Export of internal Abseil changes.

--
78293ba4eb4981991ae7e6edd25eb9245fcd7515 by Andy Soffer <asoffer@google.com>:

internal changes

PiperOrigin-RevId: 247073879

--
7bd97e3aad0c3012b89a39392a6ad3f254e9f3c3 by Derek Mauro <dmauro@google.com>:

Release commandline flags

PiperOrigin-RevId: 247065920

--
2a991849fd7b140a43b073076d194b61533fd199 by Tom Manshreck <shreck@google.com>:

Add documentation for built-in usage flags

PiperOrigin-RevId: 247058863

--
14157b0de45841706bbd631284191fd94c313db9 by Derek Mauro <dmauro@google.com>:

Internal change

PiperOrigin-RevId: 247058292

--
ed67e0a80468596e30540b367727a250fa415b68 by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Internal Change.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 246828655

--
e1bc8c2aa3f90b3d56c55c5b7244e718c919265d by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Internal change

PiperOrigin-RevId: 246822325

--
907a68f287199f749cb9bdb48571b50bc34731e1 by Eric Fiselier <ericwf@google.com>:

Accept vector<bool>::reference in StrCat and friends.

Converting vector<bool>::reference to alphanum requires
two user defined conversions, which isn't allowed.
In order to accept this, we need a special constructor that
is only enabled for the bool proxy types.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 246626732

--
fe4295fa95cc65dee8c881ba12dd8f516e68c40d by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Clarify the proper way to define AbslHashValue, and fix confusing indentation.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 246406528

--
d7174681a72d4a25c8fd2b4d9f515a0763eff87c by Gennadiy Rozental <rogeeff@google.com>:

Internal change

PiperOrigin-RevId: 246358214

--
a7fdc19683cf1a5885e9e1af52fcdb2db1eda53b by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Fix sample template instantiation.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 246354617

--
29a23c6835f872948d09b24d890385bf195bc995 by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Fix incorrectly copy-pasted static_assert in absl::optional::value_or

The static_assert for a move-constructible type previously said the type must be copy-constructible.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 246313827

--
41884d5872d4ea2c67875b00144b8c8a5859a295 by Greg Falcon <gfalcon@google.com>:

Import of CCTZ from GitHub.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 245418790

--
7f90a7f94cdd5e21232c749efe952a750b5c43a2 by Abseil Team <absl-team@google.com>:

Internal change

PiperOrigin-RevId: 245412658

--
730a329cf047d54b46971fce1781edd857208c2a by Greg Falcon <gfalcon@google.com>:

internal change

PiperOrigin-RevId: 245293234

--
cf0216be6338200cbb18167d3f3b2e98e372be77 by Greg Falcon <gfalcon@google.com>:

Internal change

PiperOrigin-RevId: 245288164
GitOrigin-RevId: 78293ba4eb4981991ae7e6edd25eb9245fcd7515
Change-Id: I5ea9a852c36c722bae2d6be65fb7f72473d94ab6

18 files changed, 3273 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.cc b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74444721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/flags/config.h"
+#include "absl/flags/usage_config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+// The help message indicating that the commandline flag has been
+// 'stripped'. It will not show up when doing "-help" and its
+// variants. The flag is stripped if ABSL_FLAGS_STRIP_HELP is set to 1
+// before including absl/flags/flag.h
+
+// This is used by this file, and also in commandlineflags_reporting.cc
+const char kStrippedFlagHelp[] = "\001\002\003\004 (unknown) \004\003\002\001";
+
+namespace {
+
+void StoreAtomic(CommandLineFlag* flag, const void* data, size_t size) {
+  int64_t t = 0;
+  assert(size <= sizeof(int64_t));
+  memcpy(&t, data, size);
+  flag->atomic.store(t, std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
+// If the flag has a mutation callback this function invokes it. While the
+// callback is being invoked the primary flag's mutex is unlocked and it is
+// re-locked back after call to callback is completed. Callback invocation is
+// guarded by flag's secondary mutex instead which prevents concurrent callback
+// invocation. Note that it is possible for other thread to grab the primary
+// lock and update flag's value at any time during the callback invocation.
+// This is by design. Callback can get a value of the flag if necessary, but it
+// might be different from the value initiated the callback and it also can be
+// different by the time the callback invocation is completed.
+// Requires that *primary_lock be held in exclusive mode; it may be released
+// and reacquired by the implementation.
+void InvokeCallback(CommandLineFlag* flag, absl::Mutex* primary_lock)
+    EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(primary_lock) {
+  if (!flag->callback) return;
+
+  // The callback lock is guaranteed initialized, because *primary_lock exists.
+  absl::Mutex* callback_mu = &flag->locks->callback_mu;
+
+  // When executing the callback we need the primary flag's mutex to be unlocked
+  // so that callback can retrieve the flag's value.
+  primary_lock->Unlock();
+
+  {
+    absl::MutexLock lock(callback_mu);
+
+    flag->callback();
+  }
+
+  primary_lock->Lock();
+}
+
+// Currently we only validate flag values for user-defined flag types.
+bool ShouldValidateFlagValue(const CommandLineFlag& flag) {
+#define DONT_VALIDATE(T) \
+  if (flag.IsOfType<T>()) return false;
+  ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_FOR_EACH_LOCK_FREE(DONT_VALIDATE)
+  DONT_VALIDATE(std::string)
+  DONT_VALIDATE(std::vector<std::string>)
+#undef DONT_VALIDATE
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// Update any copy of the flag value that is stored in an atomic word.
+// In addition if flag has a mutation callback this function invokes it.
+void UpdateCopy(CommandLineFlag* flag, absl::Mutex* primary_lock)
+    EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(primary_lock) {
+#define STORE_ATOMIC(T)                      \
+  else if (flag->IsOfType<T>()) {            \
+    StoreAtomic(flag, flag->cur, sizeof(T)); \
+  }
+
+  if (false) {
+  }
+  ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_FOR_EACH_LOCK_FREE(STORE_ATOMIC)
+#undef STORE_ATOMIC
+
+  InvokeCallback(flag, primary_lock);
+}
+
+// Ensure that the lazily initialized fields of *flag have been initialized,
+// and return &flag->locks->primary_mu.
+absl::Mutex* InitFlagIfNecessary(CommandLineFlag* flag)
+    LOCK_RETURNED(flag->locks->primary_mu) {
+  absl::Mutex* mu;
+  if (!flag->inited.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
+    // Need to initialize lazily initialized fields.
+    ABSL_CONST_INIT static absl::Mutex init_lock(absl::kConstInit);
+    init_lock.Lock();
+    if (flag->locks == nullptr) {  // Must initialize Mutexes for this flag.
+      flag->locks = new flags_internal::CommandLineFlagLocks;
+    }
+    mu = &flag->locks->primary_mu;
+    init_lock.Unlock();
+    mu->Lock();
+    if (!flag->retired &&
+        flag->def == nullptr) {  // Need to initialize def and cur fields.
+      flag->def = (*flag->make_init_value)();
+      flag->cur = Clone(flag->op, flag->def);
+      UpdateCopy(flag, mu);
+    }
+    mu->Unlock();
+    flag->inited.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
+  } else {  // All fields initialized; flag->locks is therefore safe to read.
+    mu = &flag->locks->primary_mu;
+  }
+  return mu;
+}
+
+// Return true iff flag value was changed via direct-access.
+bool ChangedDirectly(CommandLineFlag* flag, const void* a, const void* b) {
+  if (!flag->IsAbseilFlag()) {
+    // Need to compare values for direct-access flags.
+#define CHANGED_FOR_TYPE(T)                                                  \
+  if (flag->IsOfType<T>()) {                                                 \
+    return *reinterpret_cast<const T*>(a) != *reinterpret_cast<const T*>(b); \
+  }
+
+    CHANGED_FOR_TYPE(bool);
+    CHANGED_FOR_TYPE(int32_t);
+    CHANGED_FOR_TYPE(int64_t);
+    CHANGED_FOR_TYPE(uint64_t);
+    CHANGED_FOR_TYPE(double);
+    CHANGED_FOR_TYPE(std::string);
+#undef CHANGED_FOR_TYPE
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Direct-access flags can be modified without going through the
+// flag API. Detect such changes and updated the modified bit.
+void UpdateModifiedBit(CommandLineFlag* flag) {
+  if (!flag->IsAbseilFlag()) {
+    absl::MutexLock l(InitFlagIfNecessary(flag));
+    if (!flag->modified && ChangedDirectly(flag, flag->cur, flag->def)) {
+      flag->modified = true;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+bool Validate(CommandLineFlag*, const void*) {
+  return true;
+}
+
+std::string HelpText::GetHelpText() const {
+  if (help_function_) return help_function_();
+  if (help_message_) return help_message_;
+
+  return {};
+}
+
+const int64_t CommandLineFlag::kAtomicInit;
+
+void CommandLineFlag::Read(void* dst,
+                           const flags_internal::FlagOpFn dst_op) const {
+  absl::ReaderMutexLock l(
+      InitFlagIfNecessary(const_cast<CommandLineFlag*>(this)));
+
+  // `dst_op` is the unmarshaling operation corresponding to the declaration
+  // visibile at the call site. `op` is the Flag's defined unmarshalling
+  // operation. They must match for this operation to be well-defined.
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(dst_op != op)) {
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
+        ERROR,
+        absl::StrCat("Flag '", name,
+                     "' is defined as one type and declared as another"));
+  }
+  CopyConstruct(op, cur, dst);
+}
+
+void CommandLineFlag::Write(const void* src,
+                            const flags_internal::FlagOpFn src_op) {
+  absl::Mutex* mu = InitFlagIfNecessary(this);
+  absl::MutexLock l(mu);
+
+  // `src_op` is the marshalling operation corresponding to the declaration
+  // visible at the call site. `op` is the Flag's defined marshalling operation.
+  // They must match for this operation to be well-defined.
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(src_op != op)) {
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
+        ERROR,
+        absl::StrCat("Flag '", name,
+                     "' is defined as one type and declared as another"));
+  }
+
+  if (ShouldValidateFlagValue(*this)) {
+    void* obj = Clone(op, src);
+    std::string ignored_error;
+    std::string src_as_str = Unparse(marshalling_op, src);
+    if (!Parse(marshalling_op, src_as_str, obj, &ignored_error) ||
+        !Validate(this, obj)) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(ERROR, absl::StrCat("Attempt to set flag '", name,
+                                            "' to invalid value ", src_as_str));
+    }
+    Delete(op, obj);
+  }
+
+  modified = true;
+  counter++;
+  Copy(op, src, cur);
+
+  UpdateCopy(this, mu);
+}
+
+absl::string_view CommandLineFlag::Typename() const {
+  // We do not store/report type in Abseil Flags, so that user do not rely on in
+  // at runtime
+  if (IsAbseilFlag() || IsRetired()) return "";
+
+#define HANDLE_V1_BUILTIN_TYPE(t) \
+  if (IsOfType<t>()) {            \
+    return #t;                    \
+  }
+
+  HANDLE_V1_BUILTIN_TYPE(bool);
+  HANDLE_V1_BUILTIN_TYPE(int32_t);
+  HANDLE_V1_BUILTIN_TYPE(int64_t);
+  HANDLE_V1_BUILTIN_TYPE(uint64_t);
+  HANDLE_V1_BUILTIN_TYPE(double);
+#undef HANDLE_V1_BUILTIN_TYPE
+
+  if (IsOfType<std::string>()) {
+    return "string";
+  }
+
+  return "";
+}
+
+std::string CommandLineFlag::Filename() const {
+  return flags_internal::GetUsageConfig().normalize_filename(this->filename);
+}
+
+std::string CommandLineFlag::DefaultValue() const {
+  return Unparse(this->marshalling_op, this->def);
+}
+
+std::string CommandLineFlag::CurrentValue() const {
+  return Unparse(this->marshalling_op, this->cur);
+}
+
+void CommandLineFlag::SetCallback(
+    const flags_internal::FlagCallback mutation_callback) {
+  absl::Mutex* mu = InitFlagIfNecessary(this);
+  absl::MutexLock l(mu);
+
+  callback = mutation_callback;
+
+  InvokeCallback(this, mu);
+}
+
+// Attempts to parse supplied `value` string using parsing routine in the `flag`
+// argument. If parsing is successful, it will try to validate that the parsed
+// value is valid for the specified 'flag'. Finally this function stores the
+// parsed value in 'dst' assuming it is a pointer to the flag's value type. In
+// case if any error is encountered in either step, the error message is stored
+// in 'err'
+static bool TryParseLocked(CommandLineFlag* flag, void* dst,
+                           absl::string_view value, std::string* err) {
+  void* tentative_value = Clone(flag->op, flag->def);
+  std::string parse_err;
+  if (!Parse(flag->marshalling_op, value, tentative_value, &parse_err)) {
+    auto type_name = flag->Typename();
+    absl::string_view err_sep = parse_err.empty() ? "" : "; ";
+    absl::string_view typename_sep = type_name.empty() ? "" : " ";
+    *err = absl::StrCat("Illegal value '", value, "' specified for",
+                        typename_sep, type_name, " flag '", flag->Name(), "'",
+                        err_sep, parse_err);
+    Delete(flag->op, tentative_value);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (!Validate(flag, tentative_value)) {
+    *err = absl::StrCat("Failed validation of new value '",
+                        Unparse(flag->marshalling_op, tentative_value),
+                        "' for flag '", flag->Name(), "'");
+    Delete(flag->op, tentative_value);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  flag->counter++;
+  Copy(flag->op, tentative_value, dst);
+  Delete(flag->op, tentative_value);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Sets the value of the flag based on specified string `value`. If the flag
+// was successfully set to new value, it returns true. Otherwise, sets `err`
+// to indicate the error, leaves the flag unchanged, and returns false. There
+// are three ways to set the flag's value:
+//  * Update the current flag value
+//  * Update the flag's default value
+//  * Update the current flag value if it was never set before
+// The mode is selected based on 'set_mode' parameter.
+bool CommandLineFlag::SetFromString(absl::string_view value,
+                                    FlagSettingMode set_mode,
+                                    ValueSource source, std::string* err) {
+  if (IsRetired()) return false;
+
+  UpdateModifiedBit(this);
+
+  absl::Mutex* mu = InitFlagIfNecessary(this);
+  absl::MutexLock l(mu);
+
+  switch (set_mode) {
+    case SET_FLAGS_VALUE: {
+      // set or modify the flag's value
+      if (!TryParseLocked(this, this->cur, value, err)) return false;
+      this->modified = true;
+      UpdateCopy(this, mu);
+
+      if (source == kCommandLine) {
+        this->on_command_line = true;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT: {
+      // set the flag's value, but only if it hasn't been set by someone else
+      if (!this->modified) {
+        if (!TryParseLocked(this, this->cur, value, err)) return false;
+        this->modified = true;
+        UpdateCopy(this, mu);
+      } else {
+        // TODO(rogeeff): review and fix this semantic. Currently we do not fail
+        // in this case if flag is modified. This is misleading since the flag's
+        // value is not updated even though we return true.
+        // *err = absl::StrCat(this->Name(), " is already set to ",
+        //                     CurrentValue(), "\n");
+        // return false;
+        return true;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT: {
+      // modify the flag's default-value
+      if (!TryParseLocked(this, this->def, value, err)) return false;
+
+      if (!this->modified) {
+        // Need to set both defvalue *and* current, in this case
+        Copy(this->op, this->def, this->cur);
+        UpdateCopy(this, mu);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default: {
+      // unknown set_mode
+      assert(false);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4815cdc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_COMMANDLINEFLAG_H_
+#define ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_COMMANDLINEFLAG_H_
+
+#include <atomic>
+
+#include "absl/base/macros.h"
+#include "absl/flags/marshalling.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
+#include "absl/types/optional.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+// Type-specific operations, eg., parsing, copying, etc. are provided
+// by function specific to that type with a signature matching FlagOpFn.
+enum FlagOp {
+  kDelete,
+  kClone,
+  kCopy,
+  kCopyConstruct,
+  kSizeof,
+  kParse,
+  kUnparse
+};
+using FlagOpFn = void* (*)(FlagOp, const void*, void*);
+using FlagMarshallingOpFn = void* (*)(FlagOp, const void*, void*, void*);
+
+// Options that control SetCommandLineOptionWithMode.
+enum FlagSettingMode {
+  // update the flag's value unconditionally (can call this multiple times).
+  SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+  // update the flag's value, but *only if* it has not yet been updated
+  // with SET_FLAGS_VALUE, SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT, or "FLAGS_xxx = nondef".
+  SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT,
+  // set the flag's default value to this.  If the flag has not been updated
+  // yet (via SET_FLAGS_VALUE, SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT, or "FLAGS_xxx = nondef")
+  // change the flag's current value to the new default value as well.
+  SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT
+};
+
+// Options that control SetFromString: Source of a value.
+enum ValueSource {
+  // Flag is being set by value specified on a command line.
+  kCommandLine,
+  // Flag is being set by value specified in the code.
+  kProgrammaticChange,
+};
+
+// Signature for the help generation function used as an argument for the
+// absl::Flag constructor.
+using HelpGenFunc = std::string (*)();
+
+// Signature for the function generating the initial flag value based (usually
+// based on default value supplied in flag's definition)
+using InitialValGenFunc = void* (*)();
+
+// Signature for the mutation callback used by watched Flags
+// The callback is noexcept.
+// TODO(rogeeff): add noexcept after C++17 support is added.
+using FlagCallback = void (*)();
+
+extern const char kStrippedFlagHelp[];
+
+// The per-type function
+template <typename T>
+void* FlagOps(FlagOp op, const void* v1, void* v2) {
+  switch (op) {
+    case kDelete:
+      delete static_cast<const T*>(v1);
+      return nullptr;
+    case kClone:
+      return new T(*static_cast<const T*>(v1));
+    case kCopy:
+      *static_cast<T*>(v2) = *static_cast<const T*>(v1);
+      return nullptr;
+    case kCopyConstruct:
+      new (v2) T(*static_cast<const T*>(v1));
+      return nullptr;
+    case kSizeof:
+      return reinterpret_cast<void*>(sizeof(T));
+    default:
+      return nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void* FlagMarshallingOps(FlagOp op, const void* v1, void* v2, void* v3) {
+  switch (op) {
+    case kParse: {
+      // initialize the temporary instance of type T based on current value in
+      // destination (which is going to be flag's default value).
+      T temp(*static_cast<T*>(v2));
+      if (!absl::ParseFlag<T>(*static_cast<const absl::string_view*>(v1), &temp,
+                              static_cast<std::string*>(v3))) {
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+      *static_cast<T*>(v2) = std::move(temp);
+      return v2;
+    }
+    case kUnparse:
+      *static_cast<std::string*>(v2) =
+          absl::UnparseFlag<T>(*static_cast<const T*>(v1));
+      return nullptr;
+    default:
+      return nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+// Functions that invoke flag-type-specific operations.
+inline void Delete(FlagOpFn op, const void* obj) {
+  op(flags_internal::kDelete, obj, nullptr);
+}
+
+inline void* Clone(FlagOpFn op, const void* obj) {
+  return op(flags_internal::kClone, obj, nullptr);
+}
+
+inline void Copy(FlagOpFn op, const void* src, void* dst) {
+  op(flags_internal::kCopy, src, dst);
+}
+
+inline void CopyConstruct(FlagOpFn op, const void* src, void* dst) {
+  op(flags_internal::kCopyConstruct, src, dst);
+}
+
+inline bool Parse(FlagMarshallingOpFn op, absl::string_view text, void* dst,
+                  std::string* error) {
+  return op(flags_internal::kParse, &text, dst, error) != nullptr;
+}
+
+inline std::string Unparse(FlagMarshallingOpFn op, const void* val) {
+  std::string result;
+  op(flags_internal::kUnparse, val, &result, nullptr);
+  return result;
+}
+
+inline size_t Sizeof(FlagOpFn op) {
+  // This sequence of casts reverses the sequence from base::internal::FlagOps()
+  return static_cast<size_t>(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(
+      op(flags_internal::kSizeof, nullptr, nullptr)));
+}
+
+// The following struct contains the locks in a CommandLineFlag struct.
+// They are in a separate struct that is lazily allocated to avoid problems
+// with static initialization and to avoid multiple allocations.
+struct CommandLineFlagLocks {
+  absl::Mutex primary_mu;   // protects several fields in CommandLineFlag
+  absl::Mutex callback_mu;  // used to serialize callbacks
+};
+
+// Holds either a pointer to help text or a function which produces it.  This is
+// needed for supporting both static initialization of Flags while supporting
+// the legacy registration framework.  We can't use absl::variant<const char*,
+// const char*(*)()> since anybody passing 0 or nullptr in to a CommandLineFlag
+// would find an ambiguity.
+class HelpText {
+ public:
+  static constexpr HelpText FromFunctionPointer(const HelpGenFunc fn) {
+    return HelpText(fn, nullptr);
+  }
+  static constexpr HelpText FromStaticCString(const char* msg) {
+    return HelpText(nullptr, msg);
+  }
+
+  std::string GetHelpText() const;
+
+  HelpText() = delete;
+  HelpText(const HelpText&) = default;
+  HelpText(HelpText&&) = default;
+
+ private:
+  explicit constexpr HelpText(const HelpGenFunc fn, const char* msg)
+      : help_function_(fn), help_message_(msg) {}
+
+  HelpGenFunc help_function_;
+  const char* help_message_;
+};
+
+// Holds all information for a flag.
+struct CommandLineFlag {
+  constexpr CommandLineFlag(
+      const char* name_arg, HelpText help_text, const char* filename_arg,
+      const flags_internal::FlagOpFn op_arg,
+      const flags_internal::FlagMarshallingOpFn marshalling_op_arg,
+      const flags_internal::InitialValGenFunc initial_value_gen,
+      const bool retired_arg, void* def_arg, void* cur_arg)
+      : name(name_arg),
+        help(help_text),
+        filename(filename_arg),
+        op(op_arg),
+        marshalling_op(marshalling_op_arg),
+        make_init_value(initial_value_gen),
+        retired(retired_arg),
+        inited(false),
+        modified(false),
+        on_command_line(false),
+        validator(nullptr),
+        callback(nullptr),
+        def(def_arg),
+        cur(cur_arg),
+        counter(0),
+        atomic(kAtomicInit),
+        locks(nullptr) {}
+
+  // Not copyable/assignable.
+  CommandLineFlag(const CommandLineFlag&) = delete;
+  CommandLineFlag& operator=(const CommandLineFlag&) = delete;
+
+  absl::string_view Name() const { return name; }
+  std::string Help() const { return help.GetHelpText(); }
+  bool IsRetired() const { return this->retired; }
+  bool IsSpecifiedOnCommandLine() const { return on_command_line; }
+  // Returns true iff this is a handle to an Abseil Flag.
+  bool IsAbseilFlag() const {
+    // Set to null for V1 flags
+    return this->make_init_value != nullptr;
+  }
+
+  absl::string_view Typename() const;
+  std::string Filename() const;
+  std::string DefaultValue() const;
+  std::string CurrentValue() const;
+
+  // Return true iff flag has type T.
+  template <typename T>
+  inline bool IsOfType() const {
+    return this->op == &flags_internal::FlagOps<T>;
+  }
+
+  // Attempts to retrieve the flag value. Returns value on success,
+  // absl::nullopt otherwise.
+  template <typename T>
+  absl::optional<T> Get() {
+    if (IsRetired() || flags_internal::FlagOps<T> != this->op)
+      return absl::nullopt;
+
+    T res;
+    Read(&res, flags_internal::FlagOps<T>);
+
+    return res;
+  }
+
+  void SetCallback(const flags_internal::FlagCallback mutation_callback);
+
+  // Sets the value of the flag based on specified std::string `value`. If the flag
+  // was successfully set to new value, it returns true. Otherwise, sets `error`
+  // to indicate the error, leaves the flag unchanged, and returns false. There
+  // are three ways to set the flag's value:
+  //  * Update the current flag value
+  //  * Update the flag's default value
+  //  * Update the current flag value if it was never set before
+  // The mode is selected based on `set_mode` parameter.
+  bool SetFromString(absl::string_view value,
+                     flags_internal::FlagSettingMode set_mode,
+                     flags_internal::ValueSource source, std::string* error);
+
+  // Constant configuration for a particular flag.
+ private:
+  const char* const name;
+  const HelpText help;
+  const char* const filename;
+
+ public:
+  const FlagOpFn op;                  // Type-specific handler
+  const FlagMarshallingOpFn marshalling_op;  // Marshalling ops handler
+  const InitialValGenFunc make_init_value;   // Makes initial value for the flag
+  const bool retired;                 // Is the flag retired?
+  std::atomic<bool> inited;           // fields have been lazily initialized
+
+  // Mutable state (guarded by locks->primary_mu).
+  bool modified;          // Has flag value been modified?
+  bool on_command_line;   // Specified on command line.
+  bool (*validator)();    // Validator function, or nullptr
+  FlagCallback callback;  // Mutation callback, or nullptr
+  void* def;              // Lazily initialized pointer to default value
+  void* cur;              // Lazily initialized pointer to current value
+  int64_t counter;          // Mutation counter
+
+  // For some types, a copy of the current value is kept in an atomically
+  // accessible field.
+  static const int64_t kAtomicInit = 0xababababababababll;
+  std::atomic<int64_t> atomic;
+
+  // Lazily initialized mutexes for this flag value.  We cannot inline a
+  // SpinLock or Mutex here because those have non-constexpr constructors and
+  // so would prevent constant initialization of this type.
+  // TODO(rogeeff): fix it once Mutex has constexpr constructor
+  struct CommandLineFlagLocks* locks;  // locks, laziliy allocated.
+
+  // copy construct new value of flag's type in a memory referenced by dst
+  // based on current flag's value
+  void Read(void* dst, const flags_internal::FlagOpFn dst_op) const;
+  // updates flag's value to *src (locked)
+  void Write(const void* src, const flags_internal::FlagOpFn src_op);
+
+  ABSL_DEPRECATED(
+      "temporary until FlagName call sites are migrated and validator API is "
+      "changed")
+  const char* NameAsCString() const { return name; }
+
+ private:
+  friend class FlagRegistry;
+};
+
+// Ensure that the lazily initialized fields of *flag have been initialized,
+// and return &flag->locks->primary_mu.
+absl::Mutex* InitFlagIfNecessary(CommandLineFlag* flag);
+// Update any copy of the flag value that is stored in an atomic word.
+// In addition if flag has a mutation callback this function invokes it. While
+// callback is being invoked the primary flag's mutex is unlocked and it is
+// re-locked back after call to callback is completed. Callback invocation is
+// guarded by flag's secondary mutex instead which prevents concurrent callback
+// invocation. Note that it is possible for other thread to grab the primary
+// lock and update flag's value at any time during the callback invocation.
+// This is by design. Callback can get a value of the flag if necessary, but it
+// might be different from the value initiated the callback and it also can be
+// different by the time the callback invocation is completed.
+// Requires that *primary_lock be held in exclusive mode; it may be released
+// and reacquired by the implementation.
+void UpdateCopy(CommandLineFlag* flag, absl::Mutex* primary_lock);
+// Return true iff flag value was changed via direct-access.
+bool ChangedDirectly(CommandLineFlag* flag, const void* a, const void* b);
+// Direct-access flags can be modified without going through the
+// flag API.  Detect such changes and updated the modified bit.
+void UpdateModifiedBit(CommandLineFlag* flag);
+// Invoke the flag validators for old flags.
+// TODO(rogeeff): implement proper validators for Abseil Flags
+bool Validate(CommandLineFlag* flag, const void* value);
+
+// This macro is the "source of truth" for the list of supported flag types we
+// expect to perform lock free operations on. Specifically it generates code,
+// a one argument macro operating on a type, supplied as a macro argument, for
+// each type in the list.
+#define ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_FOR_EACH_LOCK_FREE(A) \
+  A(bool)                                         \
+  A(short)                                        \
+  A(unsigned short)                               \
+  A(int)                                          \
+  A(unsigned int)                                 \
+  A(long)                                         \
+  A(unsigned long)                                \
+  A(long long)                                    \
+  A(unsigned long long)                           \
+  A(double)                                       \
+  A(float)
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_COMMANDLINEFLAG_H_
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag_test.cc b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..705f301c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+//
+//  Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h"
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/registry.h"
+#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/strings/match.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+
+ABSL_FLAG(int, int_flag, 201, "int_flag help");
+ABSL_FLAG(std::string, string_flag, "dflt",
+          absl::StrCat("string_flag", " help"));
+ABSL_RETIRED_FLAG(bool, bool_retired_flag, false, "bool_retired_flag help");
+
+namespace {
+
+namespace flags = absl::flags_internal;
+
+class CommandLineFlagTest : public testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override { flag_saver_ = absl::make_unique<flags::FlagSaver>(); }
+  void TearDown() override { flag_saver_.reset(); }
+
+ private:
+  std::unique_ptr<flags::FlagSaver> flag_saver_;
+};
+
+TEST_F(CommandLineFlagTest, TestAttributesAccessMethods) {
+  auto* flag_01 = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("int_flag");
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(flag_01);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_01->Name(), "int_flag");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_01->Help(), "int_flag help");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_01->Typename(), "");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(!flag_01->IsRetired());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_01->IsOfType<int>());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::EndsWith(
+      flag_01->Filename(),
+      "absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag_test.cc"));
+
+  auto* flag_02 = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("string_flag");
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(flag_02);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_02->Name(), "string_flag");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_02->Help(), "string_flag help");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_02->Typename(), "");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(!flag_02->IsRetired());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_02->IsOfType<std::string>());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::EndsWith(
+      flag_02->Filename(),
+      "absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag_test.cc"));
+
+  auto* flag_03 = flags::FindRetiredFlag("bool_retired_flag");
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(flag_03);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_03->Name(), "bool_retired_flag");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_03->Help(), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_03->Typename(), "");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_03->IsRetired());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_03->IsOfType<bool>());
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_03->Filename(), "RETIRED");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(CommandLineFlagTest, TestValueAccessMethods) {
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_int_flag, 301);
+  auto* flag_01 = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("int_flag");
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(flag_01);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_01->CurrentValue(), "301");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_01->DefaultValue(), "201");
+
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_string_flag, "new_str_value");
+  auto* flag_02 = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("string_flag");
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(flag_02);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_02->CurrentValue(), "new_str_value");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_02->DefaultValue(), "dflt");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(CommandLineFlagTest, TestSetFromStringCurrentValue) {
+  std::string err;
+
+  auto* flag_01 = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("int_flag");
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flag_01->on_command_line);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_01->SetFromString("11", flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+                                     flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 11);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flag_01->on_command_line);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_01->SetFromString("-123", flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+                                     flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), -123);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flag_01->on_command_line);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(!flag_01->SetFromString("xyz", flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+                                      flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), -123);
+  EXPECT_EQ(err, "Illegal value 'xyz' specified for flag 'int_flag'");
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flag_01->on_command_line);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(!flag_01->SetFromString("A1", flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+                                      flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), -123);
+  EXPECT_EQ(err, "Illegal value 'A1' specified for flag 'int_flag'");
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flag_01->on_command_line);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_01->SetFromString("0x10", flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+                                     flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 16);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flag_01->on_command_line);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_01->SetFromString("011", flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+                                     flags::kCommandLine, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 11);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_01->on_command_line);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(!flag_01->SetFromString("", flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+                                      flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(err, "Illegal value '' specified for flag 'int_flag'");
+
+  auto* flag_02 = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("string_flag");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_02->SetFromString("xyz", flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+                                     flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_string_flag), "xyz");
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_02->SetFromString("", flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+                                     flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_string_flag), "");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(CommandLineFlagTest, TestSetFromStringDefaultValue) {
+  std::string err;
+
+  auto* flag_01 = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("int_flag");
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_01->SetFromString("111", flags::SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT,
+                                     flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_01->DefaultValue(), "111");
+
+  auto* flag_02 = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("string_flag");
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_02->SetFromString("abc", flags::SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT,
+                                     flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(flag_02->DefaultValue(), "abc");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(CommandLineFlagTest, TestSetFromStringIfDefault) {
+  std::string err;
+
+  auto* flag_01 = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("int_flag");
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_01->SetFromString("22", flags::SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT,
+                                     flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err))
+      << err;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 22);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_01->SetFromString("33", flags::SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT,
+                                     flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 22);
+  // EXPECT_EQ(err, "ERROR: int_flag is already set to 22");
+
+  // Reset back to default value
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_01->SetFromString("201", flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+                                     flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flag_01->SetFromString("33", flags::SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT,
+                                     flags::kProgrammaticChange, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 201);
+  // EXPECT_EQ(err, "ERROR: int_flag is already set to 201");
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/flag.h b/absl/flags/internal/flag.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6402866f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/flag.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_FLAG_H_
+#define ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_FLAG_H_
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/registry.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+// This is "unspecified" implementation of absl::Flag<T> type.
+template <typename T>
+class Flag {
+ public:
+  constexpr Flag(const char* name, const flags_internal::HelpGenFunc help_gen,
+                 const char* filename,
+                 const flags_internal::FlagMarshallingOpFn marshalling_op,
+                 const flags_internal::InitialValGenFunc initial_value_gen)
+      : internal(name, flags_internal::HelpText::FromFunctionPointer(help_gen),
+                 filename, &flags_internal::FlagOps<T>, marshalling_op,
+                 initial_value_gen,
+                 /*retired_arg=*/false, /*def_arg=*/nullptr,
+                 /*cur_arg=*/nullptr) {}
+
+  // Not copyable/assignable.
+  Flag(const Flag<T>&) = delete;
+  Flag<T>& operator=(const Flag<T>&) = delete;
+
+  absl::string_view Name() const { return internal.Name(); }
+  std::string Help() const { return internal.Help(); }
+  std::string Filename() const { return internal.Filename(); }
+
+  absl::flags_internal::CommandLineFlag internal;
+
+  void SetCallback(const flags_internal::FlagCallback mutation_callback) {
+    internal.SetCallback(mutation_callback);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // TODO(rogeeff): add these validations once UnparseFlag invocation is fixed
+  // for built-in types and when we cleanup existing code from operating on
+  // forward declared types.
+  //  auto IsCopyConstructible(const T& v) -> decltype(T(v));
+  //  auto HasAbslParseFlag(absl::string_view in, T* dst, std::string* err)
+  //      -> decltype(AbslParseFlag(in, dst, GlobalStringADLGuard(err)));
+  //  auto HasAbslUnparseFlag(const T& v) -> decltype(AbslUnparseFlag(v));
+};
+
+// This class facilitates Flag object registration and tail expression-based
+// flag definition, for example:
+// ABSL_FLAG(int, foo, 42, "Foo help").OnUpdate(NotifyFooWatcher);
+template <typename T, bool do_register>
+class FlagRegistrar {
+ public:
+  explicit FlagRegistrar(Flag<T>* flag) : flag_(flag) {
+    if (do_register) flags_internal::RegisterCommandLineFlag(&flag_->internal);
+  }
+
+  FlagRegistrar& OnUpdate(flags_internal::FlagCallback cb) && {
+    flag_->SetCallback(cb);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Make the registrar "die" gracefully as a bool on a line where registration
+  // happens. Registrar objects are intended to live only as temporary.
+  operator bool() const { return true; }  // NOLINT
+
+ private:
+  Flag<T>* flag_;  // Flag being registered (not owned).
+};
+
+// This struct and corresponding overload to MakeDefaultValue are used to
+// facilitate usage of {} as default value in ABSL_FLAG macro.
+struct EmptyBraces {};
+
+template <typename T>
+T* MakeFromDefaultValue(T t) {
+  return new T(std::move(t));
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+T* MakeFromDefaultValue(EmptyBraces) {
+  return new T;
+}
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_FLAG_H_
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/parse.h b/absl/flags/internal/parse.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd3aca61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/parse.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_PARSE_H_
+#define ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_PARSE_H_
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "absl/flags/declare.h"
+
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(std::vector<std::string>, flagfile);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(std::vector<std::string>, fromenv);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(std::vector<std::string>, tryfromenv);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(std::vector<std::string>, undefok);
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+enum class ArgvListAction { kRemoveParsedArgs, kKeepParsedArgs };
+enum class UsageFlagsAction { kHandleUsage, kIgnoreUsage };
+enum class OnUndefinedFlag {
+  kIgnoreUndefined,
+  kReportUndefined,
+  kAbortIfUndefined
+};
+
+std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLineImpl(int argc, char* argv[],
+                                        ArgvListAction arg_list_act,
+                                        UsageFlagsAction usage_flag_act,
+                                        OnUndefinedFlag on_undef_flag);
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_PARSE_H_
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/path_util.h b/absl/flags/internal/path_util.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5615c0e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/path_util.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//
+//  Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_PATH_UTIL_H_
+#define ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_PATH_UTIL_H_
+
+#include "absl/strings/match.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+// A portable interface that returns the basename of the filename passed as an
+// argument. It is similar to basename(3)
+// <https://linux.die.net/man/3/basename>.
+// For example:
+//     flags_internal::Basename("a/b/prog/file.cc")
+// returns "file.cc"
+//     flags_internal::Basename("file.cc")
+// returns "file.cc"
+inline absl::string_view Basename(absl::string_view filename) {
+  auto last_slash_pos = filename.find_last_of("/\\");
+
+  return last_slash_pos == absl::string_view::npos
+             ? filename
+             : filename.substr(last_slash_pos + 1);
+}
+
+// A portable interface that returns the directory name of the filename
+// passed as an argument, including the trailing slash.
+// Returns the empty string if a slash is not found in the input file name.
+// For example:
+//      flags_internal::Package("a/b/prog/file.cc")
+// returns "a/b/prog/"
+//      flags_internal::Package("file.cc")
+// returns ""
+inline absl::string_view Package(absl::string_view filename) {
+  auto last_slash_pos = filename.find_last_of("/\\");
+
+  return last_slash_pos == absl::string_view::npos
+             ? absl::string_view()
+             : filename.substr(0, last_slash_pos + 1);
+}
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_PATH_UTIL_H_
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/path_util_test.cc b/absl/flags/internal/path_util_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2091373c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/path_util_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+//
+//  Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/path_util.h"
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+namespace flags = absl::flags_internal;
+
+TEST(FlagsPathUtilTest, TestBasename) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Basename(""), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Basename("a.cc"), "a.cc");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Basename("dir/a.cc"), "a.cc");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Basename("dir1/dir2/a.cc"), "a.cc");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Basename("../dir1/dir2/a.cc"), "a.cc");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Basename("/dir1/dir2/a.cc"), "a.cc");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Basename("/dir1/dir2/../dir3/a.cc"), "a.cc");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(FlagsPathUtilTest, TestPackage) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Package(""), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Package("a.cc"), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Package("dir/a.cc"), "dir/");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Package("dir1/dir2/a.cc"), "dir1/dir2/");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Package("../dir1/dir2/a.cc"), "../dir1/dir2/");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Package("/dir1/dir2/a.cc"), "/dir1/dir2/");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::Package("/dir1/dir2/../dir3/a.cc"), "/dir1/dir2/../dir3/");
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/program_name.cc b/absl/flags/internal/program_name.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62be645a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/program_name.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+//
+//  Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/program_name.h"
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/path_util.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+ABSL_CONST_INIT static absl::Mutex program_name_guard(absl::kConstInit);
+ABSL_CONST_INIT static std::string* program_name
+    GUARDED_BY(program_name_guard) = nullptr;
+
+std::string ProgramInvocationName() {
+  absl::MutexLock l(&program_name_guard);
+
+  return program_name ? *program_name : "UNKNOWN";
+}
+
+std::string ShortProgramInvocationName() {
+  absl::MutexLock l(&program_name_guard);
+
+  return program_name ? std::string(flags_internal::Basename(*program_name))
+                      : "UNKNOWN";
+}
+
+void SetProgramInvocationName(absl::string_view prog_name_str) {
+  absl::MutexLock l(&program_name_guard);
+
+  if (!program_name)
+    program_name = new std::string(prog_name_str);
+  else
+    program_name->assign(prog_name_str.data(), prog_name_str.size());
+}
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/program_name.h b/absl/flags/internal/program_name.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..326f24bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/program_name.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//
+//  Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_PROGRAM_NAME_H_
+#define ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_PROGRAM_NAME_H_
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Program name
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+// Returns program invocation name or "UNKNOWN" if `SetProgramInvocationName()`
+// is never called. At the moment this is always set to argv[0] as part of
+// library initialization.
+std::string ProgramInvocationName();
+
+// Returns base name for program invocation name. For example, if
+//   ProgramInvocationName() == "a/b/mybinary"
+// then
+//   ShortProgramInvocationName() == "mybinary"
+std::string ShortProgramInvocationName();
+
+// Sets program invocation name to a new value. Should only be called once
+// during program initialization, before any threads are spawned.
+void SetProgramInvocationName(absl::string_view prog_name_str);
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_PROGRAM_NAME_H_
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/program_name_test.cc b/absl/flags/internal/program_name_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed69218b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/program_name_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//
+//  Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/program_name.h"
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/strings/match.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+namespace flags = absl::flags_internal;
+
+TEST(FlagsPathUtilTest, TestInitialProgamName) {
+  flags::SetProgramInvocationName("absl/flags/program_name_test");
+  std::string program_name = flags::ProgramInvocationName();
+  for (char& c : program_name)
+    if (c == '\\') c = '/';
+
+#if !defined(__wasm__) && !defined(__asmjs__)
+  const std::string expect_name = "absl/flags/program_name_test";
+  const std::string expect_basename = "program_name_test";
+#else
+  // For targets that generate javascript or webassembly the invocation name
+  // has the special value below.
+  const std::string expect_name = "this.program";
+  const std::string expect_basename = "this.program";
+#endif
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::EndsWith(program_name, expect_name)) << program_name;
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::ShortProgramInvocationName(), expect_basename);
+}
+
+TEST(FlagsPathUtilTest, TestProgamNameInterfaces) {
+  flags::SetProgramInvocationName("a/my_test");
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::ProgramInvocationName(), "a/my_test");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::ShortProgramInvocationName(), "my_test");
+
+  absl::string_view not_null_terminated("absl/aaa/bbb");
+  not_null_terminated = not_null_terminated.substr(1, 10);
+
+  flags::SetProgramInvocationName(not_null_terminated);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::ProgramInvocationName(), "bsl/aaa/bb");
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::ShortProgramInvocationName(), "bb");
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/registry.cc b/absl/flags/internal/registry.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..435c5b0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/registry.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,529 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/registry.h"
+
+#include "absl/base/call_once.h"
+#include "absl/base/dynamic_annotations.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/flags/config.h"
+#include "absl/flags/usage_config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// FlagRegistry implementation
+//    A FlagRegistry holds all flag objects indexed
+//    by their names so that if you know a flag's name you can access or
+//    set it.
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+namespace {
+
+void DestroyFlag(CommandLineFlag* flag) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+  // Values are heap allocated for retired and Abseil Flags.
+  if (flag->IsRetired() || flag->IsAbseilFlag()) {
+    if (flag->cur) Delete(flag->op, flag->cur);
+    if (flag->def) Delete(flag->op, flag->def);
+  }
+
+  delete flag->locks;
+
+  // CommandLineFlag handle object is heap allocated for non Abseil Flags.
+  if (!flag->IsAbseilFlag()) {
+    delete flag;
+  }
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// FlagRegistry
+//    A FlagRegistry singleton object holds all flag objects indexed
+//    by their names so that if you know a flag's name (as a C
+//    string), you can access or set it.  If the function is named
+//    FooLocked(), you must own the registry lock before calling
+//    the function; otherwise, you should *not* hold the lock, and
+//    the function will acquire it itself if needed.
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// A map from flag pointer to CommandLineFlag*. Used when registering
+// validators.
+class FlagPtrMap {
+ public:
+  void Register(CommandLineFlag* flag) {
+    auto& vec = buckets_[BucketForFlag(flag->cur)];
+    if (vec.size() == vec.capacity()) {
+      // Bypass default 2x growth factor with 1.25 so we have fuller vectors.
+      // This saves 4% memory compared to default growth.
+      vec.reserve(vec.size() * 1.25 + 0.5);
+    }
+    vec.push_back(flag);
+  }
+
+  CommandLineFlag* FindByPtr(const void* flag_ptr) {
+    const auto& flag_vector = buckets_[BucketForFlag(flag_ptr)];
+    for (CommandLineFlag* entry : flag_vector) {
+      if (entry->cur == flag_ptr) {
+        return entry;
+      }
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Instead of std::map, we use a custom hash table where each bucket stores
+  // flags in a vector. This reduces memory usage 40% of the memory that would
+  // have been used by std::map.
+  //
+  // kNumBuckets was picked as a large enough prime. As of writing this code, a
+  // typical large binary has ~8k (old-style) flags, and this would gives
+  // buckets with roughly 50 elements each.
+  //
+  // Note that reads to this hash table are rare: exactly as many as we have
+  // flags with validators. As of writing, a typical binary only registers 52
+  // validated flags.
+  static constexpr size_t kNumBuckets = 163;
+  std::vector<CommandLineFlag*> buckets_[kNumBuckets];
+
+  static int BucketForFlag(const void* ptr) {
+    // Modulo a prime is good enough here. On a real program, bucket size stddev
+    // after registering 8k flags is ~5 (mean size at 51).
+    return reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr) % kNumBuckets;
+  }
+};
+constexpr size_t FlagPtrMap::kNumBuckets;
+
+}  // namespace
+
+class FlagRegistry {
+ public:
+  FlagRegistry() = default;
+  ~FlagRegistry() {
+    for (auto& p : flags_) {
+      DestroyFlag(p.second);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Store a flag in this registry.  Takes ownership of *flag.
+  // If ptr is non-null, the flag can later be found by calling
+  // FindFlagViaPtrLocked(ptr).
+  void RegisterFlag(CommandLineFlag* flag, const void* ptr);
+
+  void Lock() EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(lock_) { lock_.Lock(); }
+  void Unlock() UNLOCK_FUNCTION(lock_) { lock_.Unlock(); }
+
+  // Returns the flag object for the specified name, or nullptr if not found.
+  // Will emit a warning if a 'retired' flag is specified.
+  CommandLineFlag* FindFlagLocked(absl::string_view name);
+
+  // Returns the retired flag object for the specified name, or nullptr if not
+  // found or not retired.  Does not emit a warning.
+  CommandLineFlag* FindRetiredFlagLocked(absl::string_view name);
+
+  // Returns the flag object whose current-value is stored at flag_ptr.
+  CommandLineFlag* FindFlagViaPtrLocked(const void* flag_ptr);
+
+  static FlagRegistry* GlobalRegistry();  // returns a singleton registry
+
+ private:
+  friend class FlagSaverImpl;  // reads all the flags in order to copy them
+  friend void ForEachFlagUnlocked(
+      std::function<void(CommandLineFlag*)> visitor);
+
+  // The map from name to flag, for FindFlagLocked().
+  using FlagMap = std::map<absl::string_view, CommandLineFlag*>;
+  using FlagIterator = FlagMap::iterator;
+  using FlagConstIterator = FlagMap::const_iterator;
+  FlagMap flags_;
+
+  FlagPtrMap flag_ptr_map_;
+
+  static FlagRegistry* global_registry_;  // a singleton registry
+
+  static absl::once_flag global_registry_once_;
+
+  static void InitGlobalRegistry();
+
+  absl::Mutex lock_;
+
+  // Disallow
+  FlagRegistry(const FlagRegistry&);
+  FlagRegistry& operator=(const FlagRegistry&);
+};
+
+// Get the singleton FlagRegistry object
+FlagRegistry* FlagRegistry::global_registry_ = nullptr;
+absl::once_flag FlagRegistry::global_registry_once_;
+
+void FlagRegistry::InitGlobalRegistry() { global_registry_ = new FlagRegistry; }
+
+FlagRegistry* FlagRegistry::GlobalRegistry() {
+  absl::call_once(global_registry_once_, &InitGlobalRegistry);
+
+  return global_registry_;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+class FlagRegistryLock {
+ public:
+  explicit FlagRegistryLock(FlagRegistry* fr) : fr_(fr) { fr_->Lock(); }
+  ~FlagRegistryLock() { fr_->Unlock(); }
+
+ private:
+  FlagRegistry* const fr_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+void FlagRegistry::RegisterFlag(CommandLineFlag* flag, const void* ptr) {
+  FlagRegistryLock registry_lock(this);
+  std::pair<FlagIterator, bool> ins =
+      flags_.insert(FlagMap::value_type(flag->Name(), flag));
+  if (ins.second == false) {  // means the name was already in the map
+    CommandLineFlag* old_flag = ins.first->second;
+    if (flag->IsRetired() != old_flag->IsRetired()) {
+      // All registrations must agree on the 'retired' flag.
+      flags_internal::ReportUsageError(
+          absl::StrCat(
+              "Retired flag '", flag->Name(),
+              "' was defined normally in file '",
+              (flag->IsRetired() ? old_flag->Filename() : flag->Filename()),
+              "'."),
+          true);
+    } else if (flag->op != old_flag->op) {
+      flags_internal::ReportUsageError(
+          absl::StrCat("Flag '", flag->Name(),
+                       "' was defined more than once but with "
+                       "differing types. Defined in files '",
+                       old_flag->Filename(), "' and '", flag->Filename(),
+                       "' with types '", old_flag->Typename(), "' and '",
+                       flag->Typename(), "', respectively."),
+          true);
+    } else if (old_flag->IsRetired()) {
+      // Retired definitions are idempotent. Just keep the old one.
+      DestroyFlag(flag);
+      return;
+    } else if (old_flag->Filename() != flag->Filename()) {
+      flags_internal::ReportUsageError(
+          absl::StrCat("Flag '", flag->Name(),
+                       "' was defined more than once (in files '",
+                       old_flag->Filename(), "' and '", flag->Filename(),
+                       "')."),
+          true);
+    } else {
+      flags_internal::ReportUsageError(
+          absl::StrCat(
+              "Something wrong with flag '", flag->Name(), "' in file '",
+              flag->Filename(), "'. One possibility: file '", flag->Filename(),
+              "' is being linked both statically and dynamically into this "
+              "executable. e.g. some files listed as srcs to a test and also "
+              "listed as srcs of some shared lib deps of the same test."),
+          true);
+    }
+    // All cases above are fatal, except for the retired flags.
+    std::exit(1);
+  }
+
+  if (ptr != nullptr) {
+    // This must be the first time we're seeing this flag.
+    flag_ptr_map_.Register(flag);
+  }
+}
+
+CommandLineFlag* FlagRegistry::FindFlagLocked(absl::string_view name) {
+  FlagConstIterator i = flags_.find(name);
+  if (i == flags_.end()) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (i->second->IsRetired()) {
+    flags_internal::ReportUsageError(
+        absl::StrCat("Accessing retired flag '", name, "'"), false);
+  }
+
+  return i->second;
+}
+
+CommandLineFlag* FlagRegistry::FindRetiredFlagLocked(absl::string_view name) {
+  FlagConstIterator i = flags_.find(name);
+  if (i == flags_.end() || !i->second->IsRetired()) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return i->second;
+}
+
+CommandLineFlag* FlagRegistry::FindFlagViaPtrLocked(const void* flag_ptr) {
+  return flag_ptr_map_.FindByPtr(flag_ptr);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// FlagSaver
+// FlagSaverImpl
+//    This class stores the states of all flags at construct time,
+//    and restores all flags to that state at destruct time.
+//    Its major implementation challenge is that it never modifies
+//    pointers in the 'main' registry, so global FLAG_* vars always
+//    point to the right place.
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class FlagSaverImpl {
+ public:
+  // Constructs an empty FlagSaverImpl object.
+  FlagSaverImpl() {}
+  ~FlagSaverImpl() {
+    // reclaim memory from each of our CommandLineFlags
+    for (const SavedFlag& src : backup_registry_) {
+      Delete(src.op, src.current);
+      Delete(src.op, src.default_value);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Saves the flag states from the flag registry into this object.
+  // It's an error to call this more than once.
+  // Must be called when the registry mutex is not held.
+  void SaveFromRegistry() {
+    assert(backup_registry_.empty());  // call only once!
+    SavedFlag saved;
+    flags_internal::ForEachFlag([&](flags_internal::CommandLineFlag* flag) {
+      if (flag->IsRetired()) return;
+
+      saved.name = flag->Name();
+      saved.op = flag->op;
+      saved.marshalling_op = flag->marshalling_op;
+      {
+        absl::MutexLock l(InitFlagIfNecessary(flag));
+        saved.validator = flag->validator;
+        saved.modified = flag->modified;
+        saved.on_command_line = flag->IsSpecifiedOnCommandLine();
+        saved.current = Clone(saved.op, flag->cur);
+        saved.default_value = Clone(saved.op, flag->def);
+        saved.counter = flag->counter;
+      }
+      backup_registry_.push_back(saved);
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Restores the saved flag states into the flag registry.  We
+  // assume no flags were added or deleted from the registry since
+  // the SaveFromRegistry; if they were, that's trouble!  Must be
+  // called when the registry mutex is not held.
+  void RestoreToRegistry() {
+    FlagRegistry* const global_registry = FlagRegistry::GlobalRegistry();
+    FlagRegistryLock frl(global_registry);
+    for (const SavedFlag& src : backup_registry_) {
+      CommandLineFlag* flag = global_registry->FindFlagLocked(src.name);
+      // If null, flag got deleted from registry.
+      if (!flag) continue;
+
+      bool restored = false;
+      {
+        absl::Mutex* mu = InitFlagIfNecessary(flag);
+        absl::MutexLock l(mu);
+        flag->validator = src.validator;
+        flag->modified = src.modified;
+        flag->on_command_line = src.on_command_line;
+        if (flag->counter != src.counter ||
+            ChangedDirectly(flag, src.default_value, flag->def)) {
+          flag->counter++;
+          Copy(src.op, src.default_value, flag->def);
+        }
+        if (flag->counter != src.counter ||
+            ChangedDirectly(flag, src.current, flag->cur)) {
+          restored = true;
+          flag->counter++;
+          Copy(src.op, src.current, flag->cur);
+          UpdateCopy(flag, mu);
+
+          // Revalidate the flag because the validator might store state based
+          // on the flag's value, which just changed due to the restore.
+          // Failing validation is ignored because it's assumed that the flag
+          // was valid previously and there's little that can be done about it
+          // here, anyway.
+          Validate(flag, flag->cur);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Log statements must be done when no flag lock is held.
+      if (restored) {
+        ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
+            INFO, absl::StrCat("Restore saved value of ", flag->Name(), ": ",
+                               Unparse(src.marshalling_op, src.current)));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  struct SavedFlag {
+    absl::string_view name;
+    FlagOpFn op;
+    FlagMarshallingOpFn marshalling_op;
+    int64_t counter;
+    bool modified;
+    bool on_command_line;
+    bool (*validator)();
+    const void* current;        // nullptr after restore
+    const void* default_value;  // nullptr after restore
+  };
+
+  std::vector<SavedFlag> backup_registry_;
+
+  FlagSaverImpl(const FlagSaverImpl&);  // no copying!
+  void operator=(const FlagSaverImpl&);
+};
+
+FlagSaver::FlagSaver() : impl_(new FlagSaverImpl()) {
+  impl_->SaveFromRegistry();
+}
+
+void FlagSaver::Ignore() {
+  delete impl_;
+  impl_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+FlagSaver::~FlagSaver() {
+  if (!impl_) return;
+
+  impl_->RestoreToRegistry();
+  delete impl_;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// GetAllFlags()
+//    The main way the FlagRegistry class exposes its data.  This
+//    returns, as strings, all the info about all the flags in
+//    the main registry, sorted first by filename they are defined
+//    in, and then by flagname.
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+struct FilenameFlagnameLess {
+  bool operator()(const CommandLineFlagInfo& a,
+                  const CommandLineFlagInfo& b) const {
+    int cmp = absl::string_view(a.filename).compare(b.filename);
+    if (cmp != 0) return cmp < 0;
+    return a.name < b.name;
+  }
+};
+
+void FillCommandLineFlagInfo(CommandLineFlag* flag,
+                             CommandLineFlagInfo* result) {
+  result->name = std::string(flag->Name());
+  result->type = std::string(flag->Typename());
+  result->description = flag->Help();
+  result->filename = flag->Filename();
+
+  UpdateModifiedBit(flag);
+
+  absl::MutexLock l(InitFlagIfNecessary(flag));
+  result->current_value = flag->CurrentValue();
+  result->default_value = flag->DefaultValue();
+  result->is_default = !flag->modified;
+  result->has_validator_fn = (flag->validator != nullptr);
+  result->flag_ptr = flag->IsAbseilFlag() ? nullptr : flag->cur;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+CommandLineFlag* FindCommandLineFlag(absl::string_view name) {
+  if (name.empty()) return nullptr;
+  FlagRegistry* const registry = FlagRegistry::GlobalRegistry();
+  FlagRegistryLock frl(registry);
+
+  return registry->FindFlagLocked(name);
+}
+
+CommandLineFlag* FindCommandLineV1Flag(const void* flag_ptr) {
+  FlagRegistry* const registry = FlagRegistry::GlobalRegistry();
+  FlagRegistryLock frl(registry);
+
+  return registry->FindFlagViaPtrLocked(flag_ptr);
+}
+
+CommandLineFlag* FindRetiredFlag(absl::string_view name) {
+  FlagRegistry* const registry = FlagRegistry::GlobalRegistry();
+  FlagRegistryLock frl(registry);
+
+  return registry->FindRetiredFlagLocked(name);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void ForEachFlagUnlocked(std::function<void(CommandLineFlag*)> visitor) {
+  FlagRegistry* const registry = FlagRegistry::GlobalRegistry();
+  for (FlagRegistry::FlagConstIterator i = registry->flags_.begin();
+       i != registry->flags_.end(); ++i) {
+    visitor(i->second);
+  }
+}
+
+void ForEachFlag(std::function<void(CommandLineFlag*)> visitor) {
+  FlagRegistry* const registry = FlagRegistry::GlobalRegistry();
+  FlagRegistryLock frl(registry);
+  ForEachFlagUnlocked(visitor);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void GetAllFlags(std::vector<CommandLineFlagInfo>* OUTPUT) {
+  flags_internal::ForEachFlag([&](CommandLineFlag* flag) {
+    if (flag->IsRetired()) return;
+
+    CommandLineFlagInfo fi;
+    FillCommandLineFlagInfo(flag, &fi);
+    OUTPUT->push_back(fi);
+  });
+
+  // Now sort the flags, first by filename they occur in, then alphabetically
+  std::sort(OUTPUT->begin(), OUTPUT->end(), FilenameFlagnameLess());
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+bool RegisterCommandLineFlag(CommandLineFlag* flag, const void* ptr) {
+  FlagRegistry::GlobalRegistry()->RegisterFlag(flag, ptr);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+bool Retire(FlagOpFn ops, FlagMarshallingOpFn marshalling_ops,
+            const char* name) {
+  auto* flag = new CommandLineFlag(
+      name,
+      /*help_text=*/absl::flags_internal::HelpText::FromStaticCString(nullptr),
+      /*filename_arg=*/"RETIRED", ops, marshalling_ops,
+      /*initial_value_gen=*/nullptr,
+      /*retired_arg=*/true, nullptr, nullptr);
+  FlagRegistry::GlobalRegistry()->RegisterFlag(flag, nullptr);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+bool IsRetiredFlag(absl::string_view name, bool* type_is_bool) {
+  assert(!name.empty());
+  CommandLineFlag* flag = flags_internal::FindRetiredFlag(name);
+  if (flag == nullptr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  assert(type_is_bool);
+  *type_is_bool = flag->IsOfType<bool>();
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/registry.h b/absl/flags/internal/registry.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd141e1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/registry.h
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_REGISTRY_H_
+#define ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_REGISTRY_H_
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/base/macros.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h"
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Global flags registry API.
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+// CommandLineFlagInfo holds all information for a flag.
+struct CommandLineFlagInfo {
+  std::string name;           // the name of the flag
+  std::string type;           // DO NOT use. Use flag->IsOfType<T>() instead.
+  std::string description;    // the "help text" associated with the flag
+  std::string current_value;  // the current value, as a std::string
+  std::string default_value;  // the default value, as a std::string
+  std::string filename;       // 'cleaned' version of filename holding the flag
+  bool has_validator_fn;  // true if RegisterFlagValidator called on this flag
+
+  bool is_default;  // true if the flag has the default value and
+                    // has not been set explicitly from the cmdline
+                    // or via SetCommandLineOption.
+
+  // nullptr for ABSL_FLAG.  A pointer to the flag's current value
+  // otherwise.  E.g., for DEFINE_int32(foo, ...), flag_ptr will be
+  // &FLAGS_foo.
+  const void* flag_ptr;
+};
+
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void FillCommandLineFlagInfo(CommandLineFlag* flag,
+                             CommandLineFlagInfo* result);
+
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+CommandLineFlag* FindCommandLineFlag(absl::string_view name);
+CommandLineFlag* FindCommandLineV1Flag(const void* flag_ptr);
+CommandLineFlag* FindRetiredFlag(absl::string_view name);
+
+// Executes specified visitor for each non-retired flag in the registry.
+// Requires the caller hold the registry lock.
+void ForEachFlagUnlocked(std::function<void(CommandLineFlag*)> visitor);
+// Executes specified visitor for each non-retired flag in the registry. While
+// callback are executed, the registry is locked and can't be changed.
+void ForEachFlag(std::function<void(CommandLineFlag*)> visitor);
+
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Store the list of all flags in *OUTPUT, sorted by file.
+void GetAllFlags(std::vector<CommandLineFlagInfo>* OUTPUT);
+
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+bool RegisterCommandLineFlag(CommandLineFlag*, const void* ptr = nullptr);
+
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Retired registrations:
+//
+// Retired flag registrations are treated specially. A 'retired' flag is
+// provided only for compatibility with automated invocations that still
+// name it.  A 'retired' flag:
+//   - is not bound to a C++ FLAGS_ reference.
+//   - has a type and a value, but that value is intentionally inaccessible.
+//   - does not appear in --help messages.
+//   - is fully supported by _all_ flag parsing routines.
+//   - consumes args normally, and complains about type mismatches in its
+//     argument.
+//   - emits a complaint but does not die (e.g. LOG(ERROR)) if it is
+//     accessed by name through the flags API for parsing or otherwise.
+//
+// The registrations for a flag happen in an unspecified order as the
+// initializers for the namespace-scope objects of a program are run.
+// Any number of weak registrations for a flag can weakly define the flag.
+// One non-weak registration will upgrade the flag from weak to non-weak.
+// Further weak registrations of a non-weak flag are ignored.
+//
+// This mechanism is designed to support moving dead flags into a
+// 'graveyard' library.  An example migration:
+//
+//   0: Remove references to this FLAGS_flagname in the C++ codebase.
+//   1: Register as 'retired' in old_lib.
+//   2: Make old_lib depend on graveyard.
+//   3: Add a redundant 'retired' registration to graveyard.
+//   4: Remove the old_lib 'retired' registration.
+//   5: Eventually delete the graveyard registration entirely.
+//
+// Returns bool to enable use in namespace-scope initializers.
+// For example:
+//
+//   static const bool dummy = base::RetiredFlag<int32_t>("myflag");
+//
+// Or to declare several at once:
+//
+//   static bool dummies[] = {
+//       base::RetiredFlag<std::string>("some_string_flag"),
+//       base::RetiredFlag<double>("some_double_flag"),
+//       base::RetiredFlag<int32_t>("some_int32_flag")
+//   };
+
+// Retire flag with name "name" and type indicated by ops.
+bool Retire(FlagOpFn ops, FlagMarshallingOpFn marshalling_ops,
+            const char* name);
+
+// Registered a retired flag with name 'flag_name' and type 'T'.
+template <typename T>
+inline bool RetiredFlag(const char* flag_name) {
+  return flags_internal::Retire(flags_internal::FlagOps<T>,
+                                flags_internal::FlagMarshallingOps<T>,
+                                flag_name);
+}
+
+// If the flag is retired, returns true and indicates in |*type_is_bool|
+// whether the type of the retired flag is a bool.
+// Only to be called by code that needs to explicitly ignore retired flags.
+bool IsRetiredFlag(absl::string_view name, bool* type_is_bool);
+
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Saves the states (value, default value, whether the user has set
+// the flag, registered validators, etc) of all flags, and restores
+// them when the FlagSaver is destroyed.
+//
+// This class is thread-safe.  However, its destructor writes to
+// exactly the set of flags that have changed value during its
+// lifetime, so concurrent _direct_ access to those flags
+// (i.e. FLAGS_foo instead of {Get,Set}CommandLineOption()) is unsafe.
+
+class FlagSaver {
+ public:
+  FlagSaver();
+  ~FlagSaver();
+
+  FlagSaver(const FlagSaver&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const FlagSaver&) = delete;
+
+  // Prevents saver from restoring the saved state of flags.
+  void Ignore();
+
+ private:
+  class FlagSaverImpl* impl_;  // we use pimpl here to keep API steady
+};
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_REGISTRY_H_
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/type_erased.cc b/absl/flags/internal/type_erased.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc103983
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/type_erased.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/type_erased.h"
+
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/flags/config.h"
+#include "absl/flags/usage_config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+bool GetCommandLineOption(absl::string_view name, std::string* value) {
+  if (name.empty()) return false;
+  assert(value);
+
+  CommandLineFlag* flag = flags_internal::FindCommandLineFlag(name);
+  if (flag == nullptr || flag->IsRetired()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  absl::MutexLock l(InitFlagIfNecessary(flag));
+  *value = flag->CurrentValue();
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool GetCommandLineFlagInfo(absl::string_view name,
+                            CommandLineFlagInfo* OUTPUT) {
+  if (name.empty()) return false;
+
+  CommandLineFlag* flag = flags_internal::FindCommandLineFlag(name);
+  if (flag == nullptr || flag->IsRetired()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  assert(OUTPUT);
+  FillCommandLineFlagInfo(flag, OUTPUT);
+  return true;
+}
+
+CommandLineFlagInfo GetCommandLineFlagInfoOrDie(absl::string_view name) {
+  CommandLineFlagInfo info;
+  if (!GetCommandLineFlagInfo(name, &info)) {
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL, absl::StrCat("Flag '", name, "' does not exist"));
+  }
+  return info;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+bool SetCommandLineOption(absl::string_view name, absl::string_view value) {
+  return SetCommandLineOptionWithMode(name, value,
+                                      flags_internal::SET_FLAGS_VALUE);
+}
+
+bool SetCommandLineOptionWithMode(absl::string_view name,
+                                  absl::string_view value,
+                                  FlagSettingMode set_mode) {
+  CommandLineFlag* flag = flags_internal::FindCommandLineFlag(name);
+
+  if (!flag || flag->IsRetired()) return false;
+
+  std::string error;
+  if (!flag->SetFromString(value, set_mode, kProgrammaticChange, &error)) {
+    // Errors here are all of the form: the provided name was a recognized
+    // flag, but the value was invalid (bad type, or validation failed).
+    flags_internal::ReportUsageError(error, false);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+bool IsValidFlagValue(absl::string_view name, absl::string_view value) {
+  CommandLineFlag* flag = flags_internal::FindCommandLineFlag(name);
+  if (flag == nullptr) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (flag->IsRetired()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // No need to lock the flag since we are not mutating it.
+  void* obj = Clone(flag->op, flag->def);
+  std::string ignored_error;
+  const bool result =
+      flags_internal::Parse(flag->marshalling_op, value, obj, &ignored_error) &&
+      Validate(flag, obj);
+  Delete(flag->op, obj);
+  return result;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+bool SpecifiedOnCommandLine(absl::string_view name) {
+  CommandLineFlag* flag = flags_internal::FindCommandLineFlag(name);
+  if (flag != nullptr && !flag->IsRetired()) {
+    absl::MutexLock l(InitFlagIfNecessary(flag));
+    return flag->IsSpecifiedOnCommandLine();
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/type_erased.h b/absl/flags/internal/type_erased.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..249d36b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/type_erased.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_TYPE_ERASED_H_
+#define ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_TYPE_ERASED_H_
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/registry.h"
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Registry interfaces operating on type erased handles.
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+// If a flag named "name" exists, store its current value in *OUTPUT
+// and return true.  Else return false without changing *OUTPUT.
+// Thread-safe.
+bool GetCommandLineOption(absl::string_view name, std::string* value);
+
+// If a flag named "name" exists, store its information in *OUTPUT
+// and return true.  Else return false without changing *OUTPUT.
+// Thread-safe.
+bool GetCommandLineFlagInfo(absl::string_view name,
+                            CommandLineFlagInfo* OUTPUT);
+
+// Returns the CommandLineFlagInfo of the flagname.  exit() with an
+// error code if name not found.
+// Thread-safe.
+CommandLineFlagInfo GetCommandLineFlagInfoOrDie(absl::string_view name);
+
+// Set the value of the flag named "name" to value.  If successful,
+// returns true.  If not successful (e.g., the flag was not found or
+// the value is not a valid value), returns false.
+// Thread-safe.
+bool SetCommandLineOption(absl::string_view name, absl::string_view value);
+
+bool SetCommandLineOptionWithMode(absl::string_view name,
+                                  absl::string_view value,
+                                  FlagSettingMode set_mode);
+
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Returns true iff all of the following conditions are true:
+// (a) "name" names a registered flag
+// (b) "value" can be parsed succesfully according to the type of the flag
+// (c) parsed value passes any validator associated with the flag
+bool IsValidFlagValue(absl::string_view name, absl::string_view value);
+
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Returns true iff a flag named "name" was specified on the command line
+// (either directly, or via one of --flagfile or --fromenv or --tryfromenv).
+//
+// Any non-command-line modification of the flag does not affect the
+// result of this function.  So for example, if a flag was passed on
+// the command line but then reset via SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT, this
+// function will still return true.
+bool SpecifiedOnCommandLine(absl::string_view name);
+
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// If a flag with specified "name" exists and has type T, store
+// its current value in *dst and return true.  Else return false
+// without touching *dst.  T must obey all of the requirements for
+// types passed to DEFINE_FLAG.
+template <typename T>
+inline bool GetByName(absl::string_view name, T* dst) {
+  CommandLineFlag* flag = flags_internal::FindCommandLineFlag(name);
+  if (!flag) return false;
+
+  if (auto val = flag->Get<T>()) {
+    *dst = *val;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_TYPE_ERASED_H_
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/type_erased_test.cc b/absl/flags/internal/type_erased_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac749a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/type_erased_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+//
+//  Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/type_erased.h"
+
+#include <cmath>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
+#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+
+ABSL_FLAG(int, int_flag, 1, "int_flag help");
+ABSL_FLAG(std::string, string_flag, "dflt", "string_flag help");
+ABSL_RETIRED_FLAG(bool, bool_retired_flag, false, "bool_retired_flag help");
+
+namespace {
+
+namespace flags = absl::flags_internal;
+
+class TypeErasedTest : public testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override { flag_saver_ = absl::make_unique<flags::FlagSaver>(); }
+  void TearDown() override { flag_saver_.reset(); }
+
+ private:
+  std::unique_ptr<flags::FlagSaver> flag_saver_;
+};
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(TypeErasedTest, TestGetCommandLineOption) {
+  std::string value;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::GetCommandLineOption("int_flag", &value));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, "1");
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::GetCommandLineOption("string_flag", &value));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, "dflt");
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flags::GetCommandLineOption("bool_retired_flag", &value));
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flags::GetCommandLineOption("unknown_flag", &value));
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(TypeErasedTest, TestSetCommandLineOption) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::SetCommandLineOption("int_flag", "101"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 101);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::SetCommandLineOption("string_flag", "asdfgh"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_string_flag), "asdfgh");
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flags::SetCommandLineOption("bool_retired_flag", "true"));
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flags::SetCommandLineOption("unknown_flag", "true"));
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(TypeErasedTest, TestSetCommandLineOptionWithMode_SET_FLAGS_VALUE) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("int_flag", "101",
+                                                  flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 101);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("string_flag", "asdfgh",
+                                                  flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_string_flag), "asdfgh");
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("bool_retired_flag", "true",
+                                                   flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE));
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("unknown_flag", "true",
+                                                   flags::SET_FLAGS_VALUE));
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(TypeErasedTest, TestSetCommandLineOptionWithMode_SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("int_flag", "101",
+                                                  flags::SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 101);
+
+  // This semantic is broken. We return true instead of false. Value is not
+  // updated.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("int_flag", "202",
+                                                  flags::SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 101);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("string_flag", "asdfgh",
+                                                  flags::SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_string_flag), "asdfgh");
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("bool_retired_flag", "true",
+                                                   flags::SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT));
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("unknown_flag", "true",
+                                                   flags::SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT));
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(TypeErasedTest, TestSetCommandLineOptionWithMode_SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("int_flag", "101",
+                                                  flags::SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("string_flag", "asdfgh",
+                                                  flags::SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_string_flag), "asdfgh");
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("bool_retired_flag", "true",
+                                                   flags::SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT));
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("unknown_flag", "true",
+                                                   flags::SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT));
+
+  // This should be successfull, since flag is still is not set
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::SetCommandLineOptionWithMode("int_flag", "202",
+                                                  flags::SET_FLAG_IF_DEFAULT));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 202);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(TypeErasedTest, TestIsValidFlagValue) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::IsValidFlagValue("int_flag", "57"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::IsValidFlagValue("int_flag", "-101"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(flags::IsValidFlagValue("int_flag", "1.1"));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::IsValidFlagValue("string_flag", "#%^#%^$%DGHDG$W%adsf"));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(flags::IsValidFlagValue("bool_retired_flag", "true"));
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/usage.cc b/absl/flags/internal/usage.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f17cc6c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/usage.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/flags/internal/usage.h"
+
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/path_util.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/program_name.h"
+#include "absl/flags/usage_config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_split.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
+
+ABSL_FLAG(bool, help, false,
+          "show help on important flags for this binary [tip: all flags can "
+          "have two dashes]");
+ABSL_FLAG(bool, helpfull, false, "show help on all flags");
+ABSL_FLAG(bool, helpshort, false,
+          "show help on only the main module for this program");
+ABSL_FLAG(bool, helppackage, false,
+          "show help on all modules in the main package");
+ABSL_FLAG(bool, version, false, "show version and build info and exit");
+ABSL_FLAG(bool, only_check_args, false, "exit after checking all flags");
+ABSL_FLAG(std::string, helpon, "",
+          "show help on the modules named by this flag value");
+ABSL_FLAG(std::string, helpmatch, "",
+          "show help on modules whose name contains the specified substr");
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+namespace {
+
+// This class is used to emit an XML element with `tag` and `text`.
+// It adds opening and closing tags and escapes special characters in the text.
+// For example:
+// std::cout << XMLElement("title", "Milk & Cookies");
+// prints "<title>Milk &amp; Cookies</title>"
+class XMLElement {
+ public:
+  XMLElement(absl::string_view tag, absl::string_view txt)
+      : tag_(tag), txt_(txt) {}
+
+  friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out,
+                                  const XMLElement& xml_elem) {
+    out << "<" << xml_elem.tag_ << ">";
+
+    for (auto c : xml_elem.txt_) {
+      switch (c) {
+        case '"':
+          out << "&quot;";
+          break;
+        case '\'':
+          out << "&apos;";
+          break;
+        case '&':
+          out << "&amp;";
+          break;
+        case '<':
+          out << "&lt;";
+          break;
+        case '>':
+          out << "&gt;";
+          break;
+        default:
+          out << c;
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return out << "</" << xml_elem.tag_ << ">";
+  }
+
+ private:
+  absl::string_view tag_;
+  absl::string_view txt_;
+};
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Helper class to pretty-print info about a flag.
+
+class FlagHelpPrettyPrinter {
+ public:
+  // Pretty printer holds on to the std::ostream& reference to direct an output
+  // to that stream.
+  FlagHelpPrettyPrinter(int max_line_len, std::ostream* out)
+      : out_(*out),
+        max_line_len_(max_line_len),
+        line_len_(0),
+        first_line_(true) {}
+
+  void Write(absl::string_view str, bool wrap_line = false) {
+    // Empty std::string - do nothing.
+    if (str.empty()) return;
+
+    std::vector<absl::string_view> tokens;
+    if (wrap_line) {
+      tokens = absl::StrSplit(str, absl::ByAnyChar(" \f\n\r\t\v"),
+                              absl::SkipEmpty());
+    } else {
+      tokens.push_back(str);
+    }
+
+    for (auto token : tokens) {
+      bool new_line = (line_len_ == 0);
+
+      // Write the token, ending the std::string first if necessary/possible.
+      if (!new_line && (line_len_ + token.size() >= max_line_len_)) {
+        EndLine();
+        new_line = true;
+      }
+
+      if (new_line) {
+        StartLine();
+      } else {
+        out_ << ' ';
+        ++line_len_;
+      }
+
+      out_ << token;
+      line_len_ += token.size();
+    }
+  }
+
+  void StartLine() {
+    if (first_line_) {
+      out_ << "    ";
+      line_len_ = 4;
+      first_line_ = false;
+    } else {
+      out_ << "      ";
+      line_len_ = 6;
+    }
+  }
+  void EndLine() {
+    out_ << '\n';
+    line_len_ = 0;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::ostream& out_;
+  const int max_line_len_;
+  int line_len_;
+  bool first_line_;
+};
+
+void FlagHelpHumanReadable(const flags_internal::CommandLineFlag& flag,
+                           std::ostream* out) {
+  FlagHelpPrettyPrinter printer(80, out);  // Max line length is 80.
+
+  // Flag name.
+  printer.Write(absl::StrCat("-", flag.Name()));
+
+  // Flag help.
+  printer.Write(absl::StrCat("(", flag.Help(), ");"), /*wrap_line=*/true);
+
+  // Flag data type (for V1 flags only).
+  if (!flag.IsAbseilFlag() && !flag.IsRetired()) {
+    printer.Write(absl::StrCat("type: ", flag.Typename(), ";"));
+  }
+
+  // The listed default value will be the actual default from the flag
+  // definition in the originating source file, unless the value has
+  // subsequently been modified using SetCommandLineOption() with mode
+  // SET_FLAGS_DEFAULT.
+  std::string dflt_val = flag.DefaultValue();
+  if (flag.IsOfType<std::string>()) {
+    dflt_val = absl::StrCat("\"", dflt_val, "\"");
+  }
+  printer.Write(absl::StrCat("default: ", dflt_val, ";"));
+
+  if (flag.modified) {
+    std::string curr_val = flag.CurrentValue();
+    if (flag.IsOfType<std::string>()) {
+      curr_val = absl::StrCat("\"", curr_val, "\"");
+    }
+    printer.Write(absl::StrCat("currently: ", curr_val, ";"));
+  }
+
+  printer.EndLine();
+}
+
+// Shows help for every filename which matches any of the filters
+// If filters are empty, shows help for every file.
+// If a flag's help message has been stripped (e.g. by adding '#define
+// STRIP_FLAG_HELP 1' then this flag will not be displayed by '--help'
+// and its variants.
+void FlagsHelpImpl(std::ostream& out, flags_internal::FlagKindFilter filter_cb,
+                   HelpFormat format = HelpFormat::kHumanReadable) {
+  if (format == HelpFormat::kHumanReadable) {
+    out << flags_internal::ShortProgramInvocationName() << ": "
+        << flags_internal::ProgramUsageMessage() << "\n\n";
+  } else {
+    // XML schema is not a part of our public API for now.
+    out << "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n"
+        // The document.
+        << "<AllFlags>\n"
+        // The program name and usage.
+        << XMLElement("program", flags_internal::ShortProgramInvocationName())
+        << '\n'
+        << XMLElement("usage", flags_internal::ProgramUsageMessage()) << '\n';
+  }
+
+  // Map of package name to
+  //   map of file name to
+  //     vector of flags in the file.
+  // This map is used to output matching flags grouped by package and file
+  // name.
+  std::map<std::string,
+           std::map<std::string,
+                    std::vector<const flags_internal::CommandLineFlag*>>>
+      matching_flags;
+
+  flags_internal::ForEachFlag([&](flags_internal::CommandLineFlag* flag) {
+    absl::MutexLock l(InitFlagIfNecessary(flag));
+
+    std::string flag_filename = flag->Filename();
+
+    // Ignore retired flags.
+    if (flag->IsRetired()) return;
+
+    // If the flag has been stripped, pretend that it doesn't exist.
+    if (flag->Help() == flags_internal::kStrippedFlagHelp) return;
+
+    // Make sure flag satisfies the filter
+    if (!filter_cb || !filter_cb(flag_filename)) return;
+
+    matching_flags[std::string(flags_internal::Package(flag_filename))]
+                  [flag_filename]
+                      .push_back(flag);
+  });
+
+  absl::string_view
+      package_separator;             // controls blank lines between packages.
+  absl::string_view file_separator;  // controls blank lines between files.
+  for (const auto& package : matching_flags) {
+    if (format == HelpFormat::kHumanReadable) {
+      out << package_separator;
+      package_separator = "\n\n";
+    }
+
+    file_separator = "";
+    for (const auto& flags_in_file : package.second) {
+      if (format == HelpFormat::kHumanReadable) {
+        out << file_separator << "  Flags from " << flags_in_file.first
+            << ":\n";
+        file_separator = "\n";
+      }
+
+      for (const auto* flag : flags_in_file.second) {
+        flags_internal::FlagHelp(out, *flag, format);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (format == HelpFormat::kHumanReadable) {
+    if (filter_cb && matching_flags.empty()) {
+      out << "  No modules matched: use -helpfull\n";
+    }
+  } else {
+    // The end of the document.
+    out << "</AllFlags>\n";
+  }
+}
+
+ABSL_CONST_INIT absl::Mutex usage_message_guard(absl::kConstInit);
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::string* program_usage_message
+    GUARDED_BY(usage_message_guard) = nullptr;
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Sets the "usage" message to be used by help reporting routines.
+
+void SetProgramUsageMessage(absl::string_view new_usage_message) {
+  absl::MutexLock l(&usage_message_guard);
+
+  if (flags_internal::program_usage_message != nullptr) {
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL, "SetProgramUsageMessage() called twice.");
+    std::exit(1);
+  }
+
+  program_usage_message = new std::string(new_usage_message);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Returns the usage message set by SetProgramUsageMessage().
+// Note: We able to return string_view here only because calling
+// SetProgramUsageMessage twice is prohibited.
+absl::string_view ProgramUsageMessage() {
+  absl::MutexLock l(&usage_message_guard);
+
+  return program_usage_message != nullptr
+             ? absl::string_view(*program_usage_message)
+             : "Warning: SetProgramUsageMessage() never called";
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Produces the help message describing specific flag.
+void FlagHelp(std::ostream& out, const flags_internal::CommandLineFlag& flag,
+              HelpFormat format) {
+  if (format == HelpFormat::kHumanReadable)
+    flags_internal::FlagHelpHumanReadable(flag, &out);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Produces the help messages for all flags matching the filter.
+// If filter is empty produces help messages for all flags.
+void FlagsHelp(std::ostream& out, absl::string_view filter, HelpFormat format) {
+  flags_internal::FlagKindFilter filter_cb = [&](absl::string_view filename) {
+    return filter.empty() || filename.find(filter) != absl::string_view::npos;
+  };
+  flags_internal::FlagsHelpImpl(out, filter_cb, format);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Checks all the 'usage' command line flags to see if any have been set.
+// If so, handles them appropriately.
+int HandleUsageFlags(std::ostream& out) {
+  if (absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_helpshort)) {
+    flags_internal::FlagsHelpImpl(
+        out, flags_internal::GetUsageConfig().contains_helpshort_flags,
+        HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_helpfull)) {
+    // show all options
+    flags_internal::FlagsHelp(out);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (!absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_helpon).empty()) {
+    flags_internal::FlagsHelp(
+        out, absl::StrCat("/", absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_helpon), "."));
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (!absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_helpmatch).empty()) {
+    flags_internal::FlagsHelp(out, absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_helpmatch));
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_help)) {
+    flags_internal::FlagsHelpImpl(
+        out, flags_internal::GetUsageConfig().contains_help_flags);
+
+    out << "\nTry --helpfull to get a list of all flags.\n";
+
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_helppackage)) {
+    flags_internal::FlagsHelpImpl(
+        out, flags_internal::GetUsageConfig().contains_helppackage_flags);
+
+    out << "\nTry --helpfull to get a list of all flags.\n";
+
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_version)) {
+    if (flags_internal::GetUsageConfig().version_string)
+      out << flags_internal::GetUsageConfig().version_string();
+    // Unlike help, we may be asking for version in a script, so return 0
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_only_check_args)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  return -1;
+}
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/usage.h b/absl/flags/internal/usage.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d0ea7a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/usage.h
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+//
+//  Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_USAGE_H_
+#define ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_USAGE_H_
+
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/flags/declare.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Usage reporting interfaces
+
+namespace absl {
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+// Sets the "usage" message to be used by help reporting routines.
+// For example:
+//  absl::SetProgramUsageMessage(
+//      absl::StrCat("This program does nothing.  Sample usage:\n", argv[0],
+//                   " <uselessarg1> <uselessarg2>"));
+// Do not include commandline flags in the usage: we do that for you!
+// Note: Calling SetProgramUsageMessage twice will trigger a call to std::exit.
+void SetProgramUsageMessage(absl::string_view new_usage_message);
+
+// Returns the usage message set by SetProgramUsageMessage().
+absl::string_view ProgramUsageMessage();
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// The format to report the help messages in.
+enum class HelpFormat {
+  kHumanReadable,
+};
+
+// Outputs the help message describing specific flag.
+void FlagHelp(std::ostream& out, const flags_internal::CommandLineFlag& flag,
+              HelpFormat format = HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+
+// Produces the help messages for all flags matching the filter. A flag matches
+// the filter if it is defined in a file with a filename which includes
+// filter string as a substring. You can use '/' and '.' to restrict the
+// matching to a specific file names. For example:
+//   FlagsHelp(out, "/path/to/file.");
+// restricts help to only flags which resides in files named like:
+//  .../path/to/file.<ext>
+// for any extension 'ext'. If the filter is empty this function produces help
+// messages for all flags.
+void FlagsHelp(std::ostream& out, absl::string_view filter = {},
+               HelpFormat format = HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// If any of the 'usage' related command line flags (listed on the bottom of
+// this file) has been set this routine produces corresponding help message in
+// the specified output stream and returns:
+//  0 - if "version" or "only_check_flags" flags were set and handled.
+//  1 - if some other 'usage' related flag was set and handled.
+// -1 - if no usage flags were set on a commmand line.
+// Non negative return values are expected to be used as an exit code for a
+// binary.
+int HandleUsageFlags(std::ostream& out);
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+}  // namespace absl
+
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(bool, help);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(bool, helpfull);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(bool, helpshort);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(bool, helppackage);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(bool, version);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(bool, only_check_args);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(std::string, helpon);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(std::string, helpmatch);
+
+#endif  // ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_USAGE_H_
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc b/absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb40aa42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+//
+//  Copyright 2019 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <sstream>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
+#include "absl/flags/parse.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/path_util.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/program_name.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/usage.h"
+#include "absl/flags/usage_config.h"
+#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/strings/match.h"
+
+ABSL_FLAG(int, usage_reporting_test_flag_01, 101,
+          "usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message");
+ABSL_FLAG(bool, usage_reporting_test_flag_02, false,
+          "usage_reporting_test_flag_02 help message");
+ABSL_FLAG(double, usage_reporting_test_flag_03, 1.03,
+          "usage_reporting_test_flag_03 help message");
+ABSL_FLAG(int64_t, usage_reporting_test_flag_04, 1000000000000004L,
+          "usage_reporting_test_flag_04 help message");
+
+struct UDT {
+  UDT() = default;
+  UDT(const UDT&) = default;
+};
+bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view, UDT*, std::string*) { return true; }
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(const UDT&) { return "UDT{}"; }
+
+ABSL_FLAG(UDT, usage_reporting_test_flag_05, {},
+          "usage_reporting_test_flag_05 help message");
+
+namespace {
+
+namespace flags = absl::flags_internal;
+
+static std::string NormalizeFileName(absl::string_view fname) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  std::string normalized(fname);
+  std::replace(normalized.begin(), normalized.end(), '\\', '/');
+  fname = normalized;
+#endif
+
+  auto absl_pos = fname.find("/absl/");
+  if (absl_pos != absl::string_view::npos) {
+    fname = fname.substr(absl_pos + 1);
+  }
+  return std::string(fname);
+}
+
+class UsageReportingTest : public testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  UsageReportingTest() {
+    // Install default config for the use on this unit test.
+    // Binary may install a custom config before tests are run.
+    absl::FlagsUsageConfig default_config;
+    default_config.normalize_filename = &NormalizeFileName;
+    absl::SetFlagsUsageConfig(default_config);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  flags::FlagSaver flag_saver_;
+};
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+using UsageReportingDeathTest = UsageReportingTest;
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingDeathTest, TestSetProgramUsageMessage) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::ProgramUsageMessage(), "Custom usage message");
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+  // TODO(rogeeff): figure out why this does not work on Windows.
+  EXPECT_DEATH(flags::SetProgramUsageMessage("custom usage message"),
+               ".*SetProgramUsageMessage\\(\\) called twice.*");
+#endif
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestFlagHelpHRF_on_flag_01) {
+  const auto* flag = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("usage_reporting_test_flag_01");
+  std::stringstream test_buf;
+
+  flags::FlagHelp(test_buf, *flag, flags::HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      test_buf.str(),
+      R"(    -usage_reporting_test_flag_01 (usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message);
+      default: 101;
+)");
+}
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestFlagHelpHRF_on_flag_02) {
+  const auto* flag = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("usage_reporting_test_flag_02");
+  std::stringstream test_buf;
+
+  flags::FlagHelp(test_buf, *flag, flags::HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      test_buf.str(),
+      R"(    -usage_reporting_test_flag_02 (usage_reporting_test_flag_02 help message);
+      default: false;
+)");
+}
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestFlagHelpHRF_on_flag_03) {
+  const auto* flag = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("usage_reporting_test_flag_03");
+  std::stringstream test_buf;
+
+  flags::FlagHelp(test_buf, *flag, flags::HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      test_buf.str(),
+      R"(    -usage_reporting_test_flag_03 (usage_reporting_test_flag_03 help message);
+      default: 1.03;
+)");
+}
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestFlagHelpHRF_on_flag_04) {
+  const auto* flag = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("usage_reporting_test_flag_04");
+  std::stringstream test_buf;
+
+  flags::FlagHelp(test_buf, *flag, flags::HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      test_buf.str(),
+      R"(    -usage_reporting_test_flag_04 (usage_reporting_test_flag_04 help message);
+      default: 1000000000000004;
+)");
+}
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestFlagHelpHRF_on_flag_05) {
+  const auto* flag = flags::FindCommandLineFlag("usage_reporting_test_flag_05");
+  std::stringstream test_buf;
+
+  flags::FlagHelp(test_buf, *flag, flags::HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      test_buf.str(),
+      R"(    -usage_reporting_test_flag_05 (usage_reporting_test_flag_05 help message);
+      default: UDT{};
+)");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestFlagsHelpHRF) {
+  std::string usage_test_flags_out =
+      R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+
+  Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc:
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_01 (usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message);
+      default: 101;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_02 (usage_reporting_test_flag_02 help message);
+      default: false;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_03 (usage_reporting_test_flag_03 help message);
+      default: 1.03;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_04 (usage_reporting_test_flag_04 help message);
+      default: 1000000000000004;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_05 (usage_reporting_test_flag_05 help message);
+      default: UDT{};
+)";
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf_01;
+  flags::FlagsHelp(test_buf_01, "usage_test.cc",
+                   flags::HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf_01.str(), usage_test_flags_out);
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf_02;
+  flags::FlagsHelp(test_buf_02, "flags/internal/usage_test.cc",
+                   flags::HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf_02.str(), usage_test_flags_out);
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf_03;
+  flags::FlagsHelp(test_buf_03, "usage_test",
+                   flags::HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf_03.str(), usage_test_flags_out);
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf_04;
+  flags::FlagsHelp(test_buf_04, "flags/invalid_file_name.cc",
+                   flags::HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf_04.str(),
+            R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+
+  No modules matched: use -helpfull
+)");
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf_05;
+  flags::FlagsHelp(test_buf_05, "", flags::HelpFormat::kHumanReadable);
+  std::string test_out = test_buf_05.str();
+  absl::string_view test_out_str(test_out);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(
+      absl::StartsWith(test_out_str, "usage_test: Custom usage message"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContains(
+      test_out_str, "Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc:"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContains(test_out_str,
+                                "Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage.cc:"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(
+      absl::StrContains(test_out_str, "-usage_reporting_test_flag_01 "));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContains(test_out_str, "-help (show help"))
+      << test_out_str;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestNoUsageFlags) {
+  std::stringstream test_buf;
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf), -1);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_helpshort) {
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_helpshort, true);
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf;
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(),
+            R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+
+  Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc:
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_01 (usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message);
+      default: 101;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_02 (usage_reporting_test_flag_02 help message);
+      default: false;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_03 (usage_reporting_test_flag_03 help message);
+      default: 1.03;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_04 (usage_reporting_test_flag_04 help message);
+      default: 1000000000000004;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_05 (usage_reporting_test_flag_05 help message);
+      default: UDT{};
+)");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_help) {
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_help, true);
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf;
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(),
+            R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+
+  Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc:
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_01 (usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message);
+      default: 101;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_02 (usage_reporting_test_flag_02 help message);
+      default: false;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_03 (usage_reporting_test_flag_03 help message);
+      default: 1.03;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_04 (usage_reporting_test_flag_04 help message);
+      default: 1000000000000004;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_05 (usage_reporting_test_flag_05 help message);
+      default: UDT{};
+
+Try --helpfull to get a list of all flags.
+)");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_helppackage) {
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_helppackage, true);
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf;
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(),
+            R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+
+  Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc:
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_01 (usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message);
+      default: 101;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_02 (usage_reporting_test_flag_02 help message);
+      default: false;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_03 (usage_reporting_test_flag_03 help message);
+      default: 1.03;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_04 (usage_reporting_test_flag_04 help message);
+      default: 1000000000000004;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_05 (usage_reporting_test_flag_05 help message);
+      default: UDT{};
+
+Try --helpfull to get a list of all flags.
+)");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_version) {
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_version, true);
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf;
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf), 0);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(),
+            "usage_test\nDebug build (NDEBUG not #defined)\n");
+#else
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(), "usage_test\n");
+#endif
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_only_check_args) {
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_only_check_args, true);
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf;
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(), "");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_helpon) {
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_helpon, "bla-bla");
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf_01;
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf_01), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf_01.str(),
+            R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+
+  No modules matched: use -helpfull
+)");
+
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_helpon, "usage_test");
+
+  std::stringstream test_buf_02;
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf_02), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf_02.str(),
+            R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+
+  Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc:
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_01 (usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message);
+      default: 101;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_02 (usage_reporting_test_flag_02 help message);
+      default: false;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_03 (usage_reporting_test_flag_03 help message);
+      default: 1.03;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_04 (usage_reporting_test_flag_04 help message);
+      default: 1000000000000004;
+    -usage_reporting_test_flag_05 (usage_reporting_test_flag_05 help message);
+      default: UDT{};
+)");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+}  // namespace
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+  absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_undefok);  // Force linking of parse.cc
+  flags::SetProgramInvocationName("usage_test");
+  flags::SetProgramUsageMessage("Custom usage message");
+  ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
+
+  return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
+}