == 14) { DatatypeDecl(defaultModule, out dt); defaultModule.TopLevelDecls.Add(dt); } else { ClassMemberDecl(membersDefaultClass); } } if (defaultModuleCreatedHere) { defaultModule.TopLevelDecls.Add(new DefaultClassDecl(defaultModule, membersDefaultClass)); theModules.Add(defaultModule); } else { // find the default class in the default module, then append membersDefaultClass to its member list foreach (TopLevelDecl topleveldecl in defaultModule.TopLevelDecls) { DefaultClassDecl defaultClass = topleveldecl as DefaultClassDecl; if (defaultClass != null) { defaultClass.Members.AddRange(membersDefaultClass); break; } } } Expect(0); } void Attribute(ref Attributes attrs) { Expect(7); AttributeBody(ref attrs); Expect(8); } void Ident(out IToken/*!*/ x) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out x) != null); Expect(1); x = t; } void Idents(List/*!*/ ids) { IToken/*!*/ id; Ident(out id); ids.Add(id.val); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); Ident(out id); ids.Add(id.val); } } void ClassDecl(ModuleDecl/*!*/ module, out ClassDecl/*!*/ c) { Contract.Requires(module != null); Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out c) != null); IToken/*!*/ id; Attributes attrs = null; List typeArgs = new List(); IToken/*!*/ idRefined; IToken optionalId = null; List members = new List(); IToken bodyStart; Expect(9); while (la.kind == 7) { Attribute(ref attrs); } Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 21) { GenericParameters(typeArgs); } if (la.kind == 10) { Get(); Ident(out idRefined); optionalId = idRefined; } Expect(7); bodyStart = t; while (StartOf(2)) { ClassMemberDecl(members); } Expect(8); if (optionalId == null) c = new ClassDecl(id, id.val, module, typeArgs, members, attrs); else c = new ClassRefinementDecl(id, id.val, module, typeArgs, members, attrs, optionalId); c.BodyStartTok = bodyStart; c.BodyEndTok = t; } void DatatypeDecl(ModuleDecl/*!*/ module, out DatatypeDecl/*!*/ dt) { Contract.Requires(module != null); Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out dt)!=null); IToken/*!*/ id; Attributes attrs = null; List typeArgs = new List(); List ctors = new List(); IToken bodyStart; Expect(14); while (la.kind == 7) { Attribute(ref attrs); } Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 21) { GenericParameters(typeArgs); } Expect(7); bodyStart = t; while (la.kind == 1 || la.kind == 7) { DatatypeMemberDecl(ctors); } Expect(8); dt = new DatatypeDecl(id, id.val, module, typeArgs, ctors, attrs); dt.BodyStartTok = bodyStart; dt.BodyEndTok = t; } void ClassMemberDecl(List/*!*/ mm) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(mm)); Method/*!*/ m; Function/*!*/ f; MemberModifiers mmod = new MemberModifiers(); while (la.kind == 11 || la.kind == 12 || la.kind == 13) { if (la.kind == 11) { Get(); mmod.IsGhost = true; } else if (la.kind == 12) { Get(); mmod.IsStatic = true; } else { Get(); mmod.IsUnlimited = true; } } if (la.kind == 16) { FieldDecl(mmod, mm); } else if (la.kind == 37) { FunctionDecl(mmod, out f); mm.Add(f); } else if (la.kind == 10 || la.kind == 23) { MethodDecl(mmod, out m); mm.Add(m); } else if (la.kind == 18) { CouplingInvDecl(mmod, mm); } else SynErr(105); } void GenericParameters(List/*!*/ typeArgs) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(typeArgs)); IToken/*!*/ id; Expect(21); Ident(out id); typeArgs.Add(new TypeParameter(id, id.val)); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); Ident(out id); typeArgs.Add(new TypeParameter(id, id.val)); } Expect(22); } void FieldDecl(MemberModifiers mmod, List/*!*/ mm) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(mm)); Attributes attrs = null; IToken/*!*/ id; Type/*!*/ ty; Expect(16); if (mmod.IsUnlimited) { SemErr(t, "fields cannot be declared 'unlimited'"); } if (mmod.IsStatic) { SemErr(t, "fields cannot be declared 'static'"); } while (la.kind == 7) { Attribute(ref attrs); } IdentType(out id, out ty); mm.Add(new Field(id, id.val, mmod.IsGhost, ty, attrs)); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); IdentType(out id, out ty); mm.Add(new Field(id, id.val, mmod.IsGhost, ty, attrs)); } Expect(15); } void FunctionDecl(MemberModifiers mmod, out Function/*!*/ f) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out f)!=null); Attributes attrs = null; IToken/*!*/ id; List typeArgs = new List(); List formals = new List(); Type/*!*/ returnType; List reqs = new List(); List ens = new List(); List reads = new List(); List decreases = new List(); Expression/*!*/ bb; Expression body = null; bool isFunctionMethod = false; IToken bodyStart = Token.NoToken; IToken bodyEnd = Token.NoToken; Expect(37); if (la.kind == 23) { Get(); isFunctionMethod = true; } if (mmod.IsGhost) { SemErr(t, "functions cannot be declared 'ghost' (they are ghost by default)"); } while (la.kind == 7) { Attribute(ref attrs); } Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 21) { GenericParameters(typeArgs); } parseVarScope.PushMarker(); Formals(true, false, formals); Expect(20); Type(out returnType); if (la.kind == 15) { Get(); while (StartOf(3)) { FunctionSpec(reqs, reads, ens, decreases); } } else if (StartOf(4)) { while (StartOf(3)) { FunctionSpec(reqs, reads, ens, decreases); } FunctionBody(out bb, out bodyStart, out bodyEnd); body = bb; } else SynErr(106); parseVarScope.PopMarker(); f = new Function(id, id.val, mmod.IsStatic, !isFunctionMethod, mmod.IsUnlimited, typeArgs, formals, returnType, reqs, reads, ens, decreases, body, attrs); f.BodyStartTok = bodyStart; f.BodyEndTok = bodyEnd; } void MethodDecl(MemberModifiers mmod, out Method/*!*/ m) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out m) !=null); IToken/*!*/ id; Attributes attrs = null; List/*!*/ typeArgs = new List(); List ins = new List(); List outs = new List(); List req = new List(); List mod = new List(); List ens = new List(); List dec = new List(); Statement/*!*/ bb; BlockStmt body = null; bool isRefinement = false; IToken bodyStart = Token.NoToken; IToken bodyEnd = Token.NoToken; if (la.kind == 23) { Get(); } else if (la.kind == 10) { Get(); isRefinement = true; } else SynErr(107); if (mmod.IsUnlimited) { SemErr(t, "methods cannot be declared 'unlimited'"); } while (la.kind == 7) { Attribute(ref attrs); } Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 21) { GenericParameters(typeArgs); } parseVarScope.PushMarker(); Formals(true, true, ins); if (la.kind == 24) { Get(); Formals(false, true, outs); } if (la.kind == 15) { Get(); while (StartOf(5)) { MethodSpec(req, mod, ens, dec); } } else if (StartOf(6)) { while (StartOf(5)) { MethodSpec(req, mod, ens, dec); } BlockStmt(out bb, out bodyStart, out bodyEnd); body = (BlockStmt)bb; } else SynErr(108); parseVarScope.PopMarker(); if (isRefinement) m = new MethodRefinement(id, id.val, mmod.IsStatic, mmod.IsGhost, typeArgs, ins, outs, req, mod, ens, dec, body, attrs); else m = new Method(id, id.val, mmod.IsStatic, mmod.IsGhost, typeArgs, ins, outs, req, mod, ens, dec, body, attrs); m.BodyStartTok = bodyStart; m.BodyEndTok = bodyEnd; } void CouplingInvDecl(MemberModifiers mmod, List/*!*/ mm) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(mm)); Attributes attrs = null; List ids = new List();; IToken/*!*/ id; Expression/*!*/ e; parseVarScope.PushMarker(); Expect(18); if (mmod.IsUnlimited) { SemErr(t, "coupling invariants cannot be declared 'unlimited'"); } if (mmod.IsStatic) { SemErr(t, "coupling invariants cannot be declared 'static'"); } if (mmod.IsGhost) { SemErr(t, "coupling invariants cannot be declared 'ghost'"); } while (la.kind == 7) { Attribute(ref attrs); } Ident(out id); ids.Add(id); parseVarScope.Push(id.val, id.val); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); Ident(out id); ids.Add(id); parseVarScope.Push(id.val, id.val); } Expect(19); Expression(out e); Expect(15); mm.Add(new CouplingInvariant(ids, e, attrs)); parseVarScope.PopMarker(); } void DatatypeMemberDecl(List/*!*/ ctors) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(ctors)); Attributes attrs = null; IToken/*!*/ id; List typeArgs = new List(); List formals = new List(); while (la.kind == 7) { Attribute(ref attrs); } Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 21) { GenericParameters(typeArgs); } parseVarScope.PushMarker(); if (la.kind == 30) { FormalsOptionalIds(formals); } parseVarScope.PopMarker(); ctors.Add(new DatatypeCtor(id, id.val, typeArgs, formals, attrs)); Expect(15); } void FormalsOptionalIds(List/*!*/ formals) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(formals)); IToken/*!*/ id; Type/*!*/ ty; string/*!*/ name; bool isGhost; Expect(30); if (StartOf(7)) { TypeIdentOptional(out id, out name, out ty, out isGhost); formals.Add(new Formal(id, name, ty, true, isGhost)); parseVarScope.Push(name, name); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); TypeIdentOptional(out id, out name, out ty, out isGhost); formals.Add(new Formal(id, name, ty, true, isGhost)); parseVarScope.Push(name, name); } } Expect(31); } void IdentType(out IToken/*!*/ id, out Type/*!*/ ty) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out id) != null); Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out ty) != null); Ident(out id); Expect(20); Type(out ty); } void Expression(out Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ e0; Expression/*!*/ e1 = dummyExpr; e = dummyExpr; if (la.kind == 52) { Get(); x = t; Expression(out e); Expect(64); Expression(out e0); Expect(53); Expression(out e1); e = new ITEExpr(x, e, e0, e1); } else if (StartOf(8)) { EquivExpression(out e); } else SynErr(109); } void GIdentType(bool allowGhost, out IToken/*!*/ id, out Type/*!*/ ty, out bool isGhost) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out id)!=null); Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out ty)!=null); isGhost = false; if (la.kind == 11) { Get(); if (allowGhost) { isGhost = true; } else { SemErr(t, "formal cannot be declared 'ghost' in this context"); } } IdentType(out id, out ty); } void Type(out Type/*!*/ ty) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out ty) != null); IToken/*!*/ tok; TypeAndToken(out tok, out ty); } void IdentTypeOptional(out BoundVar/*!*/ var) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out var)!=null); IToken/*!*/ id; Type/*!*/ ty; Type optType = null; Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 20) { Get(); Type(out ty); optType = ty; } var = new BoundVar(id, id.val, optType == null ? new InferredTypeProxy() : optType); } void TypeIdentOptional(out IToken/*!*/ id, out string/*!*/ identName, out Type/*!*/ ty, out bool isGhost) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out id)!=null); Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out ty)!=null); Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out identName)!=null); string name = null; isGhost = false; if (la.kind == 11) { Get(); isGhost = true; } TypeAndToken(out id, out ty); if (la.kind == 20) { Get(); UserDefinedType udt = ty as UserDefinedType; if (udt != null && udt.TypeArgs.Count == 0) { name = udt.Name; } else { SemErr(id, "invalid formal-parameter name in datatype constructor"); } Type(out ty); } if (name != null) { identName = name; } else { identName = "#" + anonymousIds++; } } void TypeAndToken(out IToken/*!*/ tok, out Type/*!*/ ty) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out tok)!=null); Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out ty) != null); tok = Token.NoToken; ty = new BoolType(); /*keep compiler happy*/ List/*!*/ gt; if (la.kind == 32) { Get(); tok = t; } else if (la.kind == 33) { Get(); tok = t; ty = new IntType(); } else if (la.kind == 34) { Get(); tok = t; gt = new List(); GenericInstantiation(gt); if (gt.Count != 1) { SemErr("set type expects exactly one type argument"); } ty = new SetType(gt[0]); } else if (la.kind == 35) { Get(); tok = t; gt = new List(); GenericInstantiation(gt); if (gt.Count != 1) { SemErr("seq type expects exactly one type argument"); } ty = new SeqType(gt[0]); } else if (la.kind == 1 || la.kind == 3 || la.kind == 36) { ReferenceType(out tok, out ty); } else SynErr(110); } void Formals(bool incoming, bool allowGhosts, List/*!*/ formals) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(formals)); IToken/*!*/ id; Type/*!*/ ty; bool isGhost; Expect(30); if (la.kind == 1 || la.kind == 11) { GIdentType(allowGhosts, out id, out ty, out isGhost); formals.Add(new Formal(id, id.val, ty, incoming, isGhost)); parseVarScope.Push(id.val, id.val); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); GIdentType(allowGhosts, out id, out ty, out isGhost); formals.Add(new Formal(id, id.val, ty, incoming, isGhost)); parseVarScope.Push(id.val, id.val); } } Expect(31); } void MethodSpec(List/*!*/ req, List/*!*/ mod, List/*!*/ ens, List/*!*/ decreases) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(req)); Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(mod)); Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(ens)); Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(decreases)); Expression/*!*/ e; FrameExpression/*!*/ fe; bool isFree = false; if (la.kind == 25) { Get(); if (StartOf(9)) { FrameExpression(out fe); mod.Add(fe); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); FrameExpression(out fe); mod.Add(fe); } } Expect(15); } else if (la.kind == 26 || la.kind == 27 || la.kind == 28) { if (la.kind == 26) { Get(); isFree = true; } if (la.kind == 27) { Get(); Expression(out e); Expect(15); req.Add(new MaybeFreeExpression(e, isFree)); } else if (la.kind == 28) { Get(); Expression(out e); Expect(15); ens.Add(new MaybeFreeExpression(e, isFree)); } else SynErr(111); } else if (la.kind == 29) { Get(); Expressions(decreases); Expect(15); } else SynErr(112); } void BlockStmt(out Statement/*!*/ block, out IToken bodyStart, out IToken bodyEnd) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out block) != null); List body = new List(); parseVarScope.PushMarker(); Expect(7); bodyStart = t; while (StartOf(10)) { Stmt(body); } Expect(8); bodyEnd = t; block = new BlockStmt(bodyStart, body); parseVarScope.PopMarker(); } void FrameExpression(out FrameExpression/*!*/ fe) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out fe) != null); Expression/*!*/ e; IToken/*!*/ id; string fieldName = null; Expression(out e); if (la.kind == 40) { Get(); Ident(out id); fieldName = id.val; } fe = new FrameExpression(e, fieldName); } void Expressions(List/*!*/ args) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(args)); Expression/*!*/ e; Expression(out e); args.Add(e); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); Expression(out e); args.Add(e); } } void GenericInstantiation(List/*!*/ gt) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(gt)); Type/*!*/ ty; Expect(21); Type(out ty); gt.Add(ty); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); Type(out ty); gt.Add(ty); } Expect(22); } void ReferenceType(out IToken/*!*/ tok, out Type/*!*/ ty) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out tok) != null); Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out ty) != null); tok = Token.NoToken; ty = new BoolType(); /*keep compiler happy*/ List/*!*/ gt; if (la.kind == 36) { Get(); tok = t; ty = new ObjectType(); } else if (la.kind == 3) { Get(); tok = t; gt = new List(); GenericInstantiation(gt); if (gt.Count != 1) { SemErr("array type expects exactly one type argument"); } int dims = 1; if (tok.val.Length != 5) { dims = int.Parse(tok.val.Substring(5)); } ty = theBuiltIns.ArrayType(dims, gt[0], true); } else if (la.kind == 1) { Ident(out tok); gt = new List(); if (la.kind == 21) { GenericInstantiation(gt); } ty = new UserDefinedType(tok, tok.val, gt); } else SynErr(113); } void FunctionSpec(List/*!*/ reqs, List/*!*/ reads, List/*!*/ ens, List/*!*/ decreases) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(reqs)); Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(reads)); Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(decreases)); Expression/*!*/ e; FrameExpression/*!*/ fe; if (la.kind == 27) { Get(); Expression(out e); Expect(15); reqs.Add(e); } else if (la.kind == 38) { Get(); if (StartOf(11)) { PossiblyWildFrameExpression(out fe); reads.Add(fe); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); PossiblyWildFrameExpression(out fe); reads.Add(fe); } } Expect(15); } else if (la.kind == 28) { Get(); Expression(out e); Expect(15); ens.Add(e); } else if (la.kind == 29) { Get(); Expressions(decreases); Expect(15); } else SynErr(114); } void FunctionBody(out Expression/*!*/ e, out IToken bodyStart, out IToken bodyEnd) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e) != null); e = dummyExpr; Expect(7); bodyStart = t; if (la.kind == 41) { MatchExpression(out e); } else if (StartOf(9)) { Expression(out e); } else SynErr(115); Expect(8); bodyEnd = t; } void PossiblyWildFrameExpression(out FrameExpression/*!*/ fe) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out fe) != null); fe = dummyFrameExpr; if (la.kind == 39) { Get(); fe = new FrameExpression(new WildcardExpr(t), null); } else if (StartOf(9)) { FrameExpression(out fe); } else SynErr(116); } void PossiblyWildExpression(out Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e)!=null); e = dummyExpr; if (la.kind == 39) { Get(); e = new WildcardExpr(t); } else if (StartOf(9)) { Expression(out e); } else SynErr(117); } void MatchExpression(out Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; MatchCaseExpr/*!*/ c; List cases = new List(); Expect(41); x = t; Expression(out e); while (la.kind == 42) { CaseExpression(out c); cases.Add(c); } e = new MatchExpr(x, e, cases); } void CaseExpression(out MatchCaseExpr/*!*/ c) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out c) != null); IToken/*!*/ x, id, arg; List arguments = new List(); Expression/*!*/ body; Expect(42); x = t; parseVarScope.PushMarker(); Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 30) { Get(); Ident(out arg); arguments.Add(new BoundVar(arg, arg.val, new InferredTypeProxy())); parseVarScope.Push(arg.val, arg.val); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); Ident(out arg); arguments.Add(new BoundVar(arg, arg.val, new InferredTypeProxy())); parseVarScope.Push(arg.val, arg.val); } Expect(31); } Expect(43); MatchOrExpr(out body); c = new MatchCaseExpr(x, id.val, arguments, body); parseVarScope.PopMarker(); } void MatchOrExpr(out Expression/*!*/ e) { e = dummyExpr; if (la.kind == 30) { Get(); MatchOrExpr(out e); Expect(31); } else if (la.kind == 41) { MatchExpression(out e); } else if (StartOf(9)) { Expression(out e); } else SynErr(118); } void Stmt(List/*!*/ ss) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(ss)); Statement/*!*/ s; IToken bodyStart, bodyEnd; while (la.kind == 7) { BlockStmt(out s, out bodyStart, out bodyEnd); ss.Add(s); } if (StartOf(12)) { OneStmt(out s); ss.Add(s); } else if (la.kind == 11 || la.kind == 16) { VarDeclStmts(ss); } else SynErr(119); } void OneStmt(out Statement/*!*/ s) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out s) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; IToken/*!*/ id; string label = null; s = dummyStmt; /* to please the compiler */ switch (la.kind) { case 60: { AssertStmt(out s); break; } case 61: { AssumeStmt(out s); break; } case 62: { UseStmt(out s); break; } case 63: { PrintStmt(out s); break; } case 1: case 30: case 96: case 97: { AssignStmt(out s); break; } case 51: { HavocStmt(out s); break; } case 56: { CallStmt(out s); break; } case 52: { IfStmt(out s); break; } case 54: { WhileStmt(out s); break; } case 41: { MatchStmt(out s); break; } case 57: { ForeachStmt(out s); break; } case 44: { Get(); x = t; Ident(out id); Expect(20); s = new LabelStmt(x, id.val); break; } case 45: { Get(); x = t; if (la.kind == 1) { Ident(out id); label = id.val; } Expect(15); s = new BreakStmt(x, label); break; } case 46: { Get(); x = t; Expect(15); s = new ReturnStmt(x); break; } default: SynErr(120); break; } } void VarDeclStmts(List/*!*/ ss) { Contract.Requires(cce.NonNullElements(ss)); VarDecl/*!*/ d; bool isGhost = false; if (la.kind == 11) { Get(); isGhost = true; } Expect(16); IdentTypeRhs(out d, isGhost); ss.Add(d); parseVarScope.Push(d.Name, d.Name); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); IdentTypeRhs(out d, isGhost); ss.Add(d); parseVarScope.Push(d.Name, d.Name); } Expect(15); } void AssertStmt(out Statement/*!*/ s) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out s) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ e; Expect(60); x = t; Expression(out e); Expect(15); s = new AssertStmt(x, e); } void AssumeStmt(out Statement/*!*/ s) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out s) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ e; Expect(61); x = t; Expression(out e); Expect(15); s = new AssumeStmt(x, e); } void UseStmt(out Statement/*!*/ s) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out s) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ e; Expect(62); x = t; Expression(out e); Expect(15); s = new UseStmt(x, e); } void PrintStmt(out Statement/*!*/ s) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out s) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Attributes.Argument/*!*/ arg; List args = new List(); Expect(63); x = t; AttributeArg(out arg); args.Add(arg); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); AttributeArg(out arg); args.Add(arg); } Expect(15); s = new PrintStmt(x, args); } void AssignStmt(out Statement/*!*/ s) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out s) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ lhs; List rhs; Type ty; s = dummyStmt; LhsExpr(out lhs); Expect(47); x = t; AssignRhs(out rhs, out ty); if (ty == null) { Contract.Assert(rhs != null); Contract.Assert(rhs.Count == 1); s = new AssignStmt(x, lhs, rhs[0]); } else if (rhs == null) { s = new AssignStmt(x, lhs, ty); } else { s = new AssignStmt(x, lhs, ty, rhs); } Expect(15); } void HavocStmt(out Statement/*!*/ s) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out s) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ lhs; Expect(51); x = t; LhsExpr(out lhs); Expect(15); s = new AssignStmt(x, lhs); } void CallStmt(out Statement/*!*/ s) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out s) != null); IToken/*!*/ x, id; Expression/*!*/ e; List lhs = new List(); List newVars = new List(); Expect(56); x = t; CallStmtSubExpr(out e); if (la.kind == 17 || la.kind == 47) { if (la.kind == 17) { Get(); e = ConvertToLocal(e); if (e is IdentifierExpr) { RecordCallLhs((IdentifierExpr)e, lhs, newVars); } else if (e is FieldSelectExpr) { SemErr(e.tok, "each LHS of call statement must be a variable, not a field"); } else { SemErr(e.tok, "each LHS of call statement must be a variable"); } Ident(out id); RecordCallLhs(new IdentifierExpr(id, id.val), lhs, newVars); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); Ident(out id); RecordCallLhs(new IdentifierExpr(id, id.val), lhs, newVars); } Expect(47); CallStmtSubExpr(out e); } else { Get(); e = ConvertToLocal(e); if (e is IdentifierExpr) { RecordCallLhs((IdentifierExpr)e, lhs, newVars); } else if (e is FieldSelectExpr) { SemErr(e.tok, "each LHS of call statement must be a variable, not a field"); } else { SemErr(e.tok, "each LHS of call statement must be a variable"); } CallStmtSubExpr(out e); } } Expect(15); if (e is FunctionCallExpr) { FunctionCallExpr fce = (FunctionCallExpr)e; s = new CallStmt(x, newVars, lhs, fce.Receiver, fce.Name, fce.Args); // this actually does an ownership transfer of fce.Args } else { SemErr("RHS of call statement must denote a method invocation"); s = new CallStmt(x, newVars, lhs, dummyExpr, "dummyMethodName", new List()); } } void IfStmt(out Statement/*!*/ ifStmt) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out ifStmt) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression guard; Statement/*!*/ thn; Statement/*!*/ s; Statement els = null; IToken bodyStart, bodyEnd; Expect(52); x = t; Guard(out guard); BlockStmt(out thn, out bodyStart, out bodyEnd); if (la.kind == 53) { Get(); if (la.kind == 52) { IfStmt(out s); els = s; } else if (la.kind == 7) { BlockStmt(out s, out bodyStart, out bodyEnd); els = s; } else SynErr(121); } ifStmt = new IfStmt(x, guard, thn, els); } void WhileStmt(out Statement/*!*/ stmt) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out stmt) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression guard; bool isFree; Expression/*!*/ e; List invariants = new List(); List decreases = new List(); Statement/*!*/ body; IToken bodyStart, bodyEnd; Expect(54); x = t; Guard(out guard); Contract.Assume(guard == null || cce.Owner.None(guard)); while (la.kind == 26 || la.kind == 29 || la.kind == 55) { if (la.kind == 26 || la.kind == 55) { isFree = false; if (la.kind == 26) { Get(); isFree = true; } Expect(55); Expression(out e); invariants.Add(new MaybeFreeExpression(e, isFree)); Expect(15); } else { Get(); PossiblyWildExpression(out e); decreases.Add(e); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); PossiblyWildExpression(out e); decreases.Add(e); } Expect(15); } } BlockStmt(out body, out bodyStart, out bodyEnd); stmt = new WhileStmt(x, guard, invariants, decreases, body); } void MatchStmt(out Statement/*!*/ s) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out s) != null); Token x; Expression/*!*/ e; MatchCaseStmt/*!*/ c; List cases = new List(); Expect(41); x = t; Expression(out e); Expect(7); while (la.kind == 42) { CaseStatement(out c); cases.Add(c); } Expect(8); s = new MatchStmt(x, e, cases); } void ForeachStmt(out Statement/*!*/ s) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out s) != null); IToken/*!*/ x, boundVar; Type/*!*/ ty; Expression/*!*/ collection; Expression/*!*/ range; List bodyPrefix = new List(); AssignStmt bodyAssign = null; parseVarScope.PushMarker(); Expect(57); x = t; range = new LiteralExpr(x, true); ty = new InferredTypeProxy(); Expect(30); Ident(out boundVar); if (la.kind == 20) { Get(); Type(out ty); } Expect(58); Expression(out collection); parseVarScope.Push(boundVar.val, boundVar.val); if (la.kind == 59) { Get(); Expression(out range); } Expect(31); Expect(7); while (la.kind == 60 || la.kind == 61 || la.kind == 62) { if (la.kind == 60) { AssertStmt(out s); if (s is PredicateStmt) { bodyPrefix.Add((PredicateStmt)s); } } else if (la.kind == 61) { AssumeStmt(out s); if (s is PredicateStmt) { bodyPrefix.Add((PredicateStmt)s); } } else { UseStmt(out s); if (s is PredicateStmt) { bodyPrefix.Add((PredicateStmt)s); } } } if (StartOf(13)) { AssignStmt(out s); if (s is AssignStmt) { bodyAssign = (AssignStmt)s; } } else if (la.kind == 51) { HavocStmt(out s); if (s is AssignStmt) { bodyAssign = (AssignStmt)s; } } else SynErr(122); Expect(8); if (bodyAssign != null) { s = new ForeachStmt(x, new BoundVar(boundVar, boundVar.val, ty), collection, range, bodyPrefix, bodyAssign); } else { s = dummyStmt; // some error occurred in parsing the bodyAssign } parseVarScope.PopMarker(); } void LhsExpr(out Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e)!=null); SelectExpression(out e); } void AssignRhs(out List ee, out Type ty) { IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ e; ee = null; ty = null; if (la.kind == 48) { Get(); TypeAndToken(out x, out ty); if (la.kind == 49) { Get(); Expression(out e); ee = new List(); ee.Add(e); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); Expression(out e); ee.Add(e); } Expect(50); UserDefinedType tmp = theBuiltIns.ArrayType(ee.Count, new IntType(), true); } } else if (StartOf(9)) { Expression(out e); ee = new List(); ee.Add(e); } else SynErr(123); if (ee == null && ty == null) { ee = new List(); ee.Add(dummyExpr); } } void SelectExpression(out Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e) != null); e = dummyExpr; if (la.kind == 1) { IdentOrFuncExpression(out e); } else if (la.kind == 30 || la.kind == 96 || la.kind == 97) { ObjectExpression(out e); } else SynErr(124); while (la.kind == 49 || la.kind == 92) { SelectOrCallSuffix(ref e); } } void IdentTypeRhs(out VarDecl/*!*/ d, bool isGhost) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out d) != null); IToken/*!*/ id; Type/*!*/ ty; List rhs = null; Type newType = null; Type optionalType = null; DeterminedAssignmentRhs optionalRhs = null; Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 20) { Get(); Type(out ty); optionalType = ty; } if (la.kind == 47) { Get(); AssignRhs(out rhs, out newType); } if (newType == null && rhs != null) { Contract.Assert(rhs.Count == 1); optionalRhs = new ExprRhs(rhs[0]); } else if (newType != null) { if (rhs == null) { optionalRhs = new TypeRhs(newType); } else { optionalRhs = new TypeRhs(newType, rhs); } } else if (optionalType == null) { optionalType = new InferredTypeProxy(); } d = new VarDecl(id, id.val, optionalType, isGhost, optionalRhs); } void Guard(out Expression e) { Expression/*!*/ ee; e = null; Expect(30); if (la.kind == 39) { Get(); e = null; } else if (StartOf(9)) { Expression(out ee); e = ee; } else SynErr(125); Expect(31); } void CaseStatement(out MatchCaseStmt/*!*/ c) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out c) != null); IToken/*!*/ x, id, arg; List arguments = new List(); List body = new List(); Expect(42); x = t; parseVarScope.PushMarker(); Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 30) { Get(); Ident(out arg); arguments.Add(new BoundVar(arg, arg.val, new InferredTypeProxy())); parseVarScope.Push(arg.val, arg.val); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); Ident(out arg); arguments.Add(new BoundVar(arg, arg.val, new InferredTypeProxy())); parseVarScope.Push(arg.val, arg.val); } Expect(31); } Expect(43); parseVarScope.PushMarker(); while (StartOf(10)) { Stmt(body); } parseVarScope.PopMarker(); c = new MatchCaseStmt(x, id.val, arguments, body); parseVarScope.PopMarker(); } void CallStmtSubExpr(out Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e) != null); e = dummyExpr; if (la.kind == 1) { IdentOrFuncExpression(out e); } else if (la.kind == 30 || la.kind == 96 || la.kind == 97) { ObjectExpression(out e); SelectOrCallSuffix(ref e); } else SynErr(126); while (la.kind == 49 || la.kind == 92) { SelectOrCallSuffix(ref e); } } void AttributeArg(out Attributes.Argument/*!*/ arg) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out arg) != null); Expression/*!*/ e; arg = dummyAttrArg; if (la.kind == 4) { Get(); arg = new Attributes.Argument(t.val.Substring(1, t.val.Length-2)); } else if (StartOf(9)) { Expression(out e); arg = new Attributes.Argument(e); } else SynErr(127); } void EquivExpression(out Expression/*!*/ e0) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e0) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ e1; ImpliesExpression(out e0); while (la.kind == 65 || la.kind == 66) { EquivOp(); x = t; ImpliesExpression(out e1); e0 = new BinaryExpr(x, BinaryExpr.Opcode.Iff, e0, e1); } } void ImpliesExpression(out Expression/*!*/ e0) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e0) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ e1; LogicalExpression(out e0); if (la.kind == 67 || la.kind == 68) { ImpliesOp(); x = t; ImpliesExpression(out e1); e0 = new BinaryExpr(x, BinaryExpr.Opcode.Imp, e0, e1); } } void EquivOp() { if (la.kind == 65) { Get(); } else if (la.kind == 66) { Get(); } else SynErr(128); } void LogicalExpression(out Expression/*!*/ e0) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e0) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ e1; RelationalExpression(out e0); if (StartOf(14)) { if (la.kind == 69 || la.kind == 70) { AndOp(); x = t; RelationalExpression(out e1); e0 = new BinaryExpr(x, BinaryExpr.Opcode.And, e0, e1); while (la.kind == 69 || la.kind == 70) { AndOp(); x = t; RelationalExpression(out e1); e0 = new BinaryExpr(x, BinaryExpr.Opcode.And, e0, e1); } } else { OrOp(); x = t; RelationalExpression(out e1); e0 = new BinaryExpr(x, BinaryExpr.Opcode.Or, e0, e1); while (la.kind == 71 || la.kind == 72) { OrOp(); x = t; RelationalExpression(out e1); e0 = new BinaryExpr(x, BinaryExpr.Opcode.Or, e0, e1); } } } } void ImpliesOp() { if (la.kind == 67) { Get(); } else if (la.kind == 68) { Get(); } else SynErr(129); } void RelationalExpression(out Expression/*!*/ e0) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e0) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ e1; BinaryExpr.Opcode op; Term(out e0); if (StartOf(15)) { RelOp(out x, out op); Term(out e1); e0 = new BinaryExpr(x, op, e0, e1); } } void AndOp() { if (la.kind == 69) { Get(); } else if (la.kind == 70) { Get(); } else SynErr(130); } void OrOp() { if (la.kind == 71) { Get(); } else if (la.kind == 72) { Get(); } else SynErr(131); } void Term(out Expression/*!*/ e0) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e0) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ e1; BinaryExpr.Opcode op; Factor(out e0); while (la.kind == 82 || la.kind == 83) { AddOp(out x, out op); Factor(out e1); e0 = new BinaryExpr(x, op, e0, e1); } } void RelOp(out IToken/*!*/ x, out BinaryExpr.Opcode op) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out x) != null); x = Token.NoToken; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Add/*(dummy)*/; switch (la.kind) { case 73: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Eq; break; } case 21: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Lt; break; } case 22: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Gt; break; } case 74: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Le; break; } case 75: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Ge; break; } case 76: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Neq; break; } case 77: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Disjoint; break; } case 58: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.In; break; } case 78: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.NotIn; break; } case 79: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Neq; break; } case 80: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Le; break; } case 81: { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Ge; break; } default: SynErr(132); break; } } void Factor(out Expression/*!*/ e0) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e0) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; Expression/*!*/ e1; BinaryExpr.Opcode op; UnaryExpression(out e0); while (la.kind == 39 || la.kind == 84 || la.kind == 85) { MulOp(out x, out op); UnaryExpression(out e1); e0 = new BinaryExpr(x, op, e0, e1); } } void AddOp(out IToken/*!*/ x, out BinaryExpr.Opcode op) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out x) != null); x = Token.NoToken; op=BinaryExpr.Opcode.Add/*(dummy)*/; if (la.kind == 82) { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Add; } else if (la.kind == 83) { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Sub; } else SynErr(133); } void UnaryExpression(out Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; e = dummyExpr; if (la.kind == 83) { Get(); x = t; UnaryExpression(out e); e = new BinaryExpr(x, BinaryExpr.Opcode.Sub, new LiteralExpr(x, 0), e); } else if (la.kind == 86 || la.kind == 87) { NegOp(); x = t; UnaryExpression(out e); e = new UnaryExpr(x, UnaryExpr.Opcode.Not, e); } else if (StartOf(13)) { SelectExpression(out e); } else if (StartOf(16)) { ConstAtomExpression(out e); } else SynErr(134); } void MulOp(out IToken/*!*/ x, out BinaryExpr.Opcode op) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out x) != null); x = Token.NoToken; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Add/*(dummy)*/; if (la.kind == 39) { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Mul; } else if (la.kind == 84) { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Div; } else if (la.kind == 85) { Get(); x = t; op = BinaryExpr.Opcode.Mod; } else SynErr(135); } void NegOp() { if (la.kind == 86) { Get(); } else if (la.kind == 87) { Get(); } else SynErr(136); } void ConstAtomExpression(out Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e) != null); IToken/*!*/ x, dtName, id; BigInteger n; List/*!*/ elements; e = dummyExpr; switch (la.kind) { case 88: { Get(); e = new LiteralExpr(t, false); break; } case 89: { Get(); e = new LiteralExpr(t, true); break; } case 90: { Get(); e = new LiteralExpr(t); break; } case 2: { Nat(out n); e = new LiteralExpr(t, n); break; } case 91: { Get(); x = t; Ident(out dtName); Expect(92); Ident(out id); elements = new List(); if (la.kind == 30) { Get(); if (StartOf(9)) { Expressions(elements); } Expect(31); } e = new DatatypeValue(t, dtName.val, id.val, elements); break; } case 93: { Get(); x = t; Expect(30); Expression(out e); Expect(31); e = new FreshExpr(x, e); break; } case 94: { Get(); x = t; Expect(30); Expression(out e); Expect(31); e = new AllocatedExpr(x, e); break; } case 59: { Get(); x = t; Expression(out e); e = new UnaryExpr(x, UnaryExpr.Opcode.SeqLength, e); Expect(59); break; } case 7: { Get(); x = t; elements = new List(); if (StartOf(9)) { Expressions(elements); } e = new SetDisplayExpr(x, elements); Expect(8); break; } case 49: { Get(); x = t; elements = new List(); if (StartOf(9)) { Expressions(elements); } e = new SeqDisplayExpr(x, elements); Expect(50); break; } default: SynErr(137); break; } } void Nat(out BigInteger n) { Expect(2); try { n = BigInteger.Parse(t.val); } catch (System.FormatException) { SemErr("incorrectly formatted number"); n = BigInteger.Zero; } } void IdentOrFuncExpression(out Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e) != null); IToken/*!*/ id; e = dummyExpr; List/*!*/ args; Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 30) { Get(); args = new List(); if (StartOf(9)) { Expressions(args); } Expect(31); e = new FunctionCallExpr(id, id.val, new ImplicitThisExpr(id), args); } if (e == dummyExpr) { if (parseVarScope.Find(id.val) != null) { e = new IdentifierExpr(id, id.val); } else { e = new FieldSelectExpr(id, new ImplicitThisExpr(id), id.val); } } } void ObjectExpression(out Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out e) != null); IToken/*!*/ x; e = dummyExpr; if (la.kind == 96) { Get(); e = new ThisExpr(t); } else if (la.kind == 97) { Get(); x = t; Expect(30); Expression(out e); Expect(31); e = new OldExpr(x, e); } else if (la.kind == 30) { Get(); if (StartOf(17)) { QuantifierGuts(out e); } else if (StartOf(9)) { Expression(out e); } else SynErr(138); Expect(31); } else SynErr(139); } void SelectOrCallSuffix(ref Expression/*!*/ e) { Contract.Requires(e != null); Contract.Ensures(e!=null); IToken/*!*/ id, x; List/*!*/ args; Expression e0 = null; Expression e1 = null; Expression/*!*/ ee; bool anyDots = false; List multipleIndices = null; bool func = false; if (la.kind == 92) { Get(); Ident(out id); if (la.kind == 30) { Get(); args = new List(); func = true; if (StartOf(9)) { Expressions(args); } Expect(31); e = new FunctionCallExpr(id, id.val, e, args); } if (!func) { e = new FieldSelectExpr(id, e, id.val); } } else if (la.kind == 49) { Get(); x = t; if (StartOf(9)) { Expression(out ee); e0 = ee; if (la.kind == 95) { Get(); anyDots = true; if (StartOf(9)) { Expression(out ee); e1 = ee; } } else if (la.kind == 47) { Get(); Expression(out ee); e1 = ee; } else if (la.kind == 17 || la.kind == 50) { while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); Expression(out ee); if (multipleIndices == null) { multipleIndices = new List(); multipleIndices.Add(e0); } multipleIndices.Add(ee); } } else SynErr(140); } else if (la.kind == 95) { Get(); Expression(out ee); anyDots = true; e1 = ee; } else SynErr(141); if (multipleIndices != null) { e = new MultiSelectExpr(x, e, multipleIndices); } else { if (!anyDots && e0 == null) { /* a parsing error occurred */ e0 = dummyExpr; } Contract.Assert(anyDots || e0 != null); if (anyDots) { Contract.Assert(e0 != null || e1 != null); e = new SeqSelectExpr(x, false, e, e0, e1); } else if (e1 == null) { Contract.Assert(e0 != null); e = new SeqSelectExpr(x, true, e, e0, null); } else { Contract.Assert(e0 != null); e = new SeqUpdateExpr(x, e, e0, e1); } } Expect(50); } else SynErr(142); } void QuantifierGuts(out Expression/*!*/ q) { Contract.Ensures(Contract.ValueAtReturn(out q) != null); IToken/*!*/ x = Token.NoToken; bool univ = false; BoundVar/*!*/ bv; List bvars = new List(); Attributes attrs = null; Triggers trigs = null; Expression/*!*/ body; if (la.kind == 98 || la.kind == 99) { Forall(); x = t; univ = true; } else if (la.kind == 100 || la.kind == 101) { Exists(); x = t; } else SynErr(143); parseVarScope.PushMarker(); IdentTypeOptional(out bv); bvars.Add(bv); parseVarScope.Push(bv.Name, bv.Name); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); IdentTypeOptional(out bv); bvars.Add(bv); parseVarScope.Push(bv.Name, bv.Name); } while (la.kind == 7) { AttributeOrTrigger(ref attrs, ref trigs); } QSep(); Expression(out body); if (univ) { q = new ForallExpr(x, bvars, body, trigs, attrs); } else { q = new ExistsExpr(x, bvars, body, trigs, attrs); } parseVarScope.PopMarker(); } void Forall() { if (la.kind == 98) { Get(); } else if (la.kind == 99) { Get(); } else SynErr(144); } void Exists() { if (la.kind == 100) { Get(); } else if (la.kind == 101) { Get(); } else SynErr(145); } void AttributeOrTrigger(ref Attributes attrs, ref Triggers trigs) { List es = new List(); Expect(7); if (la.kind == 20) { AttributeBody(ref attrs); } else if (StartOf(9)) { es = new List(); Expressions(es); trigs = new Triggers(es, trigs); } else SynErr(146); Expect(8); } void QSep() { if (la.kind == 102) { Get(); } else if (la.kind == 103) { Get(); } else SynErr(147); } void AttributeBody(ref Attributes attrs) { string aName; List aArgs = new List(); Attributes.Argument/*!*/ aArg; Expect(20); Expect(1); aName = t.val; if (StartOf(18)) { AttributeArg(out aArg); aArgs.Add(aArg); while (la.kind == 17) { Get(); AttributeArg(out aArg); aArgs.Add(aArg); } } attrs = new Attributes(aName, aArgs, attrs); } public void Parse() { la = new Token(); la.val = ""; Get(); Dafny(); Expect(0); } static readonly bool[,]/*!*/ set = { {T,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,x,x,x, x,T,x,x, x,T,T,T, T,T,T,x, T,x,T,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,T, T,T,x,x, T,x,T,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,T,T, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,T,T, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,T,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, T,T,T,T, T,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,T,T,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,T,T, T,T,T,T, x,T,T,x, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,T,T,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,x,x, T,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,T,T, T,T,T,T, x,T,T,x, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,T,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, T,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,x,x, T,T,T,x, x,x,x,T, T,x,T,x, T,T,x,x, T,T,T,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,T,T,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,x,x, T,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,T,T, T,T,T,T, x,T,T,x, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,x,x, T,T,T,x, x,x,x,T, T,x,T,x, T,T,x,x, T,T,T,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,T,T, T,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,T,T, T,T,T,T, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,x,T,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, T,T,T,T, x,T,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x}, {x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,T, T,T,x,x, x,x}, {x,T,T,x, T,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,T,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,T,x,x, T,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x,x,T, x,x,T,T, T,T,T,T, x,T,T,x, T,T,x,x, x,x,x,x, x,x} }; } // end Parser public class Errors { public int count = 0; // number of errors detected public System.IO.TextWriter/*!*/ errorStream = Console.Out; // error messages go to this stream public string errMsgFormat = "{0}({1},{2}): error: {3}"; // 0=filename, 1=line, 2=column, 3=text public string warningMsgFormat = "{0}({1},{2}): warning: {3}"; // 0=filename, 1=line, 2=column, 3=text public void SynErr(string filename, int line, int col, int n) { SynErr(filename, line, col, GetSyntaxErrorString(n)); } public virtual void SynErr(string filename, int line, int col, string msg) { Contract.Requires(msg != null); errorStream.WriteLine(errMsgFormat, filename, line, col, msg); count++; } string GetSyntaxErrorString(int n) { string s; switch (n) { case 0: s = "EOF expected"; break; case 1: s = "ident expected"; break; case 2: s = "digits expected"; break; case 3: s = "arrayToken expected"; break; case 4: s = "string expected"; break; case 5: s = "\"module\" expected"; break; case 6: s = "\"imports\" expected"; break; case 7: s = "\"{\" expected"; break; case 8: s = "\"}\" expected"; break; case 9: s = "\"class\" expected"; break; case 10: s = "\"refines\" expected"; break; case 11: s = "\"ghost\" expected"; break; case 12: s = "\"static\" expected"; break; case 13: s = "\"unlimited\" expected"; break; case 14: s = "\"datatype\" expected"; break; case 15: s = "\";\" expected"; break; case 16: s = "\"var\" expected"; break; case 17: s = "\",\" expected"; break; case 18: s = "\"replaces\" expected"; break; case 19: s = "\"by\" expected"; break; case 20: s = "\":\" expected"; break; case 21: s = "\"<\" expected"; break; case 22: s = "\">\" expected"; break; case 23: s = "\"method\" expected"; break; case 24: s = "\"returns\" expected"; break; case 25: s = "\"modifies\" expected"; break; case 26: s = "\"free\" expected"; break; case 27: s = "\"requires\" expected"; break; case 28: s = "\"ensures\" expected"; break; case 29: s = "\"decreases\" expected"; break; case 30: s = "\"(\" expected"; break; case 31: s = "\")\" expected"; break; case 32: s = "\"bool\" expected"; break; case 33: s = "\"int\" expected"; break; case 34: s = "\"set\" expected"; break; case 35: s = "\"seq\" expected"; break; case 36: s = "\"object\" expected"; break; case 37: s = "\"function\" expected"; break; case 38: s = "\"reads\" expected"; break; case 39: s = "\"*\" expected"; break; case 40: s = "\"`\" expected"; break; case 41: s = "\"match\" expected"; break; case 42: s = "\"case\" expected"; break; case 43: s = "\"=>\" expected"; break; case 44: s = "\"label\" expected"; break; case 45: s = "\"break\" expected"; break; case 46: s = "\"return\" expected"; break; case 47: s = "\":=\" expected"; break; case 48: s = "\"new\" expected"; break; case 49: s = "\"[\" expected"; break; case 50: s = "\"]\" expected"; break; case 51: s = "\"havoc\" expected"; break; case 52: s = "\"if\" expected"; break; case 53: s = "\"else\" expected"; break; case 54: s = "\"while\" expected"; break; case 55: s = "\"invariant\" expected"; break; case 56: s = "\"call\" expected"; break; case 57: s = "\"foreach\" expected"; break; case 58: s = "\"in\" expected"; break; case 59: s = "\"|\" expected"; break; case 60: s = "\"assert\" expected"; break; case 61: s = "\"assume\" expected"; break; case 62: s = "\"use\" expected"; break; case 63: s = "\"print\" expected"; break; case 64: s = "\"then\" expected"; break; case 65: s = "\"<==>\" expected"; break; case 66: s = "\"\\u21d4\" expected"; break; case 67: s = "\"==>\" expected"; break; case 68: s = "\"\\u21d2\" expected"; break; case 69: s = "\"&&\" expected"; break; case 70: s = "\"\\u2227\" expected"; break; case 71: s = "\"||\" expected"; break; case 72: s = "\"\\u2228\" expected"; break; case 73: s = "\"==\" expected"; break; case 74: s = "\"<=\" expected"; break; case 75: s = "\">=\" expected"; break; case 76: s = "\"!=\" expected"; break; case 77: s = "\"!!\" expected"; break; case 78: s = "\"!in\" expected"; break; case 79: s = "\"\\u2260\" expected"; break; case 80: s = "\"\\u2264\" expected"; break; case 81: s = "\"\\u2265\" expected"; break; case 82: s = "\"+\" expected"; break; case 83: s = "\"-\" expected"; break; case 84: s = "\"/\" expected"; break; case 85: s = "\"%\" expected"; break; case 86: s = "\"!\" expected"; break; case 87: s = "\"\\u00ac\" expected"; break; case 88: s = "\"false\" expected"; break; case 89: s = "\"true\" expected"; break; case 90: s = "\"null\" expected"; break; case 91: s = "\"#\" expected"; break; case 92: s = "\".\" expected"; break; case 93: s = "\"fresh\" expected"; break; case 94: s = "\"allocated\" expected"; break; case 95: s = "\"..\" expected"; break; case 96: s = "\"this\" expected"; break; case 97: s = "\"old\" expected"; break; case 98: s = "\"forall\" expected"; break; case 99: s = "\"\\u2200\" expected"; break; case 100: s = "\"exists\" expected"; break; case 101: s = "\"\\u2203\" expected"; break; case 102: s = "\"::\" expected"; break; case 103: s = "\"\\u2022\" expected"; break; case 104: s = "??? expected"; break; case 105: s = "invalid ClassMemberDecl"; break; case 106: s = "invalid FunctionDecl"; break; case 107: s = "invalid MethodDecl"; break; case 108: s = "invalid MethodDecl"; break; case 109: s = "invalid Expression"; break; case 110: s = "invalid TypeAndToken"; break; case 111: s = "invalid MethodSpec"; break; case 112: s = "invalid MethodSpec"; break; case 113: s = "invalid ReferenceType"; break; case 114: s = "invalid FunctionSpec"; break; case 115: s = "invalid FunctionBody"; break; case 116: s = "invalid PossiblyWildFrameExpression"; break; case 117: s = "invalid PossiblyWildExpression"; break; case 118: s = "invalid MatchOrExpr"; break; case 119: s = "invalid Stmt"; break; case 120: s = "invalid OneStmt"; break; case 121: s = "invalid IfStmt"; break; case 122: s = "invalid ForeachStmt"; break; case 123: s = "invalid AssignRhs"; break; case 124: s = "invalid SelectExpression"; break; case 125: s = "invalid Guard"; break; case 126: s = "invalid CallStmtSubExpr"; break; case 127: s = "invalid AttributeArg"; break; case 128: s = "invalid EquivOp"; break; case 129: s = "invalid ImpliesOp"; break; case 130: s = "invalid AndOp"; break; case 131: s = "invalid OrOp"; break; case 132: s = "invalid RelOp"; break; case 133: s = "invalid AddOp"; break; case 134: s = "invalid UnaryExpression"; break; case 135: s = "invalid MulOp"; break; case 136: s = "invalid NegOp"; break; case 137: s = "invalid ConstAtomExpression"; break; case 138: s = "invalid ObjectExpression"; break; case 139: s = "invalid ObjectExpression"; break; case 140: s = "invalid SelectOrCallSuffix"; break; case 141: s = "invalid SelectOrCallSuffix"; break; case 142: s = "invalid SelectOrCallSuffix"; break; case 143: s = "invalid QuantifierGuts"; break; case 144: s = "invalid Forall"; break; case 145: s = "invalid Exists"; break; case 146: s = "invalid AttributeOrTrigger"; break; case 147: s = "invalid QSep"; break; default: s = "error " + n; break; } return s; } public void SemErr(IToken/*!*/ tok, string/*!*/ msg) { // semantic errors Contract.Requires(tok != null); Contract.Requires(msg != null); SemErr(tok.filename, tok.line, tok.col, msg); } public virtual void SemErr(string filename, int line, int col, string/*!*/ msg) { Contract.Requires(msg != null); errorStream.WriteLine(errMsgFormat, filename, line, col, msg); count++; } public virtual void Warning(string filename, int line, int col, string msg) { Contract.Requires(msg != null); errorStream.WriteLine(warningMsgFormat, filename, line, col, msg); } } // Errors public class FatalError: Exception { public FatalError(string m): base(m) {} } }