Export of internal Abseil changes

--
e7f53dfbf809812e84770217777f81b6308a3084 by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Add a parameter pack to absl profile to allow profiles to separate
dynamic data from static data that is available at constructor-time.

Background: `inline_element_size` is effectively constant, but there
is a data race between its initialization and its access. We had fixed that race by making
inline_element_size atomic.  This CL changes `inline_element_size`
back to a non-atomic integer, and provides a way for all profiles to
provide Register()-time values.
PiperOrigin-RevId: 413960559

--
70234c5943f8e37e17c1d9c54d8ed61d39880abf by Chris Kennelly <ckennelly@google.com>:

Document that absl::FunctionRef does not allocate.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 413946831

--
3308ae571412c4be3cc32d088c6edac98ff2d1ed by Samuel Benzaquen <sbenza@google.com>:

Internal change

PiperOrigin-RevId: 413933619

--
1617093a730d055edcf7bc04fdd6509783f5f75d by Martijn Vels <mvels@google.com>:

Internal Change

PiperOrigin-RevId: 413778735

--
03ad683f059c806a6c8b04f5b79b2662c3df8c73 by Evan Brown <ezb@google.com>:

Unify btree erase_if definitions and optimize them so that we only do rebalancing once per leaf node.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 413757280

--
5ba402f70801938178e486617063f01c7862525d by Martijn Vels <mvels@google.com>:

Cleanup up cord sampling internals

PiperOrigin-RevId: 413755011

--
522da8f9d3e0f11630d89fb41952004742bc335a by Evan Brown <ezb@google.com>:

Add b-tree benchmark for erase_if.

Since this benchmark doesn't work for std:: containers before C++20, disable it for them.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 413740844

--
a690ea42de8ed4a761d00235d8b2fb7548ba9732 by Andy Getzendanner <durandal@google.com>:

Import of CCTZ from GitHub.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 413735737
GitOrigin-RevId: e7f53dfbf809812e84770217777f81b6308a3084
Change-Id: I4f9f9039ba92831bc48971964aa063244c9fed72

23 files changed, 192 insertions, 155 deletions

diff --git a/absl/container/BUILD.bazel b/absl/container/BUILD.bazel
index ea2c98b8..728c4be1 100644
--- a/absl/container/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/container/BUILD.bazel
@@ -241,6 +241,7 @@ cc_library(
         ":hash_function_defaults",
         ":raw_hash_map",
         "//absl/algorithm:container",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/memory",
     ],
 )
@@ -310,6 +311,7 @@ cc_library(
         ":node_slot_policy",
         ":raw_hash_map",
         "//absl/algorithm:container",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/memory",
     ],
 )
@@ -342,6 +344,7 @@ cc_library(
         ":node_slot_policy",
         ":raw_hash_set",
         "//absl/algorithm:container",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/memory",
     ],
 )
diff --git a/absl/container/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/container/CMakeLists.txt
index bb718cf8..b819deeb 100644
--- a/absl/container/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/container/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -274,6 +274,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   DEPS
     absl::container_memory
+    absl::core_headers
     absl::hash_function_defaults
     absl::raw_hash_map
     absl::algorithm_container
@@ -347,6 +348,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   DEPS
     absl::container_memory
+    absl::core_headers
     absl::hash_function_defaults
     absl::node_slot_policy
     absl::raw_hash_map
@@ -381,6 +383,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
     absl::hash_function_defaults
     absl::node_slot_policy
     absl::raw_hash_set
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc b/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc
index 65b6790b..0ca497c8 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ void BM_FullLookup(benchmark::State& state) {
   BM_LookupImpl<T>(state, true);
 }
 
-// Benchmark deletion of values from a container.
+// Benchmark erasing values from a container.
 template <typename T>
-void BM_Delete(benchmark::State& state) {
+void BM_Erase(benchmark::State& state) {
   using V = typename remove_pair_const<typename T::value_type>::type;
   typename KeyOfValue<typename T::key_type, V>::type key_of_value;
   std::vector<V> values = GenerateValues<V>(kBenchmarkValues);
@@ -180,9 +180,9 @@ void BM_Delete(benchmark::State& state) {
   }
 }
 
-// Benchmark deletion of multiple values from a container.
+// Benchmark erasing multiple values from a container.
 template <typename T>
-void BM_DeleteRange(benchmark::State& state) {
+void BM_EraseRange(benchmark::State& state) {
   using V = typename remove_pair_const<typename T::value_type>::type;
   typename KeyOfValue<typename T::key_type, V>::type key_of_value;
   std::vector<V> values = GenerateValues<V>(kBenchmarkValues);
@@ -222,6 +222,40 @@ void BM_DeleteRange(benchmark::State& state) {
   }
 }
 
+// Predicate that erases every other element. We can't use a lambda because
+// C++11 doesn't support generic lambdas.
+// TODO(b/207389011): consider adding benchmarks that remove different fractions
+// of keys (e.g. 10%, 90%).
+struct EraseIfPred {
+  uint64_t i = 0;
+  template <typename T>
+  bool operator()(const T&) {
+    return ++i % 2;
+  }
+};
+
+// Benchmark erasing multiple values from a container with a predicate.
+template <typename T>
+void BM_EraseIf(benchmark::State& state) {
+  using V = typename remove_pair_const<typename T::value_type>::type;
+  std::vector<V> values = GenerateValues<V>(kBenchmarkValues);
+
+  // Removes half of the keys per batch.
+  const int batch_size = (kBenchmarkValues + 1) / 2;
+  EraseIfPred pred;
+  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(batch_size)) {
+    state.PauseTiming();
+    {
+      T container(values.begin(), values.end());
+      state.ResumeTiming();
+      erase_if(container, pred);
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(container);
+      state.PauseTiming();
+    }
+    state.ResumeTiming();
+  }
+}
+
 // Benchmark steady-state insert (into first half of range) and remove (from
 // second half of range), treating the container approximately like a queue with
 // log-time access for all elements. This benchmark does not test the case where
@@ -477,14 +511,14 @@ BTREE_TYPES(Time);
   void BM_##type##_##func(benchmark::State& state) { BM_##func<type>(state); } \
   BENCHMARK(BM_##type##_##func)
 
-#define MY_BENCHMARK3(type)               \
+#define MY_BENCHMARK3_STL(type)           \
   MY_BENCHMARK4(type, Insert);            \
   MY_BENCHMARK4(type, InsertSorted);      \
   MY_BENCHMARK4(type, InsertSmall);       \
   MY_BENCHMARK4(type, Lookup);            \
   MY_BENCHMARK4(type, FullLookup);        \
-  MY_BENCHMARK4(type, Delete);            \
-  MY_BENCHMARK4(type, DeleteRange);       \
+  MY_BENCHMARK4(type, Erase);             \
+  MY_BENCHMARK4(type, EraseRange);        \
   MY_BENCHMARK4(type, QueueAddRem);       \
   MY_BENCHMARK4(type, MixedAddRem);       \
   MY_BENCHMARK4(type, Fifo);              \
@@ -492,9 +526,13 @@ BTREE_TYPES(Time);
   MY_BENCHMARK4(type, InsertRangeRandom); \
   MY_BENCHMARK4(type, InsertRangeSorted)
 
+#define MY_BENCHMARK3(type)     \
+  MY_BENCHMARK4(type, EraseIf); \
+  MY_BENCHMARK3_STL(type)
+
 #define MY_BENCHMARK2_SUPPORTS_MULTI_ONLY(type) \
-  MY_BENCHMARK3(stl_##type);                    \
-  MY_BENCHMARK3(stl_unordered_##type);          \
+  MY_BENCHMARK3_STL(stl_##type);                \
+  MY_BENCHMARK3_STL(stl_unordered_##type);      \
   MY_BENCHMARK3(btree_256_##type)
 
 #define MY_BENCHMARK2(type)                \
@@ -684,12 +722,12 @@ double ContainerInfo(const btree_map<int, BigTypePtr<Size>>& b) {
       btree_set<BigTypePtr<SIZE>>;                                             \
   using btree_256_map_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr =                          \
       btree_map<int, BigTypePtr<SIZE>>;                                        \
-  MY_BENCHMARK3(stl_set_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr);                        \
-  MY_BENCHMARK3(stl_unordered_set_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr);              \
+  MY_BENCHMARK3_STL(stl_set_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr);                    \
+  MY_BENCHMARK3_STL(stl_unordered_set_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr);          \
   MY_BENCHMARK3(flat_hash_set_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr);                  \
   MY_BENCHMARK3(btree_256_set_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr);                  \
-  MY_BENCHMARK3(stl_map_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr);                        \
-  MY_BENCHMARK3(stl_unordered_map_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr);              \
+  MY_BENCHMARK3_STL(stl_map_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr);                    \
+  MY_BENCHMARK3_STL(stl_unordered_map_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr);          \
   MY_BENCHMARK3(flat_hash_map_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr);                  \
   MY_BENCHMARK3(btree_256_map_size##SIZE##copies##SIZE##ptr)
 
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_map.h b/absl/container/btree_map.h
index 797b949f..ad484ce0 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_map.h
+++ b/absl/container/btree_map.h
@@ -482,15 +482,7 @@ void swap(btree_map<K, V, C, A> &x, btree_map<K, V, C, A> &y) {
 template <typename K, typename V, typename C, typename A, typename Pred>
 typename btree_map<K, V, C, A>::size_type erase_if(
     btree_map<K, V, C, A> &map, Pred pred) {
-  const auto initial_size = map.size();
-  for (auto it = map.begin(); it != map.end();) {
-    if (pred(*it)) {
-      it = map.erase(it);
-    } else {
-      ++it;
-    }
-  }
-  return initial_size - map.size();
+  return container_internal::btree_access::erase_if(map, std::move(pred));
 }
 
 // absl::btree_multimap
@@ -817,15 +809,7 @@ void swap(btree_multimap<K, V, C, A> &x, btree_multimap<K, V, C, A> &y) {
 template <typename K, typename V, typename C, typename A, typename Pred>
 typename btree_multimap<K, V, C, A>::size_type erase_if(
     btree_multimap<K, V, C, A> &map, Pred pred) {
-  const auto initial_size = map.size();
-  for (auto it = map.begin(); it != map.end();) {
-    if (pred(*it)) {
-      it = map.erase(it);
-    } else {
-      ++it;
-    }
-  }
-  return initial_size - map.size();
+  return container_internal::btree_access::erase_if(map, std::move(pred));
 }
 
 namespace container_internal {
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_set.h b/absl/container/btree_set.h
index 2c217d8f..78826830 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_set.h
+++ b/absl/container/btree_set.h
@@ -402,15 +402,7 @@ void swap(btree_set<K, C, A> &x, btree_set<K, C, A> &y) {
 template <typename K, typename C, typename A, typename Pred>
 typename btree_set<K, C, A>::size_type erase_if(btree_set<K, C, A> &set,
                                                 Pred pred) {
-  const auto initial_size = set.size();
-  for (auto it = set.begin(); it != set.end();) {
-    if (pred(*it)) {
-      it = set.erase(it);
-    } else {
-      ++it;
-    }
-  }
-  return initial_size - set.size();
+  return container_internal::btree_access::erase_if(set, std::move(pred));
 }
 
 // absl::btree_multiset<>
@@ -732,15 +724,7 @@ void swap(btree_multiset<K, C, A> &x, btree_multiset<K, C, A> &y) {
 template <typename K, typename C, typename A, typename Pred>
 typename btree_multiset<K, C, A>::size_type erase_if(
    btree_multiset<K, C, A> & set, Pred pred) {
-  const auto initial_size = set.size();
-  for (auto it = set.begin(); it != set.end();) {
-    if (pred(*it)) {
-      it = set.erase(it);
-    } else {
-      ++it;
-    }
-  }
-  return initial_size - set.size();
+  return container_internal::btree_access::erase_if(set, std::move(pred));
 }
 
 namespace container_internal {
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_test.cc b/absl/container/btree_test.cc
index 650c51db..13cb8186 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/btree_test.cc
@@ -2490,6 +2490,20 @@ TEST(Btree, EraseIf) {
     EXPECT_EQ(erase_if(s, &IsEven), 2);
     EXPECT_THAT(s, ElementsAre(1, 3, 5));
   }
+  // Test that erase_if invokes the predicate once per element.
+  {
+    absl::btree_set<int> s;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) s.insert(i);
+    int pred_calls = 0;
+    EXPECT_EQ(erase_if(s,
+                       [&pred_calls](int k) {
+                         ++pred_calls;
+                         return k % 2;
+                       }),
+              500);
+    EXPECT_THAT(s, SizeIs(500));
+    EXPECT_EQ(pred_calls, 1000);
+  }
 }
 
 TEST(Btree, InsertOrAssign) {
diff --git a/absl/container/flat_hash_map.h b/absl/container/flat_hash_map.h
index 69fbf239..83c71029 100644
--- a/absl/container/flat_hash_map.h
+++ b/absl/container/flat_hash_map.h
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 
 #include "absl/algorithm/container.h"
+#include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/container_memory.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults.h"  // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "absl/container/internal/raw_hash_map.h"  // IWYU pragma: export
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/btree.h b/absl/container/internal/btree.h
index bf65a03d..29603379 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/btree.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/btree.h
@@ -830,6 +830,7 @@ class btree_node {
   template <typename N, typename R, typename P>
   friend struct btree_iterator;
   friend class BtreeNodePeer;
+  friend struct btree_access;
 };
 
 template <typename Node, typename Reference, typename Pointer>
@@ -964,6 +965,7 @@ struct btree_iterator {
   friend class btree_multiset_container;
   template <typename TreeType, typename CheckerType>
   friend class base_checker;
+  friend struct btree_access;
 
   const key_type &key() const { return node->key(position); }
   slot_type *slot() { return node->slot(position); }
@@ -1336,6 +1338,8 @@ class btree {
   allocator_type get_allocator() const { return allocator(); }
 
  private:
+  friend struct btree_access;
+
   // Internal accessor routines.
   node_type *root() { return root_.template get<2>(); }
   const node_type *root() const { return root_.template get<2>(); }
@@ -2530,6 +2534,48 @@ int btree<P>::internal_verify(const node_type *node, const key_type *lo,
   return count;
 }
 
+struct btree_access {
+  template <typename BtreeContainer, typename Pred>
+  static auto erase_if(BtreeContainer &container, Pred pred)
+      -> typename BtreeContainer::size_type {
+    const auto initial_size = container.size();
+    auto &tree = container.tree_;
+    auto *alloc = tree.mutable_allocator();
+    for (auto it = container.begin(); it != container.end();) {
+      if (!pred(*it)) {
+        ++it;
+        continue;
+      }
+      auto *node = it.node;
+      if (!node->leaf()) {
+        // Handle internal nodes normally.
+        it = container.erase(it);
+        continue;
+      }
+      // If this is a leaf node, then we do all the erases from this node
+      // at once before doing rebalancing.
+
+      // The current position to transfer slots to.
+      int to_pos = it.position;
+      node->value_destroy(it.position, alloc);
+      while (++it.position < node->finish()) {
+        if (pred(*it)) {
+          node->value_destroy(it.position, alloc);
+        } else {
+          node->transfer(node->slot(to_pos++), node->slot(it.position),
+                         alloc);
+        }
+      }
+      const int num_deleted = node->finish() - to_pos;
+      tree.size_ -= num_deleted;
+      node->set_finish(to_pos);
+      it.position = to_pos;
+      it = tree.rebalance_after_delete(it);
+    }
+    return initial_size - container.size();
+  }
+};
+
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h b/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h
index a99668c7..d28b2446 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h
@@ -228,6 +228,7 @@ class btree_container {
   }
 
  protected:
+  friend struct btree_access;
   Tree tree_;
 };
 
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.cc b/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.cc
index a3e15a70..1d24db5f 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.cc
@@ -61,13 +61,10 @@ HashtablezSampler& GlobalHashtablezSampler() {
   return *sampler;
 }
 
-// TODO(bradleybear): The comments at this constructors declaration say that the
-// fields are not initialized, but this definition does initialize the fields.
-// Something needs to be cleaned up.
-HashtablezInfo::HashtablezInfo() { PrepareForSampling(); }
+HashtablezInfo::HashtablezInfo() = default;
 HashtablezInfo::~HashtablezInfo() = default;
 
-void HashtablezInfo::PrepareForSampling() {
+void HashtablezInfo::PrepareForSampling(size_t inline_element_size_value) {
   capacity.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   size.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   num_erases.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -85,6 +82,7 @@ void HashtablezInfo::PrepareForSampling() {
   // instead.
   depth = absl::GetStackTrace(stack, HashtablezInfo::kMaxStackDepth,
                               /* skip_count= */ 0);
+  inline_element_size = inline_element_size_value;
 }
 
 static bool ShouldForceSampling() {
@@ -110,9 +108,8 @@ static bool ShouldForceSampling() {
 HashtablezInfo* SampleSlow(int64_t* next_sample, size_t inline_element_size) {
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(ShouldForceSampling())) {
     *next_sample = 1;
-    HashtablezInfo* result = GlobalHashtablezSampler().Register();
-    result->inline_element_size.store(inline_element_size,
-                                      std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    HashtablezInfo* result =
+        GlobalHashtablezSampler().Register(inline_element_size);
     return result;
   }
 
@@ -138,10 +135,7 @@ HashtablezInfo* SampleSlow(int64_t* next_sample, size_t inline_element_size) {
     return SampleSlow(next_sample, inline_element_size);
   }
 
-  HashtablezInfo* result = GlobalHashtablezSampler().Register();
-  result->inline_element_size.store(inline_element_size,
-                                    std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  return result;
+  return GlobalHashtablezSampler().Register(inline_element_size);
 #endif
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.h b/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.h
index 0fd9349f..6738786c 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.h
@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ struct HashtablezInfo : public profiling_internal::Sample<HashtablezInfo> {
 
   // Puts the object into a clean state, fills in the logically `const` members,
   // blocking for any readers that are currently sampling the object.
-  void PrepareForSampling() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(init_mu);
+  void PrepareForSampling(size_t inline_element_size_value)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(init_mu);
 
   // These fields are mutated by the various Record* APIs and need to be
   // thread-safe.
@@ -82,18 +83,6 @@ struct HashtablezInfo : public profiling_internal::Sample<HashtablezInfo> {
   std::atomic<size_t> hashes_bitwise_xor;
   std::atomic<size_t> max_reserve;
 
-  // One could imagine that inline_element_size could be non-atomic, since it
-  // *almost* follows the rules for the fields that are set by
-  // `PrepareForSampling`.  However, TSAN reports a race (see b/207323922) in
-  // which
-  //   A: Thread 1: Register() returns, unlocking init_mu.
-  //   B: Thread 2: Iterate() is called, locking init_mu.
-  //   C: Thread 1: inlined_element_size is stored.
-  //   D: Thread 2: inlined_element_size is accessed (a race).
-  // A simple solution is to make inline_element_size atomic so that we treat it
-  // at as we do the other atomic fields.
-  std::atomic<size_t> inline_element_size;
-
   // All of the fields below are set by `PrepareForSampling`, they must not be
   // mutated in `Record*` functions.  They are logically `const` in that sense.
   // These are guarded by init_mu, but that is not externalized to clients,
@@ -103,6 +92,7 @@ struct HashtablezInfo : public profiling_internal::Sample<HashtablezInfo> {
   absl::Time create_time;
   int32_t depth;
   void* stack[kMaxStackDepth];
+  size_t inline_element_size;  // How big is the slot?
 };
 
 inline void RecordRehashSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t total_probe_length) {
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler_test.cc b/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler_test.cc
index a7307a20..ac6ed9b1 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler_test.cc
@@ -70,7 +70,8 @@ std::vector<size_t> GetSizes(HashtablezSampler* s) {
 }
 
 HashtablezInfo* Register(HashtablezSampler* s, size_t size) {
-  auto* info = s->Register();
+  const size_t test_element_size = 17;
+  auto* info = s->Register(test_element_size);
   assert(info != nullptr);
   info->size.store(size);
   return info;
@@ -81,9 +82,8 @@ TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, PrepareForSampling) {
   const size_t test_element_size = 17;
   HashtablezInfo info;
   absl::MutexLock l(&info.init_mu);
-  info.PrepareForSampling();
+  info.PrepareForSampling(test_element_size);
 
-  info.inline_element_size.store(test_element_size, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.capacity.load(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.size.load(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.num_erases.load(), 0);
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, PrepareForSampling) {
   EXPECT_EQ(info.hashes_bitwise_xor.load(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.max_reserve.load(), 0);
   EXPECT_GE(info.create_time, test_start);
-  EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size.load(), test_element_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size, test_element_size);
 
   info.capacity.store(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   info.size.store(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, PrepareForSampling) {
   info.max_reserve.store(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   info.create_time = test_start - absl::Hours(20);
 
-  info.PrepareForSampling();
+  info.PrepareForSampling(test_element_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.capacity.load(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.size.load(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.num_erases.load(), 0);
@@ -119,14 +119,15 @@ TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, PrepareForSampling) {
   EXPECT_EQ(info.hashes_bitwise_and.load(), ~size_t{});
   EXPECT_EQ(info.hashes_bitwise_xor.load(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.max_reserve.load(), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size.load(), test_element_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size, test_element_size);
   EXPECT_GE(info.create_time, test_start);
 }
 
 TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, RecordStorageChanged) {
   HashtablezInfo info;
   absl::MutexLock l(&info.init_mu);
-  info.PrepareForSampling();
+  const size_t test_element_size = 19;
+  info.PrepareForSampling(test_element_size);
   RecordStorageChangedSlow(&info, 17, 47);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.size.load(), 17);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.capacity.load(), 47);
@@ -138,7 +139,8 @@ TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, RecordStorageChanged) {
 TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, RecordInsert) {
   HashtablezInfo info;
   absl::MutexLock l(&info.init_mu);
-  info.PrepareForSampling();
+  const size_t test_element_size = 23;
+  info.PrepareForSampling(test_element_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.max_probe_length.load(), 0);
   RecordInsertSlow(&info, 0x0000FF00, 6 * kProbeLength);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.max_probe_length.load(), 6);
@@ -161,8 +163,7 @@ TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, RecordErase) {
   const size_t test_element_size = 29;
   HashtablezInfo info;
   absl::MutexLock l(&info.init_mu);
-  info.PrepareForSampling();
-  info.inline_element_size.store(test_element_size);
+  info.PrepareForSampling(test_element_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.num_erases.load(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.size.load(), 0);
   RecordInsertSlow(&info, 0x0000FF00, 6 * kProbeLength);
@@ -170,15 +171,14 @@ TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, RecordErase) {
   RecordEraseSlow(&info);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.size.load(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.num_erases.load(), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size.load(), test_element_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size, test_element_size);
 }
 
 TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, RecordRehash) {
   const size_t test_element_size = 31;
   HashtablezInfo info;
   absl::MutexLock l(&info.init_mu);
-  info.PrepareForSampling();
-  info.inline_element_size.store(test_element_size);
+  info.PrepareForSampling(test_element_size);
   RecordInsertSlow(&info, 0x1, 0);
   RecordInsertSlow(&info, 0x2, kProbeLength);
   RecordInsertSlow(&info, 0x4, kProbeLength);
@@ -197,13 +197,14 @@ TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, RecordRehash) {
   EXPECT_EQ(info.total_probe_length.load(), 3);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.num_erases.load(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.num_rehashes.load(), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size.load(), test_element_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size, test_element_size);
 }
 
 TEST(HashtablezInfoTest, RecordReservation) {
   HashtablezInfo info;
   absl::MutexLock l(&info.init_mu);
-  info.PrepareForSampling();
+  const size_t test_element_size = 33;
+  info.PrepareForSampling(test_element_size);
   RecordReservationSlow(&info, 3);
   EXPECT_EQ(info.max_reserve.load(), 3);
 
@@ -266,7 +267,8 @@ TEST(HashtablezSamplerTest, Sample) {
 
 TEST(HashtablezSamplerTest, Handle) {
   auto& sampler = GlobalHashtablezSampler();
-  HashtablezInfoHandle h(sampler.Register());
+  const size_t test_element_size = 39;
+  HashtablezInfoHandle h(sampler.Register(test_element_size));
   auto* info = HashtablezInfoHandlePeer::GetInfo(&h);
   info->hashes_bitwise_and.store(0x12345678, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 
@@ -338,18 +340,19 @@ TEST(HashtablezSamplerTest, MultiThreaded) {
   ThreadPool pool(10);
 
   for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
-    pool.Schedule([&sampler, &stop]() {
+    const size_t elt_size = 10 + i % 2;
+    pool.Schedule([&sampler, &stop, elt_size]() {
       std::random_device rd;
       std::mt19937 gen(rd());
 
       std::vector<HashtablezInfo*> infoz;
       while (!stop.HasBeenNotified()) {
         if (infoz.empty()) {
-          infoz.push_back(sampler.Register());
+          infoz.push_back(sampler.Register(elt_size));
         }
         switch (std::uniform_int_distribution<>(0, 2)(gen)) {
           case 0: {
-            infoz.push_back(sampler.Register());
+            infoz.push_back(sampler.Register(elt_size));
             break;
           }
           case 1: {
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
index 4b9f6cc0..362b3cae 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
@@ -2075,8 +2075,7 @@ TEST(RawHashSamplerTest, Sample) {
           std::memory_order_relaxed)]++;
       reservations[info.max_reserve.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)]++;
     }
-    EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size.load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
-              sizeof(int64_t));
+    EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size, sizeof(int64_t));
     ++end_size;
   });
 
diff --git a/absl/container/node_hash_map.h b/absl/container/node_hash_map.h
index 0d4ebeda..ca1ed408 100644
--- a/absl/container/node_hash_map.h
+++ b/absl/container/node_hash_map.h
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 
 #include "absl/algorithm/container.h"
+#include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/container_memory.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults.h"  // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "absl/container/internal/node_slot_policy.h"
diff --git a/absl/container/node_hash_set.h b/absl/container/node_hash_set.h
index 3bc5fe6b..9421e11e 100644
--- a/absl/container/node_hash_set.h
+++ b/absl/container/node_hash_set.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 
 #include "absl/algorithm/container.h"
+#include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults.h"  // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "absl/container/internal/node_slot_policy.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h"  // IWYU pragma: export
diff --git a/absl/container/sample_element_size_test.cc b/absl/container/sample_element_size_test.cc
index 4bbef210..b23626b4 100644
--- a/absl/container/sample_element_size_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/sample_element_size_test.cc
@@ -51,8 +51,7 @@ void TestInlineElementSize(
   size_t new_count = 0;
   sampler.Iterate([&](const HashtablezInfo& info) {
     if (preexisting_info.insert(&info).second) {
-      EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size.load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
-                expected_element_size);
+      EXPECT_EQ(info.inline_element_size, expected_element_size);
       ++new_count;
     }
   });
diff --git a/absl/functional/function_ref.h b/absl/functional/function_ref.h
index 824e3cea..f9779607 100644
--- a/absl/functional/function_ref.h
+++ b/absl/functional/function_ref.h
@@ -69,7 +69,8 @@ class FunctionRef;
 // An `absl::FunctionRef` is a lightweight wrapper to any invokable object with
 // a compatible signature. Generally, an `absl::FunctionRef` should only be used
 // as an argument type and should be preferred as an argument over a const
-// reference to a `std::function`.
+// reference to a `std::function`. `absl::FunctionRef` itself does not allocate,
+// although the wrapped invokable may.
 //
 // Example:
 //
diff --git a/absl/functional/function_ref_test.cc b/absl/functional/function_ref_test.cc
index 3aa59745..412027cd 100644
--- a/absl/functional/function_ref_test.cc
+++ b/absl/functional/function_ref_test.cc
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include "absl/functional/function_ref.h"
 
+#include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
diff --git a/absl/profiling/internal/sample_recorder.h b/absl/profiling/internal/sample_recorder.h
index 6c146210..fc269bdd 100644
--- a/absl/profiling/internal/sample_recorder.h
+++ b/absl/profiling/internal/sample_recorder.h
@@ -59,7 +59,8 @@ class SampleRecorder {
   ~SampleRecorder();
 
   // Registers for sampling.  Returns an opaque registration info.
-  T* Register();
+  template <typename... Targs>
+  T* Register(Targs&&... args);
 
   // Unregisters the sample.
   void Unregister(T* sample);
@@ -81,7 +82,8 @@ class SampleRecorder {
  private:
   void PushNew(T* sample);
   void PushDead(T* sample);
-  T* PopDead();
+  template <typename... Targs>
+  T* PopDead(Targs... args);
 
   std::atomic<size_t> dropped_samples_;
   std::atomic<size_t> size_estimate_;
@@ -163,7 +165,8 @@ void SampleRecorder<T>::PushDead(T* sample) {
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-T* SampleRecorder<T>::PopDead() {
+template <typename... Targs>
+T* SampleRecorder<T>::PopDead(Targs... args) {
   absl::MutexLock graveyard_lock(&graveyard_.init_mu);
 
   // The list is circular, so eventually it collapses down to
@@ -175,12 +178,13 @@ T* SampleRecorder<T>::PopDead() {
   absl::MutexLock sample_lock(&sample->init_mu);
   graveyard_.dead = sample->dead;
   sample->dead = nullptr;
-  sample->PrepareForSampling();
+  sample->PrepareForSampling(std::forward<Targs>(args)...);
   return sample;
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-T* SampleRecorder<T>::Register() {
+template <typename... Targs>
+T* SampleRecorder<T>::Register(Targs&&... args) {
   int64_t size = size_estimate_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   if (size > max_samples_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
     size_estimate_.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -188,10 +192,14 @@ T* SampleRecorder<T>::Register() {
     return nullptr;
   }
 
-  T* sample = PopDead();
+  T* sample = PopDead(args...);
   if (sample == nullptr) {
     // Resurrection failed.  Hire a new warlock.
     sample = new T();
+    {
+      absl::MutexLock sample_lock(&sample->init_mu);
+      sample->PrepareForSampling(std::forward<Targs>(args)...);
+    }
     PushNew(sample);
   }
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/cord.cc b/absl/strings/cord.cc
index 0015bb9f..5905bac0 100644
--- a/absl/strings/cord.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/cord.cc
@@ -468,46 +468,6 @@ static inline bool PrepareAppendRegion(CordRep* root, char** region,
   return true;
 }
 
-template <bool has_length>
-void Cord::InlineRep::GetAppendRegion(char** region, size_t* size,
-                                      size_t length) {
-  auto constexpr method = CordzUpdateTracker::kGetAppendRegion;
-
-  CordRep* root = tree();
-  size_t sz = root ? root->length : inline_size();
-  if (root == nullptr) {
-    size_t available = kMaxInline - sz;
-    if (available >= (has_length ? length : 1)) {
-      *region = data_.as_chars() + sz;
-      *size = has_length ? length : available;
-      set_inline_size(has_length ? sz + length : kMaxInline);
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-
-  size_t extra = has_length ? length : (std::max)(sz, kMinFlatLength);
-  CordzUpdateScope scope(root ? data_.cordz_info() : nullptr, method);
-  CordRep* rep = root ? cord_internal::RemoveCrcNode(root)
-                      : MakeFlatWithExtraCapacity(extra);
-  if (PrepareAppendRegion(rep, region, size, length)) {
-    CommitTree(root, rep, scope, method);
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Allocate new node.
-  CordRepFlat* new_node = CordRepFlat::New(extra);
-  new_node->length = std::min(new_node->Capacity(), length);
-  *region = new_node->Data();
-  *size = new_node->length;
-
-  if (btree_enabled()) {
-    rep = CordRepBtree::Append(ForceBtree(rep), new_node);
-  } else {
-    rep = Concat(rep, new_node);
-  }
-  CommitTree(root, rep, scope, method);
-}
-
 // Computes the memory side of the provided edge which must be a valid data edge
 // for a btrtee, i.e., a FLAT, EXTERNAL or SUBSTRING of a FLAT or EXTERNAL node.
 static bool RepMemoryUsageDataEdge(const CordRep* rep,
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker.h b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker.h
index 7a41c180..c5170662 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker.h
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class CordzUpdateTracker {
   // Tracked update methods.
   enum MethodIdentifier {
     kUnknown,
-    kAppendBuffer,
     kAppendCord,
+    kAppendCordBuffer,
     kAppendExternalMemory,
     kAppendString,
     kAssignCord,
@@ -50,13 +50,14 @@ class CordzUpdateTracker {
     kConstructorString,
     kCordReader,
     kFlatten,
+    kGetAppendBuffer,
     kGetAppendRegion,
     kMakeCordFromExternal,
     kMoveAppendCord,
     kMoveAssignCord,
     kMovePrependCord,
-    kPrependBuffer,
     kPrependCord,
+    kPrependCordBuffer,
     kPrependString,
     kRemovePrefix,
     kRemoveSuffix,
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker_test.cc
index 8eda529e..9b1f7986 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker_test.cc
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ using Methods = std::array<Method, Method::kNumMethods>;
 // Returns an array of all methods defined in `MethodIdentifier`
 Methods AllMethods() {
   return Methods{Method::kUnknown,
-                 Method::kAppendBuffer,
                  Method::kAppendCord,
+                 Method::kAppendCordBuffer,
                  Method::kAppendExternalMemory,
                  Method::kAppendString,
                  Method::kAssignCord,
@@ -48,13 +48,14 @@ Methods AllMethods() {
                  Method::kConstructorString,
                  Method::kCordReader,
                  Method::kFlatten,
+                 Method::kGetAppendBuffer,
                  Method::kGetAppendRegion,
                  Method::kMakeCordFromExternal,
                  Method::kMoveAppendCord,
                  Method::kMoveAssignCord,
                  Method::kMovePrependCord,
-                 Method::kPrependBuffer,
                  Method::kPrependCord,
+                 Method::kPrependCordBuffer,
                  Method::kPrependString,
                  Method::kRemovePrefix,
                  Method::kRemoveSuffix,
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/include/cctz/civil_time_detail.h b/absl/time/internal/cctz/include/cctz/civil_time_detail.h
index 8aadde57..a5b084e6 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/include/cctz/civil_time_detail.h
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/include/cctz/civil_time_detail.h
@@ -84,14 +84,13 @@ CONSTEXPR_F bool is_leap_year(year_t y) noexcept {
   return y % 4 == 0 && (y % 100 != 0 || y % 400 == 0);
 }
 CONSTEXPR_F int year_index(year_t y, month_t m) noexcept {
-  return (static_cast<int>((y + (m > 2)) % 400) + 400) % 400;
+  const int yi = static_cast<int>((y + (m > 2)) % 400);
+  return yi < 0 ? yi + 400 : yi;
 }
-CONSTEXPR_F int days_per_century(year_t y, month_t m) noexcept {
-  const int yi = year_index(y, m);
+CONSTEXPR_F int days_per_century(int yi) noexcept {
   return 36524 + (yi == 0 || yi > 300);
 }
-CONSTEXPR_F int days_per_4years(year_t y, month_t m) noexcept {
-  const int yi = year_index(y, m);
+CONSTEXPR_F int days_per_4years(int yi) noexcept {
   return 1460 + (yi == 0 || yi > 300 || (yi - 1) % 100 < 96);
 }
 CONSTEXPR_F int days_per_year(year_t y, month_t m) noexcept {
@@ -133,17 +132,22 @@ CONSTEXPR_F fields n_day(year_t y, month_t m, diff_t d, diff_t cd, hour_t hh,
     }
   }
   if (d > 365) {
+    int yi = year_index(ey, m);  // Index into Gregorian 400 year cycle.
     for (;;) {
-      int n = days_per_century(ey, m);
+      int n = days_per_century(yi);
       if (d <= n) break;
       d -= n;
       ey += 100;
+      yi += 100;
+      if (yi >= 400) yi -= 400;
     }
     for (;;) {
-      int n = days_per_4years(ey, m);
+      int n = days_per_4years(yi);
       if (d <= n) break;
       d -= n;
       ey += 4;
+      yi += 4;
+      if (yi >= 400) yi -= 400;
     }
     for (;;) {
       int n = days_per_year(ey, m);