Export of internal Abseil changes

--
69b5d0b2a5adb49a53e51f9da6848eaa484242fe by Derek Mauro <dmauro@google.com>:

Changes the absl::Duration factory functions to disallow types that
are convertible to int or double, instead requiring that the argument
itself is indeed an integer or a floating-point number. This will
prevent callers from passing arguments, such as std::atomic<T>.

This change is an API break. Information and a tool to fix issues
can be found at
https://abseil.io/docs/cpp/tools/upgrades/duration-conversions

PiperOrigin-RevId: 387153494

--
786063e438ab6a55ac4baa88ad4d20a8293be52a by Evan Brown <ezb@google.com>:

Make ctrl_t be an enum class.

This adds type safety, and also when strict aliasing is enabled, the compiler will know that control bytes can't alias non-control bytes.

Also make H2() return h2_t.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 387120717

--
7e537aabec1c255d6e7c9d21232c597c1c2077bf by Evan Brown <ezb@google.com>:

Add some missing `const` keywords to ctrl_t* function parameters.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 386976062

--
da53ac6d91cabd951e81dd0a145e1e52b918955f by Martijn Vels <mvels@google.com>:

Change Seek and InitOffset to return nullptr instead of assert / fail.

This makes it consistent with the rest of the API (Next, Previous, Skip) and hardens it against invariants that are harder (or less likey) to be upheld correctly by the caller.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 386963283

--
a4d1faac020d5025edf53ce81808e5db68da7d89 by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

PC / Backtrace / Symbolization for Emscripten.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 386957724

--
97f2c47d83ba9d3ac89e1f55bd06897686ffd063 by Martijn Vels <mvels@google.com>:

Fix static casts ([-Wimplicit-int-conversion])

PiperOrigin-RevId: 386951646

--
9530c795248543817cbc4013953baa09c35f5e1a by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Fix incorrect header guard in cord_rep_btree_navigator.h

PiperOrigin-RevId: 386907904

--
90ce5872406df2b7f4c428683741dc13a572267e by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Small grammar fixes for some StatusCode descriptions.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 386906217

--
b30a2fd777f12a04a4d512f37a34614b0d05ce99 by Derek Mauro <dmauro@google.com>:

Skip length checking when constructing absl::string_view from std::string.
The length check causes unnecessary code bloat.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 386857974

--
fa171536c359bfa2a1b80297e844519bb9ee7791 by Martijn Vels <mvels@google.com>:

Introduce CordRepBtreeNavigator

CordRepBtreeNavigator implements bi-directional navigation over all data edges stored inside a Cord Btree.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 386519102
GitOrigin-RevId: 69b5d0b2a5adb49a53e51f9da6848eaa484242fe
Change-Id: I1b35188d66133f8cb73d346bc5564aac4e0b3e80

22 files changed, 1213 insertions, 136 deletions

diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc
index f5a9ce68..a5dee6aa 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc
@@ -37,25 +37,23 @@ inline size_t RandomSeed() {
   return value ^ static_cast<size_t>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&counter));
 }
 
-bool ShouldInsertBackwards(size_t hash, ctrl_t* ctrl) {
+bool ShouldInsertBackwards(size_t hash, const ctrl_t* ctrl) {
   // To avoid problems with weak hashes and single bit tests, we use % 13.
   // TODO(kfm,sbenza): revisit after we do unconditional mixing
   return (H1(hash, ctrl) ^ RandomSeed()) % 13 > 6;
 }
 
-void ConvertDeletedToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(
-    ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t capacity) {
-  assert(ctrl[capacity] == kSentinel);
+void ConvertDeletedToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t capacity) {
+  assert(ctrl[capacity] == ctrl_t::kSentinel);
   assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity));
   for (ctrl_t* pos = ctrl; pos < ctrl + capacity; pos += Group::kWidth) {
     Group{pos}.ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(pos);
   }
   // Copy the cloned ctrl bytes.
   std::memcpy(ctrl + capacity + 1, ctrl, NumClonedBytes());
-  ctrl[capacity] = kSentinel;
+  ctrl[capacity] = ctrl_t::kSentinel;
 }
 
-
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h
index 675c9148..d7783263 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h
@@ -252,48 +252,57 @@ class BitMask {
   T mask_;
 };
 
-using ctrl_t = signed char;
 using h2_t = uint8_t;
 
 // The values here are selected for maximum performance. See the static asserts
-// below for details.
-enum Ctrl : ctrl_t {
+// below for details. We use an enum class so that when strict aliasing is
+// enabled, the compiler knows ctrl_t doesn't alias other types.
+enum class ctrl_t : int8_t {
   kEmpty = -128,   // 0b10000000
   kDeleted = -2,   // 0b11111110
   kSentinel = -1,  // 0b11111111
 };
 static_assert(
-    kEmpty & kDeleted & kSentinel & 0x80,
+    (static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty) &
+     static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kDeleted) &
+     static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kSentinel) & 0x80) != 0,
     "Special markers need to have the MSB to make checking for them efficient");
-static_assert(kEmpty < kSentinel && kDeleted < kSentinel,
-              "kEmpty and kDeleted must be smaller than kSentinel to make the "
-              "SIMD test of IsEmptyOrDeleted() efficient");
-static_assert(kSentinel == -1,
-              "kSentinel must be -1 to elide loading it from memory into SIMD "
-              "registers (pcmpeqd xmm, xmm)");
-static_assert(kEmpty == -128,
-              "kEmpty must be -128 to make the SIMD check for its "
+static_assert(
+    ctrl_t::kEmpty < ctrl_t::kSentinel && ctrl_t::kDeleted < ctrl_t::kSentinel,
+    "ctrl_t::kEmpty and ctrl_t::kDeleted must be smaller than "
+    "ctrl_t::kSentinel to make the SIMD test of IsEmptyOrDeleted() efficient");
+static_assert(
+    ctrl_t::kSentinel == static_cast<ctrl_t>(-1),
+    "ctrl_t::kSentinel must be -1 to elide loading it from memory into SIMD "
+    "registers (pcmpeqd xmm, xmm)");
+static_assert(ctrl_t::kEmpty == static_cast<ctrl_t>(-128),
+              "ctrl_t::kEmpty must be -128 to make the SIMD check for its "
               "existence efficient (psignb xmm, xmm)");
-static_assert(~kEmpty & ~kDeleted & kSentinel & 0x7F,
-              "kEmpty and kDeleted must share an unset bit that is not shared "
-              "by kSentinel to make the scalar test for MatchEmptyOrDeleted() "
-              "efficient");
-static_assert(kDeleted == -2,
-              "kDeleted must be -2 to make the implementation of "
+static_assert(
+    (~static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty) &
+     ~static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kDeleted) &
+     static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kSentinel) & 0x7F) != 0,
+    "ctrl_t::kEmpty and ctrl_t::kDeleted must share an unset bit that is not "
+    "shared by ctrl_t::kSentinel to make the scalar test for "
+    "MatchEmptyOrDeleted() efficient");
+static_assert(ctrl_t::kDeleted == static_cast<ctrl_t>(-2),
+              "ctrl_t::kDeleted must be -2 to make the implementation of "
               "ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted efficient");
 
 // A single block of empty control bytes for tables without any slots allocated.
 // This enables removing a branch in the hot path of find().
 inline ctrl_t* EmptyGroup() {
   alignas(16) static constexpr ctrl_t empty_group[] = {
-      kSentinel, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty,
-      kEmpty,    kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty, kEmpty};
+      ctrl_t::kSentinel, ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty,
+      ctrl_t::kEmpty,    ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty,
+      ctrl_t::kEmpty,    ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty,
+      ctrl_t::kEmpty,    ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty};
   return const_cast<ctrl_t*>(empty_group);
 }
 
 // Mixes a randomly generated per-process seed with `hash` and `ctrl` to
 // randomize insertion order within groups.
-bool ShouldInsertBackwards(size_t hash, ctrl_t* ctrl);
+bool ShouldInsertBackwards(size_t hash, const ctrl_t* ctrl);
 
 // Returns a hash seed.
 //
@@ -309,12 +318,12 @@ inline size_t HashSeed(const ctrl_t* ctrl) {
 inline size_t H1(size_t hash, const ctrl_t* ctrl) {
   return (hash >> 7) ^ HashSeed(ctrl);
 }
-inline ctrl_t H2(size_t hash) { return hash & 0x7F; }
+inline h2_t H2(size_t hash) { return hash & 0x7F; }
 
-inline bool IsEmpty(ctrl_t c) { return c == kEmpty; }
-inline bool IsFull(ctrl_t c) { return c >= 0; }
-inline bool IsDeleted(ctrl_t c) { return c == kDeleted; }
-inline bool IsEmptyOrDeleted(ctrl_t c) { return c < kSentinel; }
+inline bool IsEmpty(ctrl_t c) { return c == ctrl_t::kEmpty; }
+inline bool IsFull(ctrl_t c) { return c >= static_cast<ctrl_t>(0); }
+inline bool IsDeleted(ctrl_t c) { return c == ctrl_t::kDeleted; }
+inline bool IsEmptyOrDeleted(ctrl_t c) { return c < ctrl_t::kSentinel; }
 
 #if ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSE2
 
@@ -351,24 +360,24 @@ struct GroupSse2Impl {
   // Returns a bitmask representing the positions of empty slots.
   BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth> MatchEmpty() const {
 #if ABSL_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_HAVE_SSSE3
-    // This only works because kEmpty is -128.
+    // This only works because ctrl_t::kEmpty is -128.
     return BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(
         _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_sign_epi8(ctrl, ctrl)));
 #else
-    return Match(static_cast<h2_t>(kEmpty));
+    return Match(static_cast<h2_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty));
 #endif
   }
 
   // Returns a bitmask representing the positions of empty or deleted slots.
   BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth> MatchEmptyOrDeleted() const {
-    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(kSentinel);
+    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kSentinel));
     return BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(
         _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(special, ctrl)));
   }
 
   // Returns the number of trailing empty or deleted elements in the group.
   uint32_t CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted() const {
-    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(kSentinel);
+    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kSentinel));
     return TrailingZeros(static_cast<uint32_t>(
         _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(special, ctrl)) + 1));
   }
@@ -403,7 +412,7 @@ struct GroupPortableImpl {
     //
     // Caveat: there are false positives but:
     // - they only occur if there is a real match
-    // - they never occur on kEmpty, kDeleted, kSentinel
+    // - they never occur on ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kDeleted, ctrl_t::kSentinel
     // - they will be handled gracefully by subsequent checks in code
     //
     // Example:
@@ -459,8 +468,8 @@ inline bool IsValidCapacity(size_t n) { return ((n + 1) & n) == 0 && n > 0; }
 
 // PRECONDITION:
 //   IsValidCapacity(capacity)
-//   ctrl[capacity] == kSentinel
-//   ctrl[i] != kSentinel for all i < capacity
+//   ctrl[capacity] == ctrl_t::kSentinel
+//   ctrl[i] != ctrl_t::kSentinel for all i < capacity
 // Applies mapping for every byte in ctrl:
 //   DELETED -> EMPTY
 //   EMPTY -> EMPTY
@@ -545,27 +554,28 @@ struct FindInfo {
 //  This is important to make 1 a valid capacity.
 //
 //  - In small mode only the first `capacity()` control bytes after the
-//  sentinel are valid. The rest contain dummy kEmpty values that do not
+//  sentinel are valid. The rest contain dummy ctrl_t::kEmpty values that do not
 //  represent a real slot. This is important to take into account on
 //  find_first_non_full(), where we never try ShouldInsertBackwards() for
 //  small tables.
 inline bool is_small(size_t capacity) { return capacity < Group::kWidth - 1; }
 
-inline probe_seq<Group::kWidth> probe(ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t hash,
+inline probe_seq<Group::kWidth> probe(const ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t hash,
                                       size_t capacity) {
   return probe_seq<Group::kWidth>(H1(hash, ctrl), capacity);
 }
 
 // Probes the raw_hash_set with the probe sequence for hash and returns the
 // pointer to the first empty or deleted slot.
-// NOTE: this function must work with tables having both kEmpty and kDelete
-// in one group. Such tables appears during drop_deletes_without_resize.
+// NOTE: this function must work with tables having both ctrl_t::kEmpty and
+// ctrl_t::kDeleted in one group. Such tables appears during
+// drop_deletes_without_resize.
 //
 // This function is very useful when insertions happen and:
 // - the input is already a set
 // - there are enough slots
 // - the element with the hash is not in the table
-inline FindInfo find_first_non_full(ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t hash,
+inline FindInfo find_first_non_full(const ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t hash,
                                     size_t capacity) {
   auto seq = probe(ctrl, hash, capacity);
   while (true) {
@@ -588,11 +598,12 @@ inline FindInfo find_first_non_full(ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t hash,
   }
 }
 
-// Reset all ctrl bytes back to kEmpty, except the sentinel.
+// Reset all ctrl bytes back to ctrl_t::kEmpty, except the sentinel.
 inline void ResetCtrl(size_t capacity, ctrl_t* ctrl, const void* slot,
                       size_t slot_size) {
-  std::memset(ctrl, kEmpty, capacity + 1 + NumClonedBytes());
-  ctrl[capacity] = kSentinel;
+  std::memset(ctrl, static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty),
+              capacity + 1 + NumClonedBytes());
+  ctrl[capacity] = ctrl_t::kSentinel;
   SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(slot, slot_size * capacity);
 }
 
@@ -613,6 +624,11 @@ inline void SetCtrl(size_t i, ctrl_t h, size_t capacity, ctrl_t* ctrl,
   ctrl[((i - NumClonedBytes()) & capacity) + (NumClonedBytes() & capacity)] = h;
 }
 
+inline void SetCtrl(size_t i, h2_t h, size_t capacity, ctrl_t* ctrl,
+                    const void* slot, size_t slot_size) {
+  SetCtrl(i, static_cast<ctrl_t>(h), capacity, ctrl, slot, slot_size);
+}
+
 // Policy: a policy defines how to perform different operations on
 // the slots of the hashtable (see hash_policy_traits.h for the full interface
 // of policy).
@@ -780,7 +796,7 @@ class raw_hash_set {
         ctrl_ += shift;
         slot_ += shift;
       }
-      if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(*ctrl_ == kSentinel)) ctrl_ = nullptr;
+      if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(*ctrl_ == ctrl_t::kSentinel)) ctrl_ = nullptr;
     }
 
     ctrl_t* ctrl_ = nullptr;
@@ -1575,8 +1591,8 @@ class raw_hash_set {
         static_cast<size_t>(empty_after.TrailingZeros() +
                             empty_before.LeadingZeros()) < Group::kWidth;
 
-    SetCtrl(index, was_never_full ? kEmpty : kDeleted, capacity_, ctrl_, slots_,
-            sizeof(slot_type));
+    SetCtrl(index, was_never_full ? ctrl_t::kEmpty : ctrl_t::kDeleted,
+            capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
     growth_left() += was_never_full;
     infoz().RecordErase();
   }
@@ -1706,7 +1722,7 @@ class raw_hash_set {
         // right time.
         SetCtrl(new_i, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
         PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + new_i, slots_ + i);
-        SetCtrl(i, kEmpty, capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
+        SetCtrl(i, ctrl_t::kEmpty, capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
       } else {
         assert(IsDeleted(ctrl_[new_i]));
         SetCtrl(new_i, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_benchmark.cc b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_benchmark.cc
index 977ff4c0..c886d3ad 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_benchmark.cc
@@ -315,9 +315,17 @@ void BM_ReserveStringTable(benchmark::State& state) {
 }
 BENCHMARK(BM_ReserveStringTable)->Range(128, 4096);
 
+// Like std::iota, except that ctrl_t doesn't support operator++.
+template <typename CtrlIter>
+void Iota(CtrlIter begin, CtrlIter end, int value) {
+  for (; begin != end; ++begin, ++value) {
+    *begin = static_cast<ctrl_t>(value);
+  }
+}
+
 void BM_Group_Match(benchmark::State& state) {
   std::array<ctrl_t, Group::kWidth> group;
-  std::iota(group.begin(), group.end(), -4);
+  Iota(group.begin(), group.end(), -4);
   Group g{group.data()};
   h2_t h = 1;
   for (auto _ : state) {
@@ -329,7 +337,7 @@ BENCHMARK(BM_Group_Match);
 
 void BM_Group_MatchEmpty(benchmark::State& state) {
   std::array<ctrl_t, Group::kWidth> group;
-  std::iota(group.begin(), group.end(), -4);
+  Iota(group.begin(), group.end(), -4);
   Group g{group.data()};
   for (auto _ : state) ::benchmark::DoNotOptimize(g.MatchEmpty());
 }
@@ -337,7 +345,7 @@ BENCHMARK(BM_Group_MatchEmpty);
 
 void BM_Group_MatchEmptyOrDeleted(benchmark::State& state) {
   std::array<ctrl_t, Group::kWidth> group;
-  std::iota(group.begin(), group.end(), -4);
+  Iota(group.begin(), group.end(), -4);
   Group g{group.data()};
   for (auto _ : state) ::benchmark::DoNotOptimize(g.MatchEmptyOrDeleted());
 }
@@ -345,7 +353,7 @@ BENCHMARK(BM_Group_MatchEmptyOrDeleted);
 
 void BM_Group_CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted(benchmark::State& state) {
   std::array<ctrl_t, Group::kWidth> group;
-  std::iota(group.begin(), group.end(), -2);
+  Iota(group.begin(), group.end(), -2);
   Group g{group.data()};
   for (auto _ : state)
     ::benchmark::DoNotOptimize(g.CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted());
@@ -354,7 +362,7 @@ BENCHMARK(BM_Group_CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted);
 
 void BM_Group_MatchFirstEmptyOrDeleted(benchmark::State& state) {
   std::array<ctrl_t, Group::kWidth> group;
-  std::iota(group.begin(), group.end(), -2);
+  Iota(group.begin(), group.end(), -2);
   Group g{group.data()};
   for (auto _ : state) ::benchmark::DoNotOptimize(*g.MatchEmptyOrDeleted());
 }
@@ -363,8 +371,11 @@ BENCHMARK(BM_Group_MatchFirstEmptyOrDeleted);
 void BM_DropDeletes(benchmark::State& state) {
   constexpr size_t capacity = (1 << 20) - 1;
   std::vector<ctrl_t> ctrl(capacity + 1 + Group::kWidth);
-  ctrl[capacity] = kSentinel;
-  std::vector<ctrl_t> pattern = {kEmpty, 2, kDeleted, 2, kEmpty, 1, kDeleted};
+  ctrl[capacity] = ctrl_t::kSentinel;
+  std::vector<ctrl_t> pattern = {ctrl_t::kEmpty,   static_cast<ctrl_t>(2),
+                                 ctrl_t::kDeleted, static_cast<ctrl_t>(2),
+                                 ctrl_t::kEmpty,   static_cast<ctrl_t>(1),
+                                 ctrl_t::kDeleted};
   for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity; ++i) {
     ctrl[i] = pattern[i % pattern.size()];
   }
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
index a191bff9..4fb31fad 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
@@ -58,6 +58,9 @@ using ::testing::Lt;
 using ::testing::Pair;
 using ::testing::UnorderedElementsAre;
 
+// Convenience function to static cast to ctrl_t.
+ctrl_t CtrlT(int i) { return static_cast<ctrl_t>(i); }
+
 TEST(Util, NormalizeCapacity) {
   EXPECT_EQ(1, NormalizeCapacity(0));
   EXPECT_EQ(1, NormalizeCapacity(1));
@@ -170,15 +173,19 @@ TEST(Group, EmptyGroup) {
 
 TEST(Group, Match) {
   if (Group::kWidth == 16) {
-    ctrl_t group[] = {kEmpty, 1, kDeleted, 3, kEmpty, 5, kSentinel, 7,
-                      7,      5, 3,        1, 1,      1, 1,         1};
+    ctrl_t group[] = {ctrl_t::kEmpty, CtrlT(1), ctrl_t::kDeleted,  CtrlT(3),
+                      ctrl_t::kEmpty, CtrlT(5), ctrl_t::kSentinel, CtrlT(7),
+                      CtrlT(7),       CtrlT(5), CtrlT(3),          CtrlT(1),
+                      CtrlT(1),       CtrlT(1), CtrlT(1),          CtrlT(1)};
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.Match(0), ElementsAre());
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.Match(1), ElementsAre(1, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15));
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.Match(3), ElementsAre(3, 10));
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.Match(5), ElementsAre(5, 9));
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.Match(7), ElementsAre(7, 8));
   } else if (Group::kWidth == 8) {
-    ctrl_t group[] = {kEmpty, 1, 2, kDeleted, 2, 1, kSentinel, 1};
+    ctrl_t group[] = {ctrl_t::kEmpty,    CtrlT(1), CtrlT(2),
+                      ctrl_t::kDeleted,  CtrlT(2), CtrlT(1),
+                      ctrl_t::kSentinel, CtrlT(1)};
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.Match(0), ElementsAre());
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.Match(1), ElementsAre(1, 5, 7));
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.Match(2), ElementsAre(2, 4));
@@ -189,11 +196,15 @@ TEST(Group, Match) {
 
 TEST(Group, MatchEmpty) {
   if (Group::kWidth == 16) {
-    ctrl_t group[] = {kEmpty, 1, kDeleted, 3, kEmpty, 5, kSentinel, 7,
-                      7,      5, 3,        1, 1,      1, 1,         1};
+    ctrl_t group[] = {ctrl_t::kEmpty, CtrlT(1), ctrl_t::kDeleted,  CtrlT(3),
+                      ctrl_t::kEmpty, CtrlT(5), ctrl_t::kSentinel, CtrlT(7),
+                      CtrlT(7),       CtrlT(5), CtrlT(3),          CtrlT(1),
+                      CtrlT(1),       CtrlT(1), CtrlT(1),          CtrlT(1)};
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.MatchEmpty(), ElementsAre(0, 4));
   } else if (Group::kWidth == 8) {
-    ctrl_t group[] = {kEmpty, 1, 2, kDeleted, 2, 1, kSentinel, 1};
+    ctrl_t group[] = {ctrl_t::kEmpty,    CtrlT(1), CtrlT(2),
+                      ctrl_t::kDeleted,  CtrlT(2), CtrlT(1),
+                      ctrl_t::kSentinel, CtrlT(1)};
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.MatchEmpty(), ElementsAre(0));
   } else {
     FAIL() << "No test coverage for Group::kWidth==" << Group::kWidth;
@@ -202,11 +213,15 @@ TEST(Group, MatchEmpty) {
 
 TEST(Group, MatchEmptyOrDeleted) {
   if (Group::kWidth == 16) {
-    ctrl_t group[] = {kEmpty, 1, kDeleted, 3, kEmpty, 5, kSentinel, 7,
-                      7,      5, 3,        1, 1,      1, 1,         1};
+    ctrl_t group[] = {ctrl_t::kEmpty, CtrlT(1), ctrl_t::kDeleted,  CtrlT(3),
+                      ctrl_t::kEmpty, CtrlT(5), ctrl_t::kSentinel, CtrlT(7),
+                      CtrlT(7),       CtrlT(5), CtrlT(3),          CtrlT(1),
+                      CtrlT(1),       CtrlT(1), CtrlT(1),          CtrlT(1)};
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.MatchEmptyOrDeleted(), ElementsAre(0, 2, 4));
   } else if (Group::kWidth == 8) {
-    ctrl_t group[] = {kEmpty, 1, 2, kDeleted, 2, 1, kSentinel, 1};
+    ctrl_t group[] = {ctrl_t::kEmpty,    CtrlT(1), CtrlT(2),
+                      ctrl_t::kDeleted,  CtrlT(2), CtrlT(1),
+                      ctrl_t::kSentinel, CtrlT(1)};
     EXPECT_THAT(Group{group}.MatchEmptyOrDeleted(), ElementsAre(0, 3));
   } else {
     FAIL() << "No test coverage for Group::kWidth==" << Group::kWidth;
@@ -217,28 +232,32 @@ TEST(Batch, DropDeletes) {
   constexpr size_t kCapacity = 63;
   constexpr size_t kGroupWidth = container_internal::Group::kWidth;
   std::vector<ctrl_t> ctrl(kCapacity + 1 + kGroupWidth);
-  ctrl[kCapacity] = kSentinel;
-  std::vector<ctrl_t> pattern = {kEmpty, 2, kDeleted, 2, kEmpty, 1, kDeleted};
+  ctrl[kCapacity] = ctrl_t::kSentinel;
+  std::vector<ctrl_t> pattern = {
+      ctrl_t::kEmpty, CtrlT(2), ctrl_t::kDeleted, CtrlT(2),
+      ctrl_t::kEmpty, CtrlT(1), ctrl_t::kDeleted};
   for (size_t i = 0; i != kCapacity; ++i) {
     ctrl[i] = pattern[i % pattern.size()];
     if (i < kGroupWidth - 1)
       ctrl[i + kCapacity + 1] = pattern[i % pattern.size()];
   }
   ConvertDeletedToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl.data(), kCapacity);
-  ASSERT_EQ(ctrl[kCapacity], kSentinel);
+  ASSERT_EQ(ctrl[kCapacity], ctrl_t::kSentinel);
   for (size_t i = 0; i < kCapacity + kGroupWidth; ++i) {
     ctrl_t expected = pattern[i % (kCapacity + 1) % pattern.size()];
-    if (i == kCapacity) expected = kSentinel;
-    if (expected == kDeleted) expected = kEmpty;
-    if (IsFull(expected)) expected = kDeleted;
+    if (i == kCapacity) expected = ctrl_t::kSentinel;
+    if (expected == ctrl_t::kDeleted) expected = ctrl_t::kEmpty;
+    if (IsFull(expected)) expected = ctrl_t::kDeleted;
     EXPECT_EQ(ctrl[i], expected)
-        << i << " " << int{pattern[i % pattern.size()]};
+        << i << " " << static_cast<int>(pattern[i % pattern.size()]);
   }
 }
 
 TEST(Group, CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted) {
-  const std::vector<ctrl_t> empty_examples = {kEmpty, kDeleted};
-  const std::vector<ctrl_t> full_examples = {0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 127, kSentinel};
+  const std::vector<ctrl_t> empty_examples = {ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kDeleted};
+  const std::vector<ctrl_t> full_examples = {
+      CtrlT(0), CtrlT(1), CtrlT(2),   CtrlT(3),
+      CtrlT(5), CtrlT(9), CtrlT(127), ctrl_t::kSentinel};
 
   for (ctrl_t empty : empty_examples) {
     std::vector<ctrl_t> e(Group::kWidth, empty);
@@ -871,7 +890,7 @@ TEST(Table, RehashWithNoResize) {
   const size_t capacity = t.capacity();
 
   // Remove elements from all groups except the first and the last one.
-  // All elements removed from full groups will be marked as kDeleted.
+  // All elements removed from full groups will be marked as ctrl_t::kDeleted.
   const size_t erase_begin = Group::kWidth / 2;
   const size_t erase_end = (t.size() / Group::kWidth - 1) * Group::kWidth;
   for (size_t i = erase_begin; i < erase_end; ++i) {
diff --git a/absl/debugging/BUILD.bazel b/absl/debugging/BUILD.bazel
index 2aac0f66..a8c51a5c 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/debugging/BUILD.bazel
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ cc_library(
         "internal/stacktrace_aarch64-inl.inc",
         "internal/stacktrace_arm-inl.inc",
         "internal/stacktrace_config.h",
+        "internal/stacktrace_emscripten-inl.inc",
         "internal/stacktrace_generic-inl.inc",
         "internal/stacktrace_powerpc-inl.inc",
         "internal/stacktrace_unimplemented-inl.inc",
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ cc_library(
         "symbolize.cc",
         "symbolize_darwin.inc",
         "symbolize_elf.inc",
+        "symbolize_emscripten.inc",
         "symbolize_unimplemented.inc",
         "symbolize_win32.inc",
     ],
diff --git a/absl/debugging/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/debugging/CMakeLists.txt
index bb4d4c92..760772f3 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/debugging/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "internal/stacktrace_aarch64-inl.inc"
     "internal/stacktrace_arm-inl.inc"
     "internal/stacktrace_config.h"
+    "internal/stacktrace_emscripten-inl.inc"
     "internal/stacktrace_generic-inl.inc"
     "internal/stacktrace_powerpc-inl.inc"
     "internal/stacktrace_unimplemented-inl.inc"
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "symbolize.cc"
     "symbolize_darwin.inc"
     "symbolize_elf.inc"
+    "symbolize_emscripten.inc"
     "symbolize_unimplemented.inc"
     "symbolize_win32.inc"
   COPTS
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_config.h b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_config.h
index cca410d4..6cceef26 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_config.h
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_config.h
@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@
   "absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_generic-inl.inc"
 #endif
 
+#elif defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+#define ABSL_STACKTRACE_INL_HEADER \
+  "absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_emscripten-inl.inc"
+
 #elif defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
 
 #if defined(NO_FRAME_POINTER) && \
@@ -68,7 +72,6 @@
   "absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_generic-inl.inc"
 #endif
 #endif
-
 #endif
 
 // Fallback to the empty implementation.
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_emscripten-inl.inc b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_emscripten-inl.inc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f444514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_emscripten-inl.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// Portable implementation - just use glibc
+//
+// Note:  The glibc implementation may cause a call to malloc.
+// This can cause a deadlock in HeapProfiler.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_DEBUGGING_INTERNAL_STACKTRACE_EMSCRIPTEN_INL_H_
+#define ABSL_DEBUGGING_INTERNAL_STACKTRACE_EMSCRIPTEN_INL_H_
+
+#include <emscripten.h>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/debugging/stacktrace.h"
+
+extern "C" {
+uintptr_t emscripten_stack_snapshot();
+uint32_t emscripten_stack_unwind_buffer(uintptr_t pc, void *buffer,
+                                        uint32_t depth);
+}
+
+// Sometimes, we can try to get a stack trace from within a stack
+// trace, which can cause a self-deadlock.
+// Protect against such reentrant call by failing to get a stack trace.
+//
+// We use __thread here because the code here is extremely low level -- it is
+// called while collecting stack traces from within malloc and mmap, and thus
+// can not call anything which might call malloc or mmap itself.
+static __thread int recursive = 0;
+
+// The stack trace function might be invoked very early in the program's
+// execution (e.g. from the very first malloc).
+// As such, we suppress usage of backtrace during this early stage of execution.
+static std::atomic<bool> disable_stacktraces(true);  // Disabled until healthy.
+// Waiting until static initializers run seems to be late enough.
+// This file is included into stacktrace.cc so this will only run once.
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED static int stacktraces_enabler = []() {
+  // Check if we can even create stacktraces. If not, bail early and leave
+  // disable_stacktraces set as-is.
+  // clang-format off
+  if (!EM_ASM_INT({ return (typeof wasmOffsetConverter !== 'undefined'); })) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  // clang-format on
+  disable_stacktraces.store(false, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  return 0;
+}();
+
+template <bool IS_STACK_FRAMES, bool IS_WITH_CONTEXT>
+static int UnwindImpl(void **result, int *sizes, int max_depth, int skip_count,
+                      const void *ucp, int *min_dropped_frames) {
+  if (recursive || disable_stacktraces.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  ++recursive;
+
+  static_cast<void>(ucp);  // Unused.
+  constexpr int kStackLength = 64;
+  void *stack[kStackLength];
+
+  int size;
+  uintptr_t pc = emscripten_stack_snapshot();
+  size = emscripten_stack_unwind_buffer(pc, stack, kStackLength);
+
+  int result_count = size - skip_count;
+  if (result_count < 0) result_count = 0;
+  if (result_count > max_depth) result_count = max_depth;
+  for (int i = 0; i < result_count; i++) result[i] = stack[i + skip_count];
+
+  if (IS_STACK_FRAMES) {
+    // No implementation for finding out the stack frame sizes yet.
+    memset(sizes, 0, sizeof(*sizes) * result_count);
+  }
+  if (min_dropped_frames != nullptr) {
+    if (size - skip_count - max_depth > 0) {
+      *min_dropped_frames = size - skip_count - max_depth;
+    } else {
+      *min_dropped_frames = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  --recursive;
+
+  return result_count;
+}
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace debugging_internal {
+bool StackTraceWorksForTest() { return true; }
+}  // namespace debugging_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_DEBUGGING_INTERNAL_STACKTRACE_EMSCRIPTEN_INL_H_
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/symbolize.h b/absl/debugging/internal/symbolize.h
index 4f26130f..8c296f89 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/symbolize.h
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/symbolize.h
@@ -68,6 +68,12 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_DARWIN_SYMBOLIZE 1
 #endif
 
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_EMSCRIPTEN_SYMBOLIZE
+#error ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_EMSCRIPTEN_SYMBOLIZE cannot be directly set
+#elif defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_EMSCRIPTEN_SYMBOLIZE 1
+#endif
+
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace debugging_internal {
diff --git a/absl/debugging/stacktrace.cc b/absl/debugging/stacktrace.cc
index 1f7c7d82..5358b942 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/stacktrace.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/stacktrace.cc
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
 
 # include "absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_aarch64-inl.inc"
 # include "absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_arm-inl.inc"
+# include "absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_emscripten-inl.inc"
 # include "absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_generic-inl.inc"
 # include "absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_powerpc-inl.inc"
 # include "absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_unimplemented-inl.inc"
diff --git a/absl/debugging/symbolize.cc b/absl/debugging/symbolize.cc
index 5e4a25d6..f1abdfda 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/symbolize.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/symbolize.cc
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 #include "absl/debugging/symbolize_win32.inc"
 #elif defined(__APPLE__)
 #include "absl/debugging/symbolize_darwin.inc"
+#elif defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+#include "absl/debugging/symbolize_emscripten.inc"
 #else
 #include "absl/debugging/symbolize_unimplemented.inc"
 #endif
diff --git a/absl/debugging/symbolize_emscripten.inc b/absl/debugging/symbolize_emscripten.inc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c226c456
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/debugging/symbolize_emscripten.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <cxxabi.h>
+#include <emscripten.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/debugging/internal/demangle.h"
+#include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+extern "C" {
+const char* emscripten_pc_get_function(const void* pc);
+}
+
+// clang-format off
+EM_JS(bool, HaveOffsetConverter, (),
+      { return typeof wasmOffsetConverter !== 'undefined'; });
+// clang-format on
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+void InitializeSymbolizer(const char*) {
+  if (!HaveOffsetConverter()) {
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO,
+                 "Symbolization unavailable. Rebuild with -sWASM=1 "
+                 "and -sUSE_OFFSET_CONVERTER=1.");
+  }
+}
+
+bool Symbolize(const void* pc, char* out, int out_size) {
+  // Check if we have the offset converter necessary for pc_get_function.
+  // Without it, the program will abort().
+  if (!HaveOffsetConverter()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  const char* func_name = emscripten_pc_get_function(pc);
+  if (func_name == nullptr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  strncpy(out, func_name, out_size);
+
+  if (out[out_size - 1] != '\0') {
+    // strncpy() does not '\0' terminate when it truncates.
+    static constexpr char kEllipsis[] = "...";
+    int ellipsis_size = std::min<int>(sizeof(kEllipsis) - 1, out_size - 1);
+    memcpy(out + out_size - ellipsis_size - 1, kEllipsis, ellipsis_size);
+    out[out_size - 1] = '\0';
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/debugging/symbolize_test.cc b/absl/debugging/symbolize_test.cc
index 35de02e2..c710a3da 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/symbolize_test.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/symbolize_test.cc
@@ -146,8 +146,22 @@ static const char *TrySymbolize(void *pc) {
   return TrySymbolizeWithLimit(pc, sizeof(try_symbolize_buffer));
 }
 
-#if defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_ELF_SYMBOLIZE) || \
-    defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_DARWIN_SYMBOLIZE)
+#if defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_ELF_SYMBOLIZE) ||    \
+    defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_DARWIN_SYMBOLIZE) || \
+    defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_EMSCRIPTEN_SYMBOLIZE)
+
+// Test with a return address.
+void ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE TestWithReturnAddress() {
+#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE)
+  void *return_address = __builtin_return_address(0);
+  const char *symbol = TrySymbolize(return_address);
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(symbol != nullptr, "TestWithReturnAddress failed");
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(strcmp(symbol, "main") == 0, "TestWithReturnAddress failed");
+  std::cout << "TestWithReturnAddress passed" << std::endl;
+#endif
+}
+
+#ifndef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_EMSCRIPTEN_SYMBOLIZE
 
 TEST(Symbolize, Cached) {
   // Compilers should give us pointers to them.
@@ -418,6 +432,7 @@ TEST(Symbolize, ForEachSection) {
   close(fd);
 }
 #endif  // !ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_DARWIN_SYMBOLIZE
+#endif  // !ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_EMSCRIPTEN_SYMBOLIZE
 
 // x86 specific tests.  Uses some inline assembler.
 extern "C" {
@@ -466,17 +481,6 @@ void ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE TestWithPCInsideInlineFunction() {
 }
 }
 
-// Test with a return address.
-void ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE TestWithReturnAddress() {
-#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE)
-  void *return_address = __builtin_return_address(0);
-  const char *symbol = TrySymbolize(return_address);
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(symbol != nullptr, "TestWithReturnAddress failed");
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(strcmp(symbol, "main") == 0, "TestWithReturnAddress failed");
-  std::cout << "TestWithReturnAddress passed" << std::endl;
-#endif
-}
-
 #if defined(__arm__) && ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(target)
 // Test that we correctly identify bounds of Thumb functions on ARM.
 //
@@ -559,7 +563,6 @@ TEST(Symbolize, SymbolizeWithDemangling) {
 
 #endif  // !defined(ABSL_CONSUME_DLL)
 #else  // Symbolizer unimplemented
-
 TEST(Symbolize, Unimplemented) {
   char buf[64];
   EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Symbolize((void *)(&nonstatic_func), buf, sizeof(buf)));
diff --git a/absl/status/status.h b/absl/status/status.h
index 2e05f46e..c5fe0a70 100644
--- a/absl/status/status.h
+++ b/absl/status/status.h
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 // `kFailedPrecondition` if both codes apply. Similarly prefer `kNotFound` or
 // `kAlreadyExists` over `kFailedPrecondition`.
 //
-// Because these errors may travel RPC boundaries, these codes are tied to the
+// Because these errors may cross RPC boundaries, these codes are tied to the
 // `google.rpc.Code` definitions within
 // https://github.com/googleapis/googleapis/blob/master/google/rpc/code.proto
 // The string value of these RPC codes is denoted within each enum below.
@@ -114,10 +114,10 @@ enum class StatusCode : int {
   // StatusCode::kInvalidArgument
   //
   // kInvalidArgument (gRPC code "INVALID_ARGUMENT") indicates the caller
-  // specified an invalid argument, such a malformed filename. Note that such
-  // errors should be narrowly limited to indicate to the invalid nature of the
-  // arguments themselves. Errors with validly formed arguments that may cause
-  // errors with the state of the receiving system should be denoted with
+  // specified an invalid argument, such as a malformed filename. Note that use
+  // of such errors should be narrowly limited to indicate the invalid nature of
+  // the arguments themselves. Errors with validly formed arguments that may
+  // cause errors with the state of the receiving system should be denoted with
   // `kFailedPrecondition` instead.
   kInvalidArgument = 3,
 
@@ -137,14 +137,15 @@ enum class StatusCode : int {
   //
   // `kNotFound` is useful if a request should be denied for an entire class of
   // users, such as during a gradual feature rollout or undocumented allow list.
-  // If, instead, a request should be denied for specific sets of users, such as
-  // through user-based access control, use `kPermissionDenied` instead.
+  // If a request should be denied for specific sets of users, such as through
+  // user-based access control, use `kPermissionDenied` instead.
   kNotFound = 5,
 
   // StatusCode::kAlreadyExists
   //
-  // kAlreadyExists (gRPC code "ALREADY_EXISTS") indicates the entity that a
-  // caller attempted to create (such as file or directory) is already present.
+  // kAlreadyExists (gRPC code "ALREADY_EXISTS") indicates that the entity a
+  // caller attempted to create (such as a file or directory) is already
+  // present.
   kAlreadyExists = 6,
 
   // StatusCode::kPermissionDenied
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ enum class StatusCode : int {
   //      level (such as when a client-specified test-and-set fails, indicating
   //      the client should restart a read-modify-write sequence).
   //  (c) Use `kFailedPrecondition` if the client should not retry until
-  //      the system state has been explicitly fixed. For example, if an "rmdir"
+  //      the system state has been explicitly fixed. For example, if a "rmdir"
   //      fails because the directory is non-empty, `kFailedPrecondition`
   //      should be returned since the client should not retry unless
   //      the files are deleted from the directory.
@@ -283,7 +284,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, StatusCode code);
 // absl::StatusToStringMode
 //
 // An `absl::StatusToStringMode` is an enumerated type indicating how
-// `absl::Status::ToString()` should construct the output string for an non-ok
+// `absl::Status::ToString()` should construct the output string for a non-ok
 // status.
 enum class StatusToStringMode : int {
   // ToString will not contain any extra data (such as payloads). It will only
diff --git a/absl/strings/BUILD.bazel b/absl/strings/BUILD.bazel
index c686e05a..7e0245a3 100644
--- a/absl/strings/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/strings/BUILD.bazel
@@ -270,12 +270,14 @@ cc_library(
     srcs = [
         "internal/cord_internal.cc",
         "internal/cord_rep_btree.cc",
+        "internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.cc",
         "internal/cord_rep_consume.cc",
         "internal/cord_rep_ring.cc",
     ],
     hdrs = [
         "internal/cord_internal.h",
         "internal/cord_rep_btree.h",
+        "internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.h",
         "internal/cord_rep_consume.h",
         "internal/cord_rep_flat.h",
         "internal/cord_rep_ring.h",
@@ -318,6 +320,22 @@ cc_test(
     ],
 )
 
+cc_test(
+    name = "cord_rep_btree_navigator_test",
+    size = "medium",
+    srcs = ["internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        ":cord_internal",
+        ":cord_rep_test_util",
+        ":strings",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
 cc_library(
     name = "cordz_update_tracker",
     hdrs = ["internal/cordz_update_tracker.h"],
diff --git a/absl/strings/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/strings/CMakeLists.txt
index 2ddd3c48..e55c035d 100644
--- a/absl/strings/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/strings/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -556,6 +556,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
   HDRS
     "internal/cord_internal.h"
     "internal/cord_rep_btree.h"
+    "internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.h"
     "internal/cord_rep_consume.h"
     "internal/cord_rep_flat.h"
     "internal/cord_rep_ring.h"
@@ -563,6 +564,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
   SRCS
     "internal/cord_internal.cc"
     "internal/cord_rep_btree.cc"
+    "internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.cc"
     "internal/cord_rep_consume.cc"
     "internal/cord_rep_ring.cc"
   COPTS
@@ -959,6 +961,24 @@ absl_cc_test(
 
 absl_cc_test(
   NAME
+    cord_rep_btree_navigator_test
+  SRCS
+    "internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::config
+    absl::cord_internal
+    absl::cord_rep_test_util
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::strings
+    GTest::gmock_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
     cord_ring_test
   SRCS
     "cord_ring_test.cc"
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h
index f4118fc0..7d854731 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h
@@ -507,9 +507,9 @@ inline const CordRepBtree* CordRep::btree() const {
 
 inline void CordRepBtree::InitInstance(int height, size_t begin, size_t end) {
   tag = BTREE;
-  storage[0] = height;
-  storage[1] = begin;
-  storage[2] = end;
+  storage[0] = static_cast<uint8_t>(height);
+  storage[1] = static_cast<uint8_t>(begin);
+  storage[2] = static_cast<uint8_t>(end);
 }
 
 inline CordRep* CordRepBtree::Edge(size_t index) const {
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1f9995d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace cord_internal {
+
+using ReadResult = CordRepBtreeNavigator::ReadResult;
+
+namespace {
+
+// Returns a `CordRepSubstring` from `rep` starting at `offset` of size `n`.
+// If `rep` is already a `CordRepSubstring` instance, an adjusted instance is
+// created based on the old offset and new offset.
+// Adopts a reference on `rep`. Rep must be a valid data edge. Returns
+// nullptr if `n == 0`, `rep` if `n == rep->length`.
+// Requires `offset < rep->length` and `offset + n <= rep->length`.
+// TODO(192061034): move to utility library in internal and optimize for small
+// substrings of larger reps.
+inline CordRep* Substring(CordRep* rep, size_t offset, size_t n) {
+  assert(n <= rep->length);
+  assert(offset < rep->length);
+  assert(offset <= rep->length - n);
+  assert(CordRepBtree::IsDataEdge(rep));
+
+  if (n == 0) return nullptr;
+  if (n == rep->length) return CordRep::Ref(rep);
+
+  if (rep->tag == SUBSTRING) {
+    offset += rep->substring()->start;
+    rep = rep->substring()->child;
+  }
+
+  CordRepSubstring* substring = new CordRepSubstring();
+  substring->length = n;
+  substring->tag = SUBSTRING;
+  substring->start = offset;
+  substring->child = CordRep::Ref(rep);
+  return substring;
+}
+
+inline CordRep* Substring(CordRep* rep, size_t offset) {
+  return Substring(rep, offset, rep->length - offset);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+CordRepBtreeNavigator::Position CordRepBtreeNavigator::Skip(size_t n) {
+  int height = 0;
+  size_t index = index_[0];
+  CordRepBtree* node = node_[0];
+  CordRep* edge = node->Edge(index);
+
+  // Overall logic: Find an edge of at least the length we need to skip.
+  // We consume all edges which are smaller (i.e., must be 100% skipped).
+  // If we exhausted all edges on the current level, we move one level
+  // up the tree, and repeat until we either find the edge, or until we hit
+  // the top of the tree meaning the skip exceeds tree->length.
+  while (n >= edge->length) {
+    n -= edge->length;
+    while (++index == node->end()) {
+      if (++height > height_) return {nullptr, n};
+      node = node_[height];
+      index = index_[height];
+    }
+    edge = node->Edge(index);
+  }
+
+  // If we moved up the tree, descend down to the leaf level, consuming all
+  // edges that must be skipped.
+  while (height > 0) {
+    node = edge->btree();
+    index_[height] = index;
+    node_[--height] = node;
+    index = node->begin();
+    edge = node->Edge(index);
+    while (n >= edge->length) {
+      n -= edge->length;
+      ++index;
+      assert(index != node->end());
+      edge = node->Edge(index);
+    }
+  }
+  index_[0] = index;
+  return {edge, n};
+}
+
+ReadResult CordRepBtreeNavigator::Read(size_t edge_offset, size_t n) {
+  int height = 0;
+  size_t length = edge_offset + n;
+  size_t index = index_[0];
+  CordRepBtree* node = node_[0];
+  CordRep* edge = node->Edge(index);
+  assert(edge_offset < edge->length);
+
+  if (length < edge->length) {
+    return {Substring(edge, edge_offset, n), length};
+  }
+
+  // Similar to 'Skip', we consume all edges that are inside the 'length' of
+  // data that needs to be read. If we exhaust the current level, we move one
+  // level up the tree and repeat until we hit the final edge that must be
+  // (partially) read. We consume all edges into `subtree`.
+  CordRepBtree* subtree = CordRepBtree::New(Substring(edge, edge_offset));
+  size_t subtree_end = 1;
+  do {
+    length -= edge->length;
+    while (++index == node->end()) {
+      index_[height] = index;
+      if (++height > height_) {
+        subtree->set_end(subtree_end);
+        if (length == 0) return {subtree, 0};
+        CordRep::Unref(subtree);
+        return {nullptr, length};
+      }
+      if (length != 0) {
+        subtree->set_end(subtree_end);
+        subtree = CordRepBtree::New(subtree);
+        subtree_end = 1;
+      }
+      node = node_[height];
+      index = index_[height];
+    }
+    edge = node->Edge(index);
+    if (length >= edge->length) {
+      subtree->length += edge->length;
+      subtree->edges_[subtree_end++] = CordRep::Ref(edge);
+    }
+  } while (length >= edge->length);
+  CordRepBtree* tree = subtree;
+  subtree->length += length;
+
+  // If we moved up the tree, descend down to the leaf level, consuming all
+  // edges that must be read, adding 'down' nodes to `subtree`.
+  while (height > 0) {
+    node = edge->btree();
+    index_[height] = index;
+    node_[--height] = node;
+    index = node->begin();
+    edge = node->Edge(index);
+
+    if (length != 0) {
+      CordRepBtree* right = CordRepBtree::New(height);
+      right->length = length;
+      subtree->edges_[subtree_end++] = right;
+      subtree->set_end(subtree_end);
+      subtree = right;
+      subtree_end = 0;
+      while (length >= edge->length) {
+        subtree->edges_[subtree_end++] = CordRep::Ref(edge);
+        length -= edge->length;
+        edge = node->Edge(++index);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Add any (partial) edge still remaining at the leaf level.
+  if (length != 0) {
+    subtree->edges_[subtree_end++] = Substring(edge, 0, length);
+  }
+  subtree->set_end(subtree_end);
+  index_[0] = index;
+  return {tree, length};
+}
+
+}  // namespace cord_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.h b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..971b92ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORD_REP_BTREE_NAVIGATOR_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORD_REP_BTREE_NAVIGATOR_H_
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace cord_internal {
+
+// CordRepBtreeNavigator is a bi-directional navigator allowing callers to
+// navigate all the (leaf) data edges in a CordRepBtree instance.
+//
+// A CordRepBtreeNavigator instance is by default empty. Callers initialize a
+// navigator instance by calling one of `InitFirst()`, `InitLast()` or
+// `InitOffset()`, which establishes a current position. Callers can then
+// navigate using the `Next`, `Previous`, `Skip` and `Seek` methods.
+//
+// The navigator instance does not take or adopt a reference on the provided
+// `tree` on any of the initialization calls. Callers are responsible for
+// guaranteeing the lifecycle of the provided tree. A navigator instance can
+// be reset to the empty state by calling `Reset`.
+//
+// A navigator only keeps positional state on the 'current data edge', it does
+// explicitly not keep any 'offset' state. The class does accept and return
+// offsets in the `Read()`, `Skip()` and 'Seek()` methods as these would
+// otherwise put a big burden on callers. Callers are expected to maintain
+// (returned) offset info if they require such granular state.
+class CordRepBtreeNavigator {
+ public:
+  // The logical position as returned by the Seek() and Skip() functions.
+  // Returns the current leaf edge for the desired seek or skip position and
+  // the offset of that position inside that edge.
+  struct Position {
+    CordRep* edge;
+    size_t offset;
+  };
+
+  // The read result as returned by the Read() function.
+  // `tree` contains the resulting tree which is identical to the result
+  // of calling CordRepBtree::SubTree(...) on the tree being navigated.
+  // `n` contains the number of bytes used from the last navigated to
+  // edge of the tree.
+  struct ReadResult {
+    CordRep* tree;
+    size_t n;
+  };
+
+  // Returns true if this instance is not empty.
+  explicit operator bool() const;
+
+  // Returns the tree for this instance or nullptr if empty.
+  CordRepBtree* btree() const;
+
+  // Returns the data edge of the current position.
+  // Requires this instance to not be empty.
+  CordRep* Current() const;
+
+  // Resets this navigator to `tree`, returning the first data edge in the tree.
+  CordRep* InitFirst(CordRepBtree* tree);
+
+  // Resets this navigator to `tree`, returning the last data edge in the tree.
+  CordRep* InitLast(CordRepBtree* tree);
+
+  // Resets this navigator to `tree` returning the data edge at position
+  // `offset` and the relative offset of `offset` into that data edge.
+  // Returns `Position.edge = nullptr` if the provided offset is greater
+  // than or equal to the length of the tree, in which case the state of
+  // the navigator instance remains unchanged.
+  Position InitOffset(CordRepBtree* tree, size_t offset);
+
+  // Navigates to the next data edge.
+  // Returns the next data edge or nullptr if there is no next data edge, in
+  // which case the current position remains unchanged.
+  CordRep* Next();
+
+  // Navigates to the previous data edge.
+  // Returns the previous data edge or nullptr if there is no previous data
+  // edge, in which case the current position remains unchanged.
+  CordRep* Previous();
+
+  // Navigates to the data edge at position `offset`. Returns the navigated to
+  // data edge in `Position.edge` and the relative offset of `offset` into that
+  // data edge in `Position.offset`. Returns `Position.edge = nullptr` if the
+  // provide offset is greater than or equal to the tree's length.
+  Position Seek(size_t offset);
+
+  // Reads `n` bytes of data starting at offset `edge_offset` of the current
+  // data edge, and returns the result in `ReadResult.tree`. `ReadResult.n`
+  // contains the 'bytes used` from the last / current data edge in the tree.
+  // This allows users that mix regular navigation (using string views) and
+  // 'read into cord' navigation to keep track of the current state, and which
+  // bytes have been consumed from a navigator.
+  // This function returns `ReadResult.tree = nullptr` if the requested length
+  // exceeds the length of the tree starting at the current data edge.
+  ReadResult Read(size_t edge_offset, size_t n);
+
+  // Skips `n` bytes forward from the current data edge, returning the navigated
+  // to data edge in `Position.edge` and `Position.offset` containing the offset
+  // inside that data edge. Note that the state of the navigator is left
+  // unchanged if `n` is smaller than the length of the current data edge.
+  Position Skip(size_t n);
+
+  // Resets this instance to the default / empty state.
+  void Reset();
+
+ private:
+  // Slow path for Next() if Next() reached the end of a leaf node. Backtracks
+  // up the stack until it finds a node that has a 'next' position available,
+  // and then does a 'front dive' towards the next leaf node.
+  CordRep* NextUp();
+
+  // Slow path for Previous() if Previous() reached the beginning of a leaf
+  // node. Backtracks up the stack until it finds a node that has a 'previous'
+  // position available, and then does a 'back dive' towards the previous leaf
+  // node.
+  CordRep* PreviousUp();
+
+  // Generic implementation of InitFirst() and InitLast().
+  template <CordRepBtree::EdgeType edge_type>
+  CordRep* Init(CordRepBtree* tree);
+
+  // `height_` contains the height of the current tree, or -1 if empty.
+  int height_ = -1;
+
+  // `index_` and `node_` contain the navigation state as the 'path' to the
+  // current data edge which is at `node_[0]->Edge(index_[0])`. The contents
+  // of these are undefined until the instance is initialized (`height_ >= 0`).
+  uint8_t index_[CordRepBtree::kMaxHeight];
+  CordRepBtree* node_[CordRepBtree::kMaxHeight];
+};
+
+// Returns true if this instance is not empty.
+inline CordRepBtreeNavigator::operator bool() const { return height_ >= 0; }
+
+inline CordRepBtree* CordRepBtreeNavigator::btree() const {
+  return height_ >= 0 ? node_[height_] : nullptr;
+}
+
+inline CordRep* CordRepBtreeNavigator::Current() const {
+  assert(height_ >= 0);
+  return node_[0]->Edge(index_[0]);
+}
+
+inline void CordRepBtreeNavigator::Reset() { height_ = -1; }
+
+inline CordRep* CordRepBtreeNavigator::InitFirst(CordRepBtree* tree) {
+  return Init<CordRepBtree::kFront>(tree);
+}
+
+inline CordRep* CordRepBtreeNavigator::InitLast(CordRepBtree* tree) {
+  return Init<CordRepBtree::kBack>(tree);
+}
+
+template <CordRepBtree::EdgeType edge_type>
+inline CordRep* CordRepBtreeNavigator::Init(CordRepBtree* tree) {
+  assert(tree != nullptr);
+  assert(tree->size() > 0);
+  int height = height_ = tree->height();
+  size_t index = tree->index(edge_type);
+  node_[height] = tree;
+  index_[height] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index);
+  while (--height >= 0) {
+    tree = tree->Edge(index)->btree();
+    node_[height] = tree;
+    index = tree->index(edge_type);
+    index_[height] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index);
+  }
+  return node_[0]->Edge(index);
+}
+
+inline CordRepBtreeNavigator::Position CordRepBtreeNavigator::Seek(
+    size_t offset) {
+  assert(btree() != nullptr);
+  int height = height_;
+  CordRepBtree* edge = node_[height];
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(offset >= edge->length)) return {nullptr, 0};
+  CordRepBtree::Position index = edge->IndexOf(offset);
+  index_[height] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index.index);
+  while (--height >= 0) {
+    edge = edge->Edge(index.index)->btree();
+    node_[height] = edge;
+    index = edge->IndexOf(index.n);
+    index_[height] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index.index);
+  }
+  return {edge->Edge(index.index), index.n};
+}
+
+inline CordRepBtreeNavigator::Position CordRepBtreeNavigator::InitOffset(
+    CordRepBtree* tree, size_t offset) {
+  assert(tree != nullptr);
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(offset >= tree->length)) return {nullptr, 0};
+  height_ = tree->height();
+  node_[height_] = tree;
+  return Seek(offset);
+}
+
+inline CordRep* CordRepBtreeNavigator::Next() {
+  CordRepBtree* edge = node_[0];
+  return index_[0] == edge->back() ? NextUp() : edge->Edge(++index_[0]);
+}
+
+inline CordRep* CordRepBtreeNavigator::Previous() {
+  CordRepBtree* edge = node_[0];
+  return index_[0] == edge->begin() ? PreviousUp() : edge->Edge(--index_[0]);
+}
+
+inline CordRep* CordRepBtreeNavigator::NextUp() {
+  assert(index_[0] == node_[0]->back());
+  CordRepBtree* edge;
+  size_t index;
+  int height = 0;
+  do {
+    if (++height > height_) return nullptr;
+    edge = node_[height];
+    index = index_[height] + 1;
+  } while (index == edge->end());
+  index_[height] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index);
+  do {
+    node_[--height] = edge = edge->Edge(index)->btree();
+    index_[height] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index = edge->begin());
+  } while (height > 0);
+  return edge->Edge(index);
+}
+
+inline CordRep* CordRepBtreeNavigator::PreviousUp() {
+  assert(index_[0] == node_[0]->begin());
+  CordRepBtree* edge;
+  size_t index;
+  int height = 0;
+  do {
+    if (++height > height_) return nullptr;
+    edge = node_[height];
+    index = index_[height];
+  } while (index == edge->begin());
+  index_[height] = static_cast<uint8_t>(--index);
+  do {
+    node_[--height] = edge = edge->Edge(index)->btree();
+    index_[height] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index = edge->back());
+  } while (height > 0);
+  return edge->Edge(index);
+}
+
+}  // namespace cord_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORD_REP_BTREE_NAVIGATOR_H_
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce09b199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+// Copyright 2021 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.h"
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_test_util.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace cord_internal {
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::Ne;
+
+using ::absl::cordrep_testing::CordRepBtreeFromFlats;
+using ::absl::cordrep_testing::CordToString;
+using ::absl::cordrep_testing::CreateFlatsFromString;
+using ::absl::cordrep_testing::CreateRandomString;
+using ::absl::cordrep_testing::MakeFlat;
+using ::absl::cordrep_testing::MakeSubstring;
+
+using ReadResult = CordRepBtreeNavigator::ReadResult;
+using Position = CordRepBtreeNavigator::Position;
+
+// CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest is a test fixture which automatically creates a
+// tree to test navigation logic on. The parameter `count' defines the number of
+// data edges in the test tree.
+class CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest : public testing::TestWithParam<int> {
+ public:
+  using Flats = std::vector<CordRep*>;
+  static constexpr size_t kCharsPerFlat = 3;
+
+  CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest() {
+    data_ = CreateRandomString(count() * kCharsPerFlat);
+    flats_ = CreateFlatsFromString(data_, kCharsPerFlat);
+
+    // Turn flat 0 or 1 into a substring to cover partial reads on substrings.
+    if (count() > 1) {
+      CordRep::Unref(flats_[1]);
+      flats_[1] = MakeSubstring(kCharsPerFlat, kCharsPerFlat, MakeFlat(data_));
+    } else {
+      CordRep::Unref(flats_[0]);
+      flats_[0] = MakeSubstring(0, kCharsPerFlat, MakeFlat(data_));
+    }
+
+    tree_ = CordRepBtreeFromFlats(flats_);
+  }
+
+  ~CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest() override { CordRep::Unref(tree_); }
+
+  int count() const { return GetParam(); }
+  CordRepBtree* tree() { return tree_; }
+  const std::string& data() const { return data_; }
+  const std::vector<CordRep*>& flats() const { return flats_; }
+
+  static std::string ToString(testing::TestParamInfo<int> param) {
+    return absl::StrCat(param.param, "_Flats");
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::string data_;
+  Flats flats_;
+  CordRepBtree* tree_;
+};
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
+    WithParam, CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest,
+    testing::Values(1, CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity - 1,
+                    CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity,
+                    CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity* CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity - 1,
+                    CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity* CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity,
+                    CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity* CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity + 1,
+                    CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity* CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity * 2 +
+                        17),
+    CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest::ToString);
+
+TEST(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, Uninitialized) {
+  CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+  EXPECT_FALSE(nav);
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.btree(), Eq(nullptr));
+#if defined(GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST) && !defined(NDEBUG)
+  EXPECT_DEATH(nav.Current(), ".*");
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, InitFirst) {
+  CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+  CordRep* edge = nav.InitFirst(tree());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(nav);
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.btree(), Eq(tree()));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats().front()));
+  EXPECT_THAT(edge, Eq(flats().front()));
+}
+
+TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, InitLast) {
+  CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+  CordRep* edge = nav.InitLast(tree());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(nav);
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.btree(), Eq(tree()));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats().back()));
+  EXPECT_THAT(edge, Eq(flats().back()));
+}
+
+TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, NextPrev) {
+  CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+  nav.InitFirst(tree());
+  const Flats& flats = this->flats();
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(nullptr));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats.front()));
+  for (int i = 1; i < flats.size(); ++i) {
+    ASSERT_THAT(nav.Next(), Eq(flats[i]));
+    EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats[i]));
+  }
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Next(), Eq(nullptr));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats.back()));
+  for (int i = static_cast<int>(flats.size()) - 2; i >= 0; --i) {
+    ASSERT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(flats[i]));
+    EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats[i]));
+  }
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(nullptr));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats.front()));
+}
+
+TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, PrevNext) {
+  CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+  nav.InitLast(tree());
+  const Flats& flats = this->flats();
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Next(), Eq(nullptr));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats.back()));
+  for (int i = static_cast<int>(flats.size()) - 2; i >= 0; --i) {
+    ASSERT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(flats[i]));
+    EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats[i]));
+  }
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(nullptr));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats.front()));
+  for (int i = 1; i < flats.size(); ++i) {
+    ASSERT_THAT(nav.Next(), Eq(flats[i]));
+    EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats[i]));
+  }
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Next(), Eq(nullptr));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats.back()));
+}
+
+TEST(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, Reset) {
+  CordRepBtree* tree = CordRepBtree::Create(MakeFlat("abc"));
+  CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+  nav.InitFirst(tree);
+  nav.Reset();
+  EXPECT_FALSE(nav);
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.btree(), Eq(nullptr));
+#if defined(GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST) && !defined(NDEBUG)
+  EXPECT_DEATH(nav.Current(), ".*");
+#endif
+  CordRep::Unref(tree);
+}
+
+TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, Skip) {
+  int count = this->count();
+  const Flats& flats = this->flats();
+  CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+  nav.InitFirst(tree());
+
+  for (int char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
+    Position pos = nav.Skip(char_offset);
+    EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(nav.Current()));
+    EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(flats[0]));
+    EXPECT_THAT(pos.offset, Eq(char_offset));
+  }
+
+  for (int index1 = 0; index1 < count; ++index1) {
+    for (int index2 = index1; index2 < count; ++index2) {
+      for (int char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
+        CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+        nav.InitFirst(tree());
+
+        size_t length1 = index1 * kCharsPerFlat;
+        Position pos1 = nav.Skip(length1 + char_offset);
+        ASSERT_THAT(pos1.edge, Eq(flats[index1]));
+        ASSERT_THAT(pos1.edge, Eq(nav.Current()));
+        ASSERT_THAT(pos1.offset, Eq(char_offset));
+
+        size_t length2 = index2 * kCharsPerFlat;
+        Position pos2 = nav.Skip(length2 - length1 + char_offset);
+        ASSERT_THAT(pos2.edge, Eq(flats[index2]));
+        ASSERT_THAT(pos2.edge, Eq(nav.Current()));
+        ASSERT_THAT(pos2.offset, Eq(char_offset));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, Seek) {
+  int count = this->count();
+  const Flats& flats = this->flats();
+  CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+  nav.InitFirst(tree());
+
+  for (int char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
+    Position pos = nav.Seek(char_offset);
+    EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(nav.Current()));
+    EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(flats[0]));
+    EXPECT_THAT(pos.offset, Eq(char_offset));
+  }
+
+  for (int index = 0; index < count; ++index) {
+    for (int char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
+      size_t offset = index * kCharsPerFlat + char_offset;
+      Position pos1 = nav.Seek(offset);
+      ASSERT_THAT(pos1.edge, Eq(flats[index]));
+      ASSERT_THAT(pos1.edge, Eq(nav.Current()));
+      ASSERT_THAT(pos1.offset, Eq(char_offset));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, InitOffset) {
+  // Whitebox: InitOffset() is implemented in terms of Seek() which is
+  // exhaustively tested. Only test it initializes / forwards properly..
+  CordRepBtree* tree = CordRepBtree::Create(MakeFlat("abc"));
+  tree = CordRepBtree::Append(tree, MakeFlat("def"));
+  CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+  Position pos = nav.InitOffset(tree, 5);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(nav);
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.btree(), Eq(tree));
+  EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(tree->Edges()[1]));
+  EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(nav.Current()));
+  EXPECT_THAT(pos.offset, Eq(2));
+  CordRep::Unref(tree);
+}
+
+TEST(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, InitOffsetAndSeekBeyondLength) {
+  CordRepBtree* tree1 = CordRepBtree::Create(MakeFlat("abc"));
+  CordRepBtree* tree2 = CordRepBtree::Create(MakeFlat("def"));
+
+  CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+  nav.InitFirst(tree1);
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Seek(3).edge, Eq(nullptr));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Seek(100).edge, Eq(nullptr));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.btree(), Eq(tree1));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(tree1->Edges().front()));
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.InitOffset(tree2, 3).edge, Eq(nullptr));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.InitOffset(tree2, 100).edge, Eq(nullptr));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.btree(), Eq(tree1));
+  EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(tree1->Edges().front()));
+
+  CordRep::Unref(tree1);
+  CordRep::Unref(tree2);
+}
+
+TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, Read) {
+  const Flats& flats = this->flats();
+  const std::string& data = this->data();
+
+  for (size_t offset = 0; offset < data.size(); ++offset) {
+    for (size_t length = 1; length <= data.size() - offset; ++length) {
+      CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+      nav.InitFirst(tree());
+
+      // Skip towards edge holding offset
+      size_t edge_offset = nav.Skip(offset).offset;
+
+      // Read node
+      ReadResult result = nav.Read(edge_offset, length);
+      ASSERT_THAT(result.tree, Ne(nullptr));
+      EXPECT_THAT(result.tree->length, Eq(length));
+      if (result.tree->tag == BTREE) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(CordRepBtree::IsValid(result.tree->btree()));
+      }
+
+      // Verify contents
+      std::string value = CordToString(result.tree);
+      EXPECT_THAT(value, Eq(data.substr(offset, length)));
+
+      // Verify 'partial last edge' reads.
+      size_t partial = (offset + length) % kCharsPerFlat;
+      ASSERT_THAT(result.n, Eq(partial));
+
+      // Verify ending position if not EOF
+      if (offset + length < data.size()) {
+        size_t index = (offset + length) / kCharsPerFlat;
+        EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats[index]));
+      }
+
+      CordRep::Unref(result.tree);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, ReadBeyondLengthOfTree) {
+  CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
+  nav.InitFirst(tree());
+  ReadResult result = nav.Read(2, tree()->length);
+  ASSERT_THAT(result.tree, Eq(nullptr));
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+}  // namespace cord_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/strings/string_view.h b/absl/strings/string_view.h
index 968549be..ec6c431f 100644
--- a/absl/strings/string_view.h
+++ b/absl/strings/string_view.h
@@ -191,7 +191,9 @@ class string_view {
           ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND) noexcept
       // This is implemented in terms of `string_view(p, n)` so `str.size()`
       // doesn't need to be reevaluated after `ptr_` is set.
-      : string_view(str.data(), str.size()) {}
+      // The length check is also skipped since it is unnecessary and causes
+      // code bloat.
+      : string_view(str.data(), str.size(), SkipCheckLengthTag{}) {}
 
   // Implicit constructor of a `string_view` from NUL-terminated `str`. When
   // accepting possibly null strings, use `absl::NullSafeStringView(str)`
@@ -594,6 +596,12 @@ class string_view {
   }
 
  private:
+  // The constructor from std::string delegates to this constuctor.
+  // See the comment on that constructor for the rationale.
+  struct SkipCheckLengthTag {};
+  string_view(const char* data, size_type len, SkipCheckLengthTag) noexcept
+      : ptr_(data), length_(len) {}
+
   static constexpr size_type kMaxSize =
       (std::numeric_limits<difference_type>::max)();
 
diff --git a/absl/time/time.h b/absl/time/time.h
index 7fa0f5c6..e9cbce84 100644
--- a/absl/time/time.h
+++ b/absl/time/time.h
@@ -182,18 +182,29 @@ class Duration {
 
   // Overloads that forward to either the int64_t or double overloads above.
   // Integer operands must be representable as int64_t.
-  template <typename T>
+  template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
   Duration& operator*=(T r) {
     int64_t x = r;
     return *this *= x;
   }
-  template <typename T>
+
+  template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
   Duration& operator/=(T r) {
     int64_t x = r;
     return *this /= x;
   }
-  Duration& operator*=(float r) { return *this *= static_cast<double>(r); }
-  Duration& operator/=(float r) { return *this /= static_cast<double>(r); }
+
+  template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfFloat<T> = 0>
+  Duration& operator*=(T r) {
+    double x = r;
+    return *this *= x;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfFloat<T> = 0>
+  Duration& operator/=(T r) {
+    double x = r;
+    return *this /= x;
+  }
 
   template <typename H>
   friend H AbslHashValue(H h, Duration d) {
@@ -392,12 +403,30 @@ constexpr Duration InfiniteDuration();
 //
 //   absl::Duration a = absl::Seconds(60);
 //   absl::Duration b = absl::Minutes(1);  // b == a
-constexpr Duration Nanoseconds(int64_t n);
-constexpr Duration Microseconds(int64_t n);
-constexpr Duration Milliseconds(int64_t n);
-constexpr Duration Seconds(int64_t n);
-constexpr Duration Minutes(int64_t n);
-constexpr Duration Hours(int64_t n);
+template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
+constexpr Duration Nanoseconds(T n) {
+  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::nano{});
+}
+template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
+constexpr Duration Microseconds(T n) {
+  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::micro{});
+}
+template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
+constexpr Duration Milliseconds(T n) {
+  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::milli{});
+}
+template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
+constexpr Duration Seconds(T n) {
+  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::ratio<1>{});
+}
+template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
+constexpr Duration Minutes(T n) {
+  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::ratio<60>{});
+}
+template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
+constexpr Duration Hours(T n) {
+  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::ratio<3600>{});
+}
 
 // Factory overloads for constructing `Duration` values from a floating-point
 // number of the unit indicated by the factory function's name. These functions
@@ -1496,25 +1525,6 @@ T ToChronoDuration(Duration d) {
 
 }  // namespace time_internal
 
-constexpr Duration Nanoseconds(int64_t n) {
-  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::nano{});
-}
-constexpr Duration Microseconds(int64_t n) {
-  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::micro{});
-}
-constexpr Duration Milliseconds(int64_t n) {
-  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::milli{});
-}
-constexpr Duration Seconds(int64_t n) {
-  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::ratio<1>{});
-}
-constexpr Duration Minutes(int64_t n) {
-  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::ratio<60>{});
-}
-constexpr Duration Hours(int64_t n) {
-  return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::ratio<3600>{});
-}
-
 constexpr bool operator<(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) {
   return time_internal::GetRepHi(lhs) != time_internal::GetRepHi(rhs)
              ? time_internal::GetRepHi(lhs) < time_internal::GetRepHi(rhs)