Small table growth optimization.

Details:
- In case the table entirely fits into a single group size (`capacity <= Group::kWidth`), the order of elements is not important.
- For growing upto Group::kWidth we rotate control bytes and slots deterministically (using memcpy).
- We also avoid second find_first_non_full right after resize for small growing.
PiperOrigin-RevId: 588825966
Change-Id: I09bd7fd489e3868dcf56c36b436805d08dae7ab5

3 files changed, 532 insertions, 101 deletions

diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc
index 6e5941d3..6bc5f7bd 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc
@@ -17,11 +17,13 @@
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/dynamic_annotations.h"
+#include "absl/container/internal/container_memory.h"
 #include "absl/hash/hash.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -126,14 +128,6 @@ FindInfo find_first_non_full_outofline(const CommonFields& common,
   return find_first_non_full(common, hash);
 }
 
-// Returns the address of the ith slot in slots where each slot occupies
-// slot_size.
-static inline void* SlotAddress(void* slot_array, size_t slot,
-                                size_t slot_size) {
-  return reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(slot_array) +
-                                 (slot * slot_size));
-}
-
 // Returns the address of the slot just after slot assuming each slot has the
 // specified size.
 static inline void* NextSlot(void* slot, size_t slot_size) {
@@ -254,6 +248,7 @@ void ClearBackingArray(CommonFields& c, const PolicyFunctions& policy,
   c.set_size(0);
   if (reuse) {
     ResetCtrl(c, policy.slot_size);
+    ResetGrowthLeft(c);
     c.infoz().RecordStorageChanged(0, c.capacity());
   } else {
     // We need to record infoz before calling dealloc, which will unregister
@@ -268,6 +263,109 @@ void ClearBackingArray(CommonFields& c, const PolicyFunctions& policy,
   }
 }
 
+void HashSetResizeHelper::GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes(
+    ctrl_t* new_ctrl, size_t new_capacity) const {
+  assert(is_single_group(new_capacity));
+  constexpr size_t kHalfWidth = Group::kWidth / 2;
+  assert(old_capacity_ < kHalfWidth);
+
+  const size_t half_old_capacity = old_capacity_ / 2;
+
+  // NOTE: operations are done with compile time known size = kHalfWidth.
+  // Compiler optimizes that into single ASM operation.
+
+  // Copy second half of bytes to the beginning.
+  // We potentially copy more bytes in order to have compile time known size.
+  // Mirrored bytes from the old_ctrl_ will also be copied.
+  // In case of old_capacity_ == 3, we will copy 1st element twice.
+  // Examples:
+  // old_ctrl = 0S0EEEEEEE...
+  // new_ctrl = S0EEEEEEEE...
+  //
+  // old_ctrl = 01S01EEEEE...
+  // new_ctrl = 1S01EEEEEE...
+  //
+  // old_ctrl = 0123456S0123456EE...
+  // new_ctrl = 456S0123?????????...
+  std::memcpy(new_ctrl, old_ctrl_ + half_old_capacity + 1, kHalfWidth);
+  // Clean up copied kSentinel from old_ctrl.
+  new_ctrl[half_old_capacity] = ctrl_t::kEmpty;
+
+  // Clean up damaged or uninitialized bytes.
+
+  // Clean bytes after the intended size of the copy.
+  // Example:
+  // new_ctrl = 1E01EEEEEEE????
+  // *new_ctrl= 1E0EEEEEEEE????
+  // position      /
+  std::memset(new_ctrl + old_capacity_ + 1, static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty),
+              kHalfWidth);
+  // Clean non-mirrored bytes that are not initialized.
+  // For small old_capacity that may be inside of mirrored bytes zone.
+  // Examples:
+  // new_ctrl = 1E0EEEEEEEE??????????....
+  // *new_ctrl= 1E0EEEEEEEEEEEEE?????....
+  // position           /
+  //
+  // new_ctrl = 456E0123???????????...
+  // *new_ctrl= 456E0123EEEEEEEE???...
+  // position           /
+  std::memset(new_ctrl + kHalfWidth, static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty),
+              kHalfWidth);
+  // Clean last mirrored bytes that are not initialized
+  // and will not be overwritten by mirroring.
+  // Examples:
+  // new_ctrl = 1E0EEEEEEEEEEEEE????????
+  // *new_ctrl= 1E0EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
+  // position           S       /
+  //
+  // new_ctrl = 456E0123EEEEEEEE???????????????
+  // *new_ctrl= 456E0123EEEEEEEE???????EEEEEEEE
+  // position                  S       /
+  std::memset(new_ctrl + new_capacity + kHalfWidth,
+              static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty), kHalfWidth);
+
+  // Create mirrored bytes. old_capacity_ < kHalfWidth
+  // Example:
+  // new_ctrl = 456E0123EEEEEEEE???????EEEEEEEE
+  // *new_ctrl= 456E0123EEEEEEEE456E0123EEEEEEE
+  // position                  S/
+  ctrl_t g[kHalfWidth];
+  std::memcpy(g, new_ctrl, kHalfWidth);
+  std::memcpy(new_ctrl + new_capacity + 1, g, kHalfWidth);
+
+  // Finally set sentinel to its place.
+  new_ctrl[new_capacity] = ctrl_t::kSentinel;
+}
+
+void HashSetResizeHelper::GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleTransferableSlots(
+    void* old_slots, void* new_slots, size_t slot_size) const {
+  assert(old_capacity_ > 0);
+  const size_t half_old_capacity = old_capacity_ / 2;
+
+  SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(old_slots, slot_size * old_capacity_);
+  std::memcpy(new_slots,
+              SlotAddress(old_slots, half_old_capacity + 1, slot_size),
+              slot_size * half_old_capacity);
+  std::memcpy(SlotAddress(new_slots, half_old_capacity + 1, slot_size),
+              old_slots, slot_size * (half_old_capacity + 1));
+}
+
+void HashSetResizeHelper::GrowSizeIntoSingleGroupTransferable(
+    CommonFields& c, void* old_slots, size_t slot_size) {
+  assert(old_capacity_ < Group::kWidth / 2);
+  assert(is_single_group(c.capacity()));
+  assert(IsGrowingIntoSingleGroupApplicable(old_capacity_, c.capacity()));
+
+  GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes(c.control(), c.capacity());
+  GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleTransferableSlots(old_slots, c.slot_array(),
+                                              slot_size);
+
+  // We poison since GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleTransferableSlots
+  // may leave empty slots unpoisoned.
+  PoisonSingleGroupEmptySlots(c, slot_size);
+}
+
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h
index 067ea0da..b6d2cf93 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h
@@ -1378,6 +1378,12 @@ struct FindInfo {
 // `ShouldInsertBackwards()` for small tables.
 inline bool is_small(size_t capacity) { return capacity < Group::kWidth - 1; }
 
+// Whether a table fits entirely into a probing group.
+// Arbitrary order of elements in such tables is correct.
+inline bool is_single_group(size_t capacity) {
+  return capacity <= Group::kWidth;
+}
+
 // Begins a probing operation on `common.control`, using `hash`.
 inline probe_seq<Group::kWidth> probe(const ctrl_t* ctrl, const size_t capacity,
                                       size_t hash) {
@@ -1440,7 +1446,6 @@ inline void ResetCtrl(CommonFields& common, size_t slot_size) {
               capacity + 1 + NumClonedBytes());
   ctrl[capacity] = ctrl_t::kSentinel;
   SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(common.slot_array(), slot_size * capacity);
-  ResetGrowthLeft(common);
 }
 
 // Sets `ctrl[i]` to `h`.
@@ -1475,41 +1480,263 @@ constexpr size_t BackingArrayAlignment(size_t align_of_slot) {
   return (std::max)(align_of_slot, alignof(size_t));
 }
 
-template <typename Alloc, size_t SizeOfSlot, size_t AlignOfSlot>
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void InitializeSlots(CommonFields& c, Alloc alloc) {
-  assert(c.capacity());
-  // Folks with custom allocators often make unwarranted assumptions about the
-  // behavior of their classes vis-a-vis trivial destructability and what
-  // calls they will or won't make.  Avoid sampling for people with custom
-  // allocators to get us out of this mess.  This is not a hard guarantee but
-  // a workaround while we plan the exact guarantee we want to provide.
-  const size_t sample_size =
-      (std::is_same<Alloc, std::allocator<char>>::value &&
-       c.slot_array() == nullptr)
-          ? SizeOfSlot
-          : 0;
-  HashtablezInfoHandle infoz =
-      sample_size > 0 ? Sample(sample_size) : c.infoz();
-
-  const bool has_infoz = infoz.IsSampled();
-  const size_t cap = c.capacity();
-  const size_t alloc_size = AllocSize(cap, SizeOfSlot, AlignOfSlot, has_infoz);
-  char* mem = static_cast<char*>(
-      Allocate<BackingArrayAlignment(AlignOfSlot)>(&alloc, alloc_size));
-  const GenerationType old_generation = c.generation();
-  c.set_generation_ptr(reinterpret_cast<GenerationType*>(
-      mem + GenerationOffset(cap, has_infoz)));
-  c.set_generation(NextGeneration(old_generation));
-  c.set_control(reinterpret_cast<ctrl_t*>(mem + ControlOffset(has_infoz)));
-  c.set_slots(mem + SlotOffset(cap, AlignOfSlot, has_infoz));
-  ResetCtrl(c, SizeOfSlot);
-  c.set_has_infoz(has_infoz);
-  if (has_infoz) {
-    infoz.RecordStorageChanged(c.size(), cap);
-    c.set_infoz(infoz);
-  }
+// Returns the address of the ith slot in slots where each slot occupies
+// slot_size.
+inline void* SlotAddress(void* slot_array, size_t slot, size_t slot_size) {
+  return reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(slot_array) +
+                                 (slot * slot_size));
 }
 
+// Helper class to perform resize of the hash set.
+//
+// It contains special optimizations for small group resizes.
+// See GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes for details.
+class HashSetResizeHelper {
+ public:
+  explicit HashSetResizeHelper(CommonFields& c)
+      : old_ctrl_(c.control()),
+        old_capacity_(c.capacity()),
+        had_infoz_(c.has_infoz()) {}
+
+  // Optimized for small groups version of `find_first_non_full` applicable
+  // only right after calling `raw_hash_set::resize`.
+  // It has implicit assumption that `resize` will call
+  // `GrowSizeIntoSingleGroup*` in case `IsGrowingIntoSingleGroupApplicable`.
+  // Falls back to `find_first_non_full` in case of big groups, so it is
+  // safe to use after `rehash_and_grow_if_necessary`.
+  static FindInfo FindFirstNonFullAfterResize(const CommonFields& c,
+                                              size_t old_capacity,
+                                              size_t hash) {
+    if (!IsGrowingIntoSingleGroupApplicable(old_capacity, c.capacity())) {
+      return find_first_non_full(c, hash);
+    }
+    // Find a location for the new element non-deterministically.
+    // Note that any position is correct.
+    // It will located at `half_old_capacity` or one of the other
+    // empty slots with approximately 50% probability each.
+    size_t offset = probe(c, hash).offset();
+
+    // Note that we intentionally use unsigned int underflow.
+    if (offset - (old_capacity + 1) >= old_capacity) {
+      // Offset fall on kSentinel or into the mostly occupied first half.
+      offset = old_capacity / 2;
+    }
+    assert(IsEmpty(c.control()[offset]));
+    return FindInfo{offset, 0};
+  }
+
+  ctrl_t* old_ctrl() const { return old_ctrl_; }
+  size_t old_capacity() const { return old_capacity_; }
+
+  // Allocates a backing array for the hashtable.
+  // Reads `capacity` and updates all other fields based on the result of
+  // the allocation.
+  //
+  // It also may do the folowing actions:
+  // 1. initialize control bytes
+  // 2. initialize slots
+  // 3. deallocate old slots.
+  //
+  // We are bundling a lot of functionality
+  // in one ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE function in order to minimize binary code
+  // duplication in raw_hash_set<>::resize.
+  //
+  // `c.capacity()` must be nonzero.
+  // POSTCONDITIONS:
+  //  1. CommonFields is initialized.
+  //
+  //  if IsGrowingIntoSingleGroupApplicable && TransferUsesMemcpy
+  //    Both control bytes and slots are fully initialized.
+  //    old_slots are deallocated.
+  //    infoz.RecordRehash is called.
+  //
+  //  if IsGrowingIntoSingleGroupApplicable && !TransferUsesMemcpy
+  //    Control bytes are fully initialized.
+  //    infoz.RecordRehash is called.
+  //    GrowSizeIntoSingleGroup must be called to finish slots initialization.
+  //
+  //  if !IsGrowingIntoSingleGroupApplicable
+  //    Control bytes are initialized to empty table via ResetCtrl.
+  //    raw_hash_set<>::resize must insert elements regularly.
+  //    infoz.RecordRehash is called if old_capacity == 0.
+  //
+  //  Returns IsGrowingIntoSingleGroupApplicable result to avoid recomputation.
+  template <typename Alloc, size_t SizeOfSlot, bool TransferUsesMemcpy,
+            size_t AlignOfSlot>
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE bool InitializeSlots(CommonFields& c, void* old_slots,
+                                               Alloc alloc) {
+    assert(c.capacity());
+    // Folks with custom allocators often make unwarranted assumptions about the
+    // behavior of their classes vis-a-vis trivial destructability and what
+    // calls they will or won't make.  Avoid sampling for people with custom
+    // allocators to get us out of this mess.  This is not a hard guarantee but
+    // a workaround while we plan the exact guarantee we want to provide.
+    const size_t sample_size =
+        (std::is_same<Alloc, std::allocator<char>>::value &&
+         c.slot_array() == nullptr)
+            ? SizeOfSlot
+            : 0;
+    HashtablezInfoHandle infoz =
+        sample_size > 0 ? Sample(sample_size) : c.infoz();
+
+    const bool has_infoz = infoz.IsSampled();
+    const size_t cap = c.capacity();
+    const size_t alloc_size =
+        AllocSize(cap, SizeOfSlot, AlignOfSlot, has_infoz);
+    char* mem = static_cast<char*>(
+        Allocate<BackingArrayAlignment(AlignOfSlot)>(&alloc, alloc_size));
+    const GenerationType old_generation = c.generation();
+    c.set_generation_ptr(reinterpret_cast<GenerationType*>(
+        mem + GenerationOffset(cap, has_infoz)));
+    c.set_generation(NextGeneration(old_generation));
+    c.set_control(reinterpret_cast<ctrl_t*>(mem + ControlOffset(has_infoz)));
+    c.set_slots(mem + SlotOffset(cap, AlignOfSlot, has_infoz));
+    ResetGrowthLeft(c);
+
+    const bool grow_single_group =
+        IsGrowingIntoSingleGroupApplicable(old_capacity_, c.capacity());
+    if (old_capacity_ != 0 && grow_single_group) {
+      if (TransferUsesMemcpy) {
+        GrowSizeIntoSingleGroupTransferable(c, old_slots, SizeOfSlot);
+        DeallocateOld<AlignOfSlot>(alloc, SizeOfSlot, old_slots);
+      } else {
+        GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes(c.control(), c.capacity());
+      }
+    } else {
+      ResetCtrl(c, SizeOfSlot);
+    }
+
+    c.set_has_infoz(has_infoz);
+    if (has_infoz) {
+      infoz.RecordStorageChanged(c.size(), cap);
+      if (grow_single_group || old_capacity_ == 0) {
+        infoz.RecordRehash(0);
+      }
+      c.set_infoz(infoz);
+    }
+    return grow_single_group;
+  }
+
+  // Relocates slots into new single group consistent with
+  // GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes.
+  //
+  // PRECONDITIONS:
+  // 1. GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes was already called.
+  template <class PolicyTraits, class Alloc>
+  void GrowSizeIntoSingleGroup(CommonFields& c, Alloc& alloc_ref,
+                               typename PolicyTraits::slot_type* old_slots) {
+    assert(old_capacity_ < Group::kWidth / 2);
+    assert(IsGrowingIntoSingleGroupApplicable(old_capacity_, c.capacity()));
+    using slot_type = typename PolicyTraits::slot_type;
+    assert(is_single_group(c.capacity()));
+
+    auto* new_slots = reinterpret_cast<slot_type*>(c.slot_array());
+
+    size_t shuffle_bit = old_capacity_ / 2 + 1;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < old_capacity_; ++i) {
+      if (IsFull(old_ctrl_[i])) {
+        size_t new_i = i ^ shuffle_bit;
+        SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(new_slots + new_i, sizeof(slot_type));
+        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref, new_slots + new_i, old_slots + i);
+      }
+    }
+    PoisonSingleGroupEmptySlots(c, sizeof(slot_type));
+  }
+
+  // Deallocates old backing array.
+  template <size_t AlignOfSlot, class CharAlloc>
+  void DeallocateOld(CharAlloc alloc_ref, size_t slot_size, void* old_slots) {
+    SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(old_slots, slot_size * old_capacity_);
+    Deallocate<BackingArrayAlignment(AlignOfSlot)>(
+        &alloc_ref, old_ctrl_ - ControlOffset(had_infoz_),
+        AllocSize(old_capacity_, slot_size, AlignOfSlot, had_infoz_));
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Returns true if `GrowSizeIntoSingleGroup` can be used for resizing.
+  static bool IsGrowingIntoSingleGroupApplicable(size_t old_capacity,
+                                                 size_t new_capacity) {
+    // NOTE that `old_capacity < new_capacity` in order to have
+    // `old_capacity < Group::kWidth / 2` to make faster copies of 8 bytes.
+    return is_single_group(new_capacity) && old_capacity < new_capacity;
+  }
+
+  // Relocates control bytes and slots into new single group for
+  // transferable objects.
+  // Must be called only if IsGrowingIntoSingleGroupApplicable returned true.
+  void GrowSizeIntoSingleGroupTransferable(CommonFields& c, void* old_slots,
+                                           size_t slot_size);
+
+  // Shuffle control bits deterministically to the next capacity.
+  // Returns offset for newly added element with given hash.
+  //
+  // PRECONDITIONs:
+  // 1. new_ctrl is allocated for new_capacity,
+  //    but not initialized.
+  // 2. new_capacity is a single group.
+  //
+  // All elements are transferred into the first `old_capacity + 1` positions
+  // of the new_ctrl. Elements are rotated by `old_capacity_ / 2 + 1` positions
+  // in order to change an order and keep it non deterministic.
+  // Although rotation itself deterministic, position of the new added element
+  // will be based on `H1` and is not deterministic.
+  //
+  // Examples:
+  // S = kSentinel, E = kEmpty
+  //
+  // old_ctrl = SEEEEEEEE...
+  // new_ctrl = ESEEEEEEE...
+  //
+  // old_ctrl = 0SEEEEEEE...
+  // new_ctrl = E0ESE0EEE...
+  //
+  // old_ctrl = 012S012EEEEEEEEE...
+  // new_ctrl = 2E01EEES2E01EEE...
+  //
+  // old_ctrl = 0123456S0123456EEEEEEEEEEE...
+  // new_ctrl = 456E0123EEEEEES456E0123EEE...
+  void GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes(ctrl_t* new_ctrl,
+                                              size_t new_capacity) const;
+
+  // Shuffle trivially transferable slots in the way consistent with
+  // GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes.
+  //
+  // PRECONDITIONs:
+  // 1. old_capacity must be non-zero.
+  // 2. new_ctrl is fully initialized using
+  //    GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes.
+  // 3. new_slots is allocated and *not* poisoned.
+  //
+  // POSTCONDITIONS:
+  // 1. new_slots are transferred from old_slots_ consistent with
+  //    GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes.
+  // 2. Empty new_slots are *not* poisoned.
+  void GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleTransferableSlots(void* old_slots,
+                                                   void* new_slots,
+                                                   size_t slot_size) const;
+
+  // Poison empty slots that were transferred using the deterministic algorithm
+  // described above.
+  // PRECONDITIONs:
+  // 1. new_ctrl is fully initialized using
+  //    GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes.
+  // 2. new_slots is fully initialized consistent with
+  //    GrowIntoSingleGroupShuffleControlBytes.
+  void PoisonSingleGroupEmptySlots(CommonFields& c, size_t slot_size) const {
+    // poison non full items
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < c.capacity(); ++i) {
+      if (!IsFull(c.control()[i])) {
+        SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(SlotAddress(c.slot_array(), i, slot_size),
+                                    slot_size);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  ctrl_t* old_ctrl_;
+  size_t old_capacity_;
+  bool had_infoz_;
+};
+
 // PolicyFunctions bundles together some information for a particular
 // raw_hash_set<T, ...> instantiation. This information is passed to
 // type-erased functions that want to do small amounts of type-specific
@@ -1627,6 +1854,11 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   using AllocTraits = absl::allocator_traits<allocator_type>;
   using SlotAlloc = typename absl::allocator_traits<
       allocator_type>::template rebind_alloc<slot_type>;
+  // People are often sloppy with the exact type of their allocator (sometimes
+  // it has an extra const or is missing the pair, but rebinds made it work
+  // anyway).
+  using CharAlloc =
+      typename absl::allocator_traits<Alloc>::template rebind_alloc<char>;
   using SlotAllocTraits = typename absl::allocator_traits<
       allocator_type>::template rebind_traits<slot_type>;
 
@@ -1819,8 +2051,7 @@ class raw_hash_set {
       const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type())
       : settings_(CommonFields{}, hash, eq, alloc) {
     if (bucket_count) {
-      common().set_capacity(NormalizeCapacity(bucket_count));
-      initialize_slots();
+      resize(NormalizeCapacity(bucket_count));
     }
   }
 
@@ -2616,52 +2847,63 @@ class raw_hash_set {
     EraseMetaOnly(common(), it.control(), sizeof(slot_type));
   }
 
-  // Allocates a backing array for `self` and initializes its control bytes.
-  // This reads `capacity` and updates all other fields based on the result of
-  // the allocation.
+  // Resizes table to the new capacity and move all elements to the new
+  // positions accordingly.
   //
-  // This does not free the currently held array; `capacity` must be nonzero.
-  inline void initialize_slots() {
-    // People are often sloppy with the exact type of their allocator (sometimes
-    // it has an extra const or is missing the pair, but rebinds made it work
-    // anyway).
-    using CharAlloc =
-        typename absl::allocator_traits<Alloc>::template rebind_alloc<char>;
-    InitializeSlots<CharAlloc, sizeof(slot_type), alignof(slot_type)>(
-        common(), CharAlloc(alloc_ref()));
-  }
-
+  // Note that for better performance instead of
+  // find_first_non_full(common(), hash),
+  // HashSetResizeHelper::FindFirstNonFullAfterResize(
+  //    common(), old_capacity, hash)
+  // can be called right after `resize`.
   ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void resize(size_t new_capacity) {
     assert(IsValidCapacity(new_capacity));
-    auto* old_ctrl = control();
+    HashSetResizeHelper resize_helper(common());
     auto* old_slots = slot_array();
-    const bool had_infoz = common().has_infoz();
-    const size_t old_capacity = common().capacity();
     common().set_capacity(new_capacity);
-    initialize_slots();
-
-    auto* new_slots = slot_array();
-    size_t total_probe_length = 0;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i != old_capacity; ++i) {
-      if (IsFull(old_ctrl[i])) {
-        size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(HashElement{hash_ref()},
-                                          PolicyTraits::element(old_slots + i));
-        auto target = find_first_non_full(common(), hash);
-        size_t new_i = target.offset;
-        total_probe_length += target.probe_length;
-        SetCtrl(common(), new_i, H2(hash), sizeof(slot_type));
-        transfer(new_slots + new_i, old_slots + i);
-      }
+    // Note that `InitializeSlots` does different number initialization steps
+    // depending on the values of `transfer_uses_memcpy` and capacities.
+    // Refer to the comment in `InitializeSlots` for more details.
+    const bool grow_single_group =
+        resize_helper.InitializeSlots<CharAlloc, sizeof(slot_type),
+                                      PolicyTraits::transfer_uses_memcpy(),
+                                      alignof(slot_type)>(
+            common(), const_cast<std::remove_const_t<slot_type>*>(old_slots),
+            CharAlloc(alloc_ref()));
+
+    if (resize_helper.old_capacity() == 0) {
+      // InitializeSlots did all the work including infoz().RecordRehash().
+      return;
     }
-    if (old_capacity) {
-      SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(old_slots,
-                                    sizeof(slot_type) * old_capacity);
-      Deallocate<BackingArrayAlignment(alignof(slot_type))>(
-          &alloc_ref(), old_ctrl - ControlOffset(had_infoz),
-          AllocSize(old_capacity, sizeof(slot_type), alignof(slot_type),
-                    had_infoz));
+
+    if (grow_single_group) {
+      if (PolicyTraits::transfer_uses_memcpy()) {
+        // InitializeSlots did all the work.
+        return;
+      }
+      // We want GrowSizeIntoSingleGroup to be called here in order to make
+      // InitializeSlots not depend on PolicyTraits.
+      resize_helper.GrowSizeIntoSingleGroup<PolicyTraits>(common(), alloc_ref(),
+                                                          old_slots);
+    } else {
+      // InitializeSlots prepares control bytes to correspond to empty table.
+      auto* new_slots = slot_array();
+      size_t total_probe_length = 0;
+      for (size_t i = 0; i != resize_helper.old_capacity(); ++i) {
+        if (IsFull(resize_helper.old_ctrl()[i])) {
+          size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(
+              HashElement{hash_ref()}, PolicyTraits::element(old_slots + i));
+          auto target = find_first_non_full(common(), hash);
+          size_t new_i = target.offset;
+          total_probe_length += target.probe_length;
+          SetCtrl(common(), new_i, H2(hash), sizeof(slot_type));
+          transfer(new_slots + new_i, old_slots + i);
+        }
+      }
+      infoz().RecordRehash(total_probe_length);
     }
-    infoz().RecordRehash(total_probe_length);
+    resize_helper.DeallocateOld<alignof(slot_type)>(
+        CharAlloc(alloc_ref()), sizeof(slot_type),
+        const_cast<std::remove_const_t<slot_type>*>(old_slots));
   }
 
   // Prunes control bytes to remove as many tombstones as possible.
@@ -2830,8 +3072,17 @@ class raw_hash_set {
     if (!rehash_for_bug_detection &&
         ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(growth_left() == 0 &&
                            !IsDeleted(control()[target.offset]))) {
+      size_t old_capacity = capacity();
       rehash_and_grow_if_necessary();
-      target = find_first_non_full(common(), hash);
+      // NOTE: It is safe to use `FindFirstNonFullAfterResize`.
+      // `FindFirstNonFullAfterResize` must be called right after resize.
+      // `rehash_and_grow_if_necessary` may *not* call `resize`
+      // and perform `drop_deletes_without_resize` instead. But this
+      // could happen only on big tables.
+      // For big tables `FindFirstNonFullAfterResize` will always
+      // fallback to normal `find_first_non_full`, so it is safe to use it.
+      target = HashSetResizeHelper::FindFirstNonFullAfterResize(
+          common(), old_capacity, hash);
     }
     common().increment_size();
     set_growth_left(growth_left() - IsEmpty(control()[target.offset]));
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
index 8577272e..756b9df4 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <ostream>
 #include <random>
 #include <string>
+#include <tuple>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
@@ -299,7 +300,7 @@ TEST(Group, CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted) {
   }
 }
 
-template <class T>
+template <class T, bool kTransferable = false>
 struct ValuePolicy {
   using slot_type = T;
   using key_type = T;
@@ -317,10 +318,11 @@ struct ValuePolicy {
   }
 
   template <class Allocator>
-  static void transfer(Allocator* alloc, slot_type* new_slot,
-                       slot_type* old_slot) {
+  static std::integral_constant<bool, kTransferable> transfer(
+      Allocator* alloc, slot_type* new_slot, slot_type* old_slot) {
     construct(alloc, new_slot, std::move(*old_slot));
     destroy(alloc, old_slot);
+    return {};
   }
 
   static T& element(slot_type* slot) { return *slot; }
@@ -337,6 +339,8 @@ struct ValuePolicy {
 using IntPolicy = ValuePolicy<int64_t>;
 using Uint8Policy = ValuePolicy<uint8_t>;
 
+using TranferableIntPolicy = ValuePolicy<int64_t, /*kTransferable=*/true>;
+
 class StringPolicy {
   template <class F, class K, class V,
             class = typename std::enable_if<
@@ -409,9 +413,10 @@ struct StringTable
   using Base::Base;
 };
 
-template <typename T>
-struct ValueTable : raw_hash_set<ValuePolicy<T>, hash_default_hash<T>,
-                                 std::equal_to<T>, std::allocator<T>> {
+template <typename T, bool kTransferable = false>
+struct ValueTable
+    : raw_hash_set<ValuePolicy<T, kTransferable>, hash_default_hash<T>,
+                   std::equal_to<T>, std::allocator<T>> {
   using Base = typename ValueTable::raw_hash_set;
   using Base::Base;
 };
@@ -419,6 +424,8 @@ struct ValueTable : raw_hash_set<ValuePolicy<T>, hash_default_hash<T>,
 using IntTable = ValueTable<int64_t>;
 using Uint8Table = ValueTable<uint8_t>;
 
+using TransferableIntTable = ValueTable<int64_t, /*kTransferable=*/true>;
+
 template <typename T>
 struct CustomAlloc : std::allocator<T> {
   CustomAlloc() = default;
@@ -653,6 +660,68 @@ TEST(Table, InsertWithinCapacity) {
   EXPECT_THAT(addr(0), original_addr_0);
 }
 
+template <class TableType>
+class SmallTableResizeTest : public testing::Test {};
+
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(SmallTableResizeTest);
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(SmallTableResizeTest, InsertIntoSmallTable) {
+  TypeParam t;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i) {
+    t.insert(i);
+    ASSERT_EQ(t.size(), i + 1);
+    for (int j = 0; j < i + 1; ++j) {
+      EXPECT_TRUE(t.find(j) != t.end());
+      EXPECT_EQ(*t.find(j), j);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(SmallTableResizeTest, ResizeGrowSmallTables) {
+  TypeParam t;
+  for (size_t source_size = 0; source_size < 32; ++source_size) {
+    for (size_t target_size = source_size; target_size < 32; ++target_size) {
+      for (bool rehash : {false, true}) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < source_size; ++i) {
+          t.insert(static_cast<int>(i));
+        }
+        if (rehash) {
+          t.rehash(target_size);
+        } else {
+          t.reserve(target_size);
+        }
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < source_size; ++i) {
+          EXPECT_TRUE(t.find(static_cast<int>(i)) != t.end());
+          EXPECT_EQ(*t.find(static_cast<int>(i)), static_cast<int>(i));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(SmallTableResizeTest, ResizeReduceSmallTables) {
+  TypeParam t;
+  for (size_t source_size = 0; source_size < 32; ++source_size) {
+    for (size_t target_size = 0; target_size <= source_size; ++target_size) {
+      size_t inserted_count = std::min<size_t>(source_size, 5);
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < inserted_count; ++i) {
+        t.insert(static_cast<int>(i));
+      }
+      t.rehash(target_size);
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < inserted_count; ++i) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(t.find(static_cast<int>(i)) != t.end());
+        EXPECT_EQ(*t.find(static_cast<int>(i)), static_cast<int>(i));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(SmallTableResizeTest, InsertIntoSmallTable,
+                            ResizeGrowSmallTables, ResizeReduceSmallTables);
+using SmallTableTypes = ::testing::Types<IntTable, TransferableIntTable>;
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(InstanceSmallTableResizeTest,
+                               SmallTableResizeTest, SmallTableTypes);
+
 TEST(Table, LazyEmplace) {
   StringTable t;
   bool called = false;
@@ -1071,7 +1140,7 @@ TEST(Table, Erase) {
 TEST(Table, EraseMaintainsValidIterator) {
   IntTable t;
   const int kNumElements = 100;
-  for (int i = 0; i < kNumElements; i ++) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumElements; i++) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(t.emplace(i).second);
   }
   EXPECT_EQ(t.size(), kNumElements);
@@ -2258,21 +2327,34 @@ TEST(RawHashSamplerTest, DoNotSampleCustomAllocators) {
 }
 
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER
-TEST(Sanitizer, PoisoningUnused) {
-  IntTable t;
-  t.reserve(5);
-  // Insert something to force an allocation.
-  int64_t& v1 = *t.insert(0).first;
+template <class TableType>
+class SanitizerTest : public testing::Test {};
 
-  // Make sure there is something to test.
-  ASSERT_GT(t.capacity(), 1);
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(SanitizerTest);
 
-  int64_t* slots = RawHashSetTestOnlyAccess::GetSlots(t);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < t.capacity(); ++i) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(slots + i != &v1, __asan_address_is_poisoned(slots + i));
+TYPED_TEST_P(SanitizerTest, PoisoningUnused) {
+  TypeParam t;
+  for (size_t reserve_size = 2; reserve_size < 1024;
+       reserve_size = reserve_size * 3 / 2) {
+    t.reserve(reserve_size);
+    // Insert something to force an allocation.
+    int64_t& v = *t.insert(0).first;
+
+    // Make sure there is something to test.
+    ASSERT_GT(t.capacity(), 1);
+
+    int64_t* slots = RawHashSetTestOnlyAccess::GetSlots(t);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < t.capacity(); ++i) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(slots + i != &v, __asan_address_is_poisoned(slots + i)) << i;
+    }
   }
 }
 
+REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(SanitizerTest, PoisoningUnused);
+using SanitizerTableTypes = ::testing::Types<IntTable, TransferableIntTable>;
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(InstanceSanitizerTest, SanitizerTest,
+                               SanitizerTableTypes);
+
 TEST(Sanitizer, PoisoningOnErase) {
   IntTable t;
   int64_t& v = *t.insert(0).first;