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+// Copyright 2018 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/strings/internal/memutil.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+#include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
+#include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
+
+// We fill the haystack with aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa...aaaab.
+// That gives us:
+// - an easy search: 'b'
+// - a medium search: 'ab'. That means every letter is a possible match.
+// - a pathological search: 'aaaaaa.......aaaaab' (half as many a's as haytack)
+// We benchmark case-sensitive and case-insensitive versions of
+// three memmem implementations:
+// - memmem() from memutil.h
+// - search() from STL
+// - memmatch(), a custom implementation using memchr and memcmp.
+// Here are sample results:
+//
+// Run on (12 X 3800 MHz CPU s)
+// CPU Caches:
+// L1 Data 32K (x6)
+// L1 Instruction 32K (x6)
+// L2 Unified 256K (x6)
+// L3 Unified 15360K (x1)
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------
+// Benchmark Time CPU Iterations
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------
+// BM_Memmem 3583 ns 3582 ns 196469 2.59966GB/s
+// BM_MemmemMedium 13743 ns 13742 ns 50901 693.986MB/s
+// BM_MemmemPathological 13695030 ns 13693977 ns 51 713.133kB/s
+// BM_Memcasemem 3299 ns 3299 ns 212942 2.82309GB/s
+// BM_MemcasememMedium 16407 ns 16406 ns 42170 581.309MB/s
+// BM_MemcasememPathological 17267745 ns 17266030 ns 41 565.598kB/s
+// BM_Search 1610 ns 1609 ns 431321 5.78672GB/s
+// BM_SearchMedium 11111 ns 11110 ns 63001 858.414MB/s
+// BM_SearchPathological 12117390 ns 12116397 ns 58 805.984kB/s
+// BM_Searchcase 3081 ns 3081 ns 229949 3.02313GB/s
+// BM_SearchcaseMedium 16003 ns 16001 ns 44170 595.998MB/s
+// BM_SearchcasePathological 15823413 ns 15821909 ns 44 617.222kB/s
+// BM_Memmatch 197 ns 197 ns 3584225 47.2951GB/s
+// BM_MemmatchMedium 52333 ns 52329 ns 13280 182.244MB/s
+// BM_MemmatchPathological 659799 ns 659727 ns 1058 14.4556MB/s
+// BM_Memcasematch 5460 ns 5460 ns 127606 1.70586GB/s
+// BM_MemcasematchMedium 32861 ns 32857 ns 21258 290.248MB/s
+// BM_MemcasematchPathological 15154243 ns 15153089 ns 46 644.464kB/s
+// BM_MemmemStartup 5 ns 5 ns 150821500
+// BM_SearchStartup 5 ns 5 ns 150644203
+// BM_MemmatchStartup 7 ns 7 ns 97068802
+//
+// Conclusions:
+//
+// The following recommendations are based on the sample results above. However,
+// we have found that the performance of STL search can vary significantly
+// depending on compiler and standard library implementation. We recommend you
+// run the benchmarks for yourself on relevant platforms.
+//
+// If you need case-insensitive, STL search is slightly better than memmem for
+// all cases.
+//
+// Case-sensitive is more subtle:
+// Custom memmatch is _very_ fast at scanning, so if you have very few possible
+// matches in your haystack, that's the way to go. Performance drops
+// significantly with more matches.
+//
+// STL search is slightly faster than memmem in the medium and pathological
+// benchmarks. However, the performance of memmem is currently more dependable
+// across platforms and build configurations.
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr int kHaystackSize = 10000;
+constexpr int64_t kHaystackSize64 = kHaystackSize;
+const char* MakeHaystack() {
+ char* haystack = new char[kHaystackSize];
+ for (int i = 0; i < kHaystackSize - 1; ++i) haystack[i] = 'a';
+ haystack[kHaystackSize - 1] = 'b';
+ return haystack;
+}
+const char* const kHaystack = MakeHaystack();
+
+void BM_Memmem(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+ absl::strings_internal::memmem(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "b", 1));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_Memmem);
+
+void BM_MemmemMedium(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+ absl::strings_internal::memmem(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "ab", 2));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_MemmemMedium);
+
+void BM_MemmemPathological(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::strings_internal::memmem(
+ kHaystack, kHaystackSize, kHaystack + kHaystackSize / 2,
+ kHaystackSize - kHaystackSize / 2));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_MemmemPathological);
+
+void BM_Memcasemem(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+ absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "b", 1));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_Memcasemem);
+
+void BM_MemcasememMedium(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+ absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "ab", 2));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_MemcasememMedium);
+
+void BM_MemcasememPathological(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(
+ kHaystack, kHaystackSize, kHaystack + kHaystackSize / 2,
+ kHaystackSize - kHaystackSize / 2));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_MemcasememPathological);
+
+bool case_eq(const char a, const char b) {
+ return absl::ascii_tolower(a) == absl::ascii_tolower(b);
+}
+
+void BM_Search(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(std::search(kHaystack, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 1,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_Search);
+
+void BM_SearchMedium(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(std::search(kHaystack, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 2,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_SearchMedium);
+
+void BM_SearchPathological(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(std::search(kHaystack, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize / 2,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_SearchPathological);
+
+void BM_Searchcase(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(std::search(kHaystack, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 1,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize, case_eq));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_Searchcase);
+
+void BM_SearchcaseMedium(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(std::search(kHaystack, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 2,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize, case_eq));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_SearchcaseMedium);
+
+void BM_SearchcasePathological(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(std::search(kHaystack, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize / 2,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize, case_eq));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_SearchcasePathological);
+
+char* memcasechr(const char* s, int c, size_t slen) {
+ c = absl::ascii_tolower(c);
+ for (; slen; ++s, --slen) {
+ if (absl::ascii_tolower(*s) == c) return const_cast<char*>(s);
+ }
+ return nullptr;
+}
+
+const char* memcasematch(const char* phaystack, size_t haylen,
+ const char* pneedle, size_t neelen) {
+ if (0 == neelen) {
+ return phaystack; // even if haylen is 0
+ }
+ if (haylen < neelen) return nullptr;
+
+ const char* match;
+ const char* hayend = phaystack + haylen - neelen + 1;
+ while ((match = static_cast<char*>(
+ memcasechr(phaystack, pneedle[0], hayend - phaystack)))) {
+ if (absl::strings_internal::memcasecmp(match, pneedle, neelen) == 0)
+ return match;
+ else
+ phaystack = match + 1;
+ }
+ return nullptr;
+}
+
+void BM_Memmatch(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+ absl::strings_internal::memmatch(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "b", 1));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_Memmatch);
+
+void BM_MemmatchMedium(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+ absl::strings_internal::memmatch(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "ab", 2));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_MemmatchMedium);
+
+void BM_MemmatchPathological(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::strings_internal::memmatch(
+ kHaystack, kHaystackSize, kHaystack + kHaystackSize / 2,
+ kHaystackSize - kHaystackSize / 2));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_MemmatchPathological);
+
+void BM_Memcasematch(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(memcasematch(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "b", 1));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_Memcasematch);
+
+void BM_MemcasematchMedium(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(memcasematch(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "ab", 2));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_MemcasematchMedium);
+
+void BM_MemcasematchPathological(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(memcasematch(kHaystack, kHaystackSize,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize / 2,
+ kHaystackSize - kHaystackSize / 2));
+ }
+ state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_MemcasematchPathological);
+
+void BM_MemmemStartup(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::strings_internal::memmem(
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 10, 10, kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 1, 1));
+ }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_MemmemStartup);
+
+void BM_SearchStartup(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+ std::search(kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 10, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 1, kHaystack + kHaystackSize));
+ }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_SearchStartup);
+
+void BM_MemmatchStartup(benchmark::State& state) {
+ for (auto _ : state) {
+ benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::strings_internal::memmatch(
+ kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 10, 10, kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 1, 1));
+ }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_MemmatchStartup);
+
+} // namespace