Export of internal Abseil changes

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0db7f4046f9b59c0f8c3df2f0eb7fd88fc328439 by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Revise documentation of bit_cast:

* Removes inappropriate examples (round-tripping pointers, serialization), for which reinterpret_cast is more appropriate.
* Removes mention of "bit representation", which is not an explicit notion in C++. The best we get is "byte representation".
* Removes a circular defition of "bitcast" as itself, and instead explains what it does.
* Removes the mathism "for some values of", which is probably not totally accessible to a general audience, and in any case needless verbiage.
* Fixes comments in the example.
* Replaces some colloquialisms with simpler, more direct language.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 421791786

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e04e64df55d93c1b9a09c0483b97cc4d8763260d by Derek Mauro <dmauro@google.com>:

Update Docker image to use GCC 11.2, Clang 14 (prerelease),
CMake 3.22.1, and Bazel 4.2.2

PiperOrigin-RevId: 421658559

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d002bb3dc5cd1fc5b4cbd79a450efc894caa567c by Chris Kennelly <ckennelly@google.com>:

Add a small microbenchmark for absl::bit_width.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 421604852

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131b057d1b76ecd7170421b48d661bb958ff676b by Evan Brown <ezb@google.com>:

Adds a disabled test for EBO in nested `CompressedTuple`s.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 421413134

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e34c7876d3a1212d90c73c030ccae6169b682d43 by Jorg Brown <jorg@google.com>:

Show users a better error message if they pass a pointer to absl::Uniform.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 421090472
GitOrigin-RevId: 0db7f4046f9b59c0f8c3df2f0eb7fd88fc328439
Change-Id: I5a004e8d17e974fa4897a09d1466ae8fc65dfdbb

5 files changed, 129 insertions, 27 deletions

diff --git a/absl/base/casts.h b/absl/base/casts.h
index 83c69126..b16af233 100644
--- a/absl/base/casts.h
+++ b/absl/base/casts.h
@@ -105,47 +105,50 @@ constexpr To implicit_cast(typename absl::internal::identity_t<To> to) {
 
 // bit_cast()
 //
-// Performs a bitwise cast on a type without changing the underlying bit
-// representation of that type's value. The two types must be of the same size
-// and both types must be trivially copyable. As with most casts, use with
-// caution. A `bit_cast()` might be needed when you need to temporarily treat a
-// type as some other type, such as in the following cases:
-//
-//    * Serialization (casting temporarily to `char *` for those purposes is
-//      always allowed by the C++ standard)
-//    * Managing the individual bits of a type within mathematical operations
-//      that are not normally accessible through that type
-//    * Casting non-pointer types to pointer types (casting the other way is
-//      allowed by `reinterpret_cast()` but round-trips cannot occur the other
-//      way).
-//
-// Example:
+// Creates a value of the new type `Dest` whose representation is the same as
+// that of the argument, which is of (deduced) type `Source` (a "bitwise cast";
+// every bit in the value representation of the result is equal to the
+// corresponding bit in the object representation of the source). Source and
+// destination types must be of the same size, and both types must be trivially
+// copyable.
+//
+// As with most casts, use with caution. A `bit_cast()` might be needed when you
+// need to treat a value as the value of some other type, for example, to access
+// the individual bits of an object which are not normally accessible through
+// the object's type, such as for working with the binary representation of a
+// floating point value:
 //
 //   float f = 3.14159265358979;
 //   int i = bit_cast<int32_t>(f);
 //   // i = 0x40490fdb
 //
-// Casting non-pointer types to pointer types and then dereferencing them
-// traditionally produces undefined behavior.
+// Reinterpreting and accessing a value directly as a different type (as shown
+// below) usually results in undefined behavior.
 //
 // Example:
 //
 //   // WRONG
-//   float f = 3.14159265358979;            // WRONG
-//   int i = * reinterpret_cast<int*>(&f);  // WRONG
+//   float f = 3.14159265358979;
+//   int i = reinterpret_cast<int&>(f);    // Wrong
+//   int j = *reinterpret_cast<int*>(&f);  // Equally wrong
+//   int k = *bit_cast<int*>(&f);          // Equally wrong
+//
+// Reinterpret-casting results in undefined behavior according to the ISO C++
+// specification, section [basic.lval]. Roughly, this section says: if an object
+// in memory has one type, and a program accesses it with a different type, the
+// result is undefined behavior for most "different type".
 //
-// The address-casting method produces undefined behavior according to the ISO
-// C++ specification section [basic.lval]. Roughly, this section says: if an
-// object in memory has one type, and a program accesses it with a different
-// type, the result is undefined behavior for most values of "different type".
+// Using bit_cast on a pointer and then dereferencing it is no better than using
+// reinterpret_cast. You should only use bit_cast on the value itself.
 //
 // Such casting results in type punning: holding an object in memory of one type
 // and reading its bits back using a different type. A `bit_cast()` avoids this
-// issue by implementing its casts using `memcpy()`, which avoids introducing
-// this undefined behavior.
+// issue by copying the object representation to a new value, which avoids
+// introducing this undefined behavior (since the original value is never
+// accessed in the wrong way).
 //
-// NOTE: The requirements here are more strict than the bit_cast of standard
-// proposal p0476 due to the need for workarounds and lack of intrinsics.
+// NOTE: The requirements here are stricter than the bit_cast of standard
+// proposal P0476 due to the need for workarounds and lack of intrinsics.
 // Specifically, this implementation also requires `Dest` to be
 // default-constructible.
 template <
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple_test.cc b/absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple_test.cc
index 62a7483e..74111f97 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple_test.cc
@@ -403,6 +403,16 @@ TEST(CompressedTupleTest, EmptyFinalClass) {
 }
 #endif
 
+// TODO(b/214288561): enable this test.
+TEST(CompressedTupleTest, DISABLED_NestedEbo) {
+  struct Empty1 {};
+  struct Empty2 {};
+  CompressedTuple<Empty1, CompressedTuple<Empty2>, int> x;
+  CompressedTuple<Empty1, Empty2, int> y;
+  // Currently fails with sizeof(x) == 8, sizeof(y) == 4.
+  EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(x), sizeof(y));
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel b/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel
index 1f9e0f20..eaa27dfd 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel
@@ -37,6 +37,20 @@ cc_library(
     ],
 )
 
+cc_binary(
+    name = "bits_benchmark",
+    testonly = 1,
+    srcs = ["bits_benchmark.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":bits",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/random",
+        "@com_github_google_benchmark//:benchmark_main",
+    ],
+)
+
 cc_test(
     name = "bits_test",
     size = "small",
diff --git a/absl/numeric/bits_benchmark.cc b/absl/numeric/bits_benchmark.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3de1dbfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/numeric/bits_benchmark.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
+#include "absl/random/random.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace {
+
+template <typename T>
+static void BM_bitwidth(benchmark::State& state) {
+  const int count = state.range(0);
+
+  absl::BitGen rng;
+  std::vector<T> values;
+  values.reserve(count);
+  for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    values.push_back(absl::Uniform<T>(rng, 0, std::numeric_limits<T>::max()));
+  }
+
+  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(count)) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(values[i]);
+    }
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth, uint8_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth, uint16_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth, uint32_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth, uint64_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+
+template <typename T>
+static void BM_bitwidth_nonzero(benchmark::State& state) {
+  const int count = state.range(0);
+
+  absl::BitGen rng;
+  std::vector<T> values;
+  values.reserve(count);
+  for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    values.push_back(absl::Uniform<T>(rng, 1, std::numeric_limits<T>::max()));
+  }
+
+  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(count)) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+      const T value = values[i];
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_ASSUME(value > 0);
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(value);
+    }
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth_nonzero, uint8_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth_nonzero, uint16_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth_nonzero, uint32_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth_nonzero, uint64_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+
+}  // namespace
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/distribution_caller.h b/absl/random/internal/distribution_caller.h
index fc81b787..f1ad5ccd 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/distribution_caller.h
+++ b/absl/random/internal/distribution_caller.h
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ namespace random_internal {
 // to intercept such calls.
 template <typename URBG>
 struct DistributionCaller {
+  static_assert(!std::is_pointer<URBG>::value,
+                "You must pass a reference, not a pointer.");
   // SFINAE to detect whether the URBG type includes a member matching
   // bool InvokeMock(base_internal::FastTypeIdType, void*, void*).
   //