Changes from V8.4 ================= Tactics - Tactics btauto, a reflexive boolean tautology solver. - Tactic "tauto" was exceptionally able to destruct other connectives than the binary connectives "and", "or", "prod", "sum", "iff". This non-uniform behavior has been fixed (bug #2680) and tauto is slightly weaker. On the opposite side, new tactic "dtauto" is able to destruct any record-like inductive types, superseding the old version of "tauto". - Similarly, "intuition" has been made more uniform and, where it now fails, "dintuition" can be used. Program - "Solve Obligations using" changed to "Solve Obligations with", consistent with "Proof with". - Program Lemma, Definition now respect automatic introduction. Notations - "Bind Scope" can no longer bind "Funclass" and "Sortclass". Changes from V8.4beta to V8.4beta2 ================================== Vernacular commands - Back and BackTo are now handling the proof states. They may perform some extra steps of backtrack to avoid states where the proof state is unavailable (typically a closed proof). - The commands Suspend and Resume have been removed. - A basic Show Script has been reintroduced (no indentation). - New command "Set Parsing Explicit" for deactivating parsing (and printing) of implicit arguments (useful for teaching). - New command "Grab Existential Variables" to transform the unresolved evars at the end of a proof into goals. Tactics - Still no general "info" tactical, but new specific tactics info_auto, info_eauto, info_trivial which provides information on the proofs found by auto/eauto/trivial. Display of these details could also be activated by Set Info Auto/Eauto/Trivial. - Details on everything tried by auto/eauto/trivial during a proof search could be obtained by "debug auto", "debug eauto", "debug trivial" or by a global "Set Debug Auto/Eauto/Trivial". - New command "r string" that interprets "idtac string" as a breakpoint and jumps to its next use in Ltac debugger. - Tactics from the Dp plugin (simplify, ergo, yices, cvc3, z3, cvcl, harvey, zenon, gwhy) have been removed, since Why2 has not been maintained for the last few years. The Why3 plugin should be a suitable replacement in most cases. Libraries - MSetRBT: a new implementation of MSets via Red-Black trees (initial contribution by Andrew Appel). - MSetAVL: for maximal sharing with the new MSetRBT, the argument order of Node has changed (this should be transparent to regular MSets users). Module System - The names of modules (and module types) are now in a fully separated namespace from ordinary definitions: "Definition E:=0. Module E. End E." is now accepted. CoqIDE - Coqide now supports the Restart command, and Undo (with a warning). Better support for Abort. Changes from V8.3 to V8.4beta ============================= Logic - Standard eta-conversion now supported (dependent product only) (DOC TO DO). - Guard condition improvement: subterm property is propagated through beta-redex blocked by pattern-matching, as in "(match v with C .. => fun x => u end) x"; this allows for instance to use "rewrite ... in ..." without breaking the guard condition. Specification language and notations - Maximal implicit arguments can now be set locally by { }. The registration traverses fixpoints and lambdas. Because there is conversion in types, maximal implicit arguments are not taken into account in partial applications (use eta expanded form with explicit { } instead). - Added support for recursive notations with binders (allows for instance to write "exists x y z, P"). - Structure/Record printing can be disable by "Unset Printing Records". In addition, it can be controlled on type by type basis using "Add Printing Record" or "Add Printing Constructor". - Pattern-matching compilation algorithm: in "match x, y with ... end", possible dependencies of x (or of the indices of its type) in the type of y are now taken into account. Tactics - New proof engine. - Scripts can now be structured thanks to bullets - * + and to subgoal delimitation via { }. Note: for use with ProofGeneral, a cvs version of Proof General no older than mid-July 2011 is currently required (DOC TODO). - Support for tactical "info" is suspended. - Support for command "Show Script" is suspended. - New tactics constr_eq, is_evar and has_evar for use in Ltac (DOC TODO). - Removed the two-argument variant of "decide equality". - New experimental tactical "timeout ". Since is a time in second for the moment, this feature should rather be avoided in scripts meant to be machine-independent. - Fix in "destruct": removal of unexpected local definitions in context might result in some rare incompatibilities (solvable by adapting name hypotheses). - Introduction pattern "_" made more robust. - Tactic (and Eval command) vm_compute can now be interrupted via Ctrl-C. - Unification in "apply" supports unification of patterns of the form ?f x y = g(x,y) (compatibility ensured by using "Unset Tactic Pattern Unification"). It also supports (full) betaiota. - Tactic autorewrite does no longer instantiate pre-existing existential variables (theoretical source of possible incompatibilities). - Tactic "dependent rewrite" now supports equality in "sig". - Tactic omega now understands Zpred (wish #1912) and can prove any goal from a context containing an arithmetical contradiction (wish #2236). - Using "auto with nocore" disables the use of the "core" database (wish #2188). This pseudo-database "nocore" can also be used with trivial and eauto. - Tactics "set", "destruct" and "induction" accepts incomplete terms and use the goal to complete the pattern assuming it is no ambiguous. - When used on arguments with a dependent type, tactics such as "destruct", "induction", "case", "elim", etc. now try to abstract automatically the dependencies over the arguments of the types (based on initial ideas from Chung-Kil Hur, extension to nested dependencies suggested by Dan Grayson) - Tactic "injection" now failing on an equality showing no constructors while it was formerly generalizing again the goal over the given equality. - In Ltac, the "context [...]" syntax has now a variant "appcontext [...]" allowing to match partial applications in larger applications. - When applying destruct or inversion on a fixpoint hiding an inductive type, recursive calls to the fixpoint now remain folded by default (rare source of incompatibility generally solvable by adding a call to simpl). - In an ltac pattern containing a "match", a final "| _ => _" branch could be used now instead of enumerating all remaining constructors. Moreover, the pattern "match _ with _ => _ end" now allows to match any "match". A "in" annotation can also be added to restrict to a precise inductive type. - The behavior of "simpl" can be tuned using the "Arguments" vernacular. In particular constants can be marked so that they are always/never unfolded by "simpl", or unfolded only when a set of arguments evaluates to a constructor. Last one can mark a constant so that it is unfolded only if the simplified term does not expose a match in head position. Vernacular commands - It is now mandatory to have a space (or tabulation or newline or end-of-file) after a "." ending a sentence. - In SearchAbout, the [ ] delimiters are now optional. - New command "Add/Remove Search Blacklist ..." : a Search or SearchAbout or similar query will never mention lemmas whose qualified names contain any of the declared substrings. The default blacklisted substrings are "_admitted" "_subproof" "Private_" (DOC TODO). - When the output file of "Print Universes" ends in ".dot" or ".gv", the universe graph is printed in the DOT language, and can be processed by Graphviz tools. - New command "Print Sorted Universes". - The undocumented and obsolete option "Set/Unset Boxed Definitions" has been removed, as well as syntaxes like "Boxed Fixpoint foo". - A new option "Set Default Timeout n / Unset Default Timeout". - Qed now uses information from the reduction tactics used in proof script to avoid conversion at Qed time to go into a very long computation. - New command "Show Goal ident" to display the statement of a goal, even a closed one (available from Proof General). - Command "Proof" accept a new modifier "using" to force generalization over a given list of section variables at section ending (DOC TODO). - New command "Arguments" generalizing "Implicit Arguments" and "Arguments Scope" and that also allows to rename the parameters of a definition and to tune the behavior of the tactic "simpl". Module System - During subtyping checks, an opaque constant in a module type could now be implemented by anything of the right type, even if bodies differ. Said otherwise, with respect to subtyping, an opaque constant behaves just as a parameter. Coqchk was already implementing this, but not coqtop. - The inlining done during application of functors can now be controlled more precisely, by the annotations (no inline) or (inline at level XX). With the latter annotation, only functor parameters whose levels are lower or equal than XX will be inlined. The level of a parameter can be fixed by "Parameter Inline(30) foo". When levels aren't given, the default value is 100. One can also use the flag "Set Inline Level ..." to set a level (DOC TODO). - Print Assumptions should now handle correctly opaque modules (#2168). - Print Module (Type) now tries to print more details, such as types and bodies of the module elements. Note that Print Module Type could be used on a module to display only its interface. The option "Set Short Module Printing" could be used to switch back to the earlier behavior were only field names were displayed. Libraries - Extension of the abstract part of Numbers, which now provide axiomatizations and results about many more integer functions, such as pow, gcd, lcm, sqrt, log2 and bitwise functions. These functions are implemented for nat N BigN Z BigZ. See in particular file NPeano for new functions about nat. - The definition of types positive, N, Z is now in file BinNums.v - Major reorganization of ZArith. The initial file ZArith/BinInt.v now contains an internal module Z implementing the Numbers interface for integers. This module Z regroups: * all functions over type Z : Z.add, Z.mul, ... * the minimal proofs of specifications for these functions : Z.add_0_l, ... * an instantation of all derived properties proved generically in Numbers : Z.add_comm, Z.add_assoc, ... A large part of ZArith is now simply compatibility notations, for instance Zplus_comm is an alias for Z.add_comm. The direct use of module Z is now recommended instead of relying on these compatibility notations. - Similar major reorganization of NArith, via a module N in NArith/BinNat.v - Concerning the positive datatype, BinPos.v is now in a specific directory PArith, and contains an internal submodule Pos. We regroup there functions such as Pos.add Pos.mul etc as well as many results about them. These results are here proved directly (no Number interface for strictly positive numbers). - Note that in spite of the compatibility layers, all these reorganizations may induce some marginal incompatibilies in scripts. In particular: * the "?=" notation for positive now refers to a binary function Pos.compare, instead of the infamous ternary Pcompare (now Pos.compare_cont). * some hypothesis names generated by the system may changed (typically for a "destruct Z_le_gt_dec") since naming is done after the short name of the head predicate (here now "le" in module Z instead of "Zle", etc). * the internals of Z.add has changed, now relying of Z.pos_sub. - Also note these new notations: * "= XP SP1. - The communication between CoqIDE and Coqtop is now done via a dialect of XML (DOC TODO). - The backtrack engine of CoqIDE has been reworked, it now uses the "Backtrack" command similarly to Proof General. - The Coqide parsing of sentences has be reworked and now supports tactic delimitation via { }. - Coqide now accepts the Abort command (wish #2357). - Coqide can read coq_makefile files as "project file" and use it to set automatically options to send to coqtop. - Preference files have moved to $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/coq and accelerators are not stored as a list anymore. Tools - Coq now searches directories specified in COQPATH, $XDG_DATA_HOME/coq, $XDG_DATA_DIRS/coq, and user-contribs before the standard library. - Coq rc file has moved to $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/coq. - Major changes to coq_makefile: * mli/mlpack/mllib taken into account, ml not preproccessed anymore, ml4 work; * mlihtml generates doc of mli, install-doc install the html doc in DOCDIR with the same policy as vo in COQLIB; * More variables are given by coqtop -config, others are defined only if the users doesn't have defined them elsewhere. Consequently, generated makefile should work directly on any architecture; * Packagers can take advantage of $(DSTROOT) introduction. Installation can be made in $XDG_DATA_HOME/coq; * -arg option allows to send option as argument to coqc. Changes from V8.2 to V8.3 ========================= Rewriting tactics - Tactic "rewrite" now supports rewriting on ad hoc equalities such as eq_true. - "Hint Rewrite" now checks that the lemma looks like an equation. - New tactic "etransitivity". - Support for heterogeneous equality (JMeq) in "injection" and "discriminate". - Tactic "subst" now supports heterogeneous equality and equality proofs that are dependent (use "simple subst" for preserving compatibility). - Added support for Leibniz-rewriting of dependent hypotheses. - Renamed "Morphism" into "Proper" and "respect" into "proper_prf" (possible source of incompatibility). A partial fix is to define "Notation Morphism R f := (Proper (R%signature) f)." - New tactic variants "rewrite* by" and "autorewrite*" that rewrite respectively the first and all matches whose side-conditions are solved. - "Require Import Setoid" does not export all of "Morphisms" and "RelationClasses" anymore (possible source of incompatibility, fixed by importing "Morphisms" too). - Support added for using Chung-Kil Hur's Heq library for rewriting over heterogeneous equality (courtesy of the library's author). - Tactic "replace" supports matching terms with holes. Automation tactics - Tactic "intuition" now preserves inner "iff" and "not" (exceptional source of incompatibilities solvable by redefining "intuition" as "unfold iff, not in *; intuition", or, for iff only, by using "Set Intuition Iff Unfolding".) - Tactic "tauto" now proves classical tautologies as soon as classical logic (i.e. library Classical_Prop or Classical) is loaded. - Tactic "gappa" has been removed from the Dp plugin. - Tactic "firstorder" now supports the combination of its "using" and "with" options. - New "Hint Resolve ->" (or "<-") for declaring iff's as oriented hints (wish #2104). - An inductive type as argument of the "using" option of "auto/eauto/firstorder" is interpreted as using the collection of its constructors. - New decision tactic "nsatz" to prove polynomial equations by computation of Groebner bases. Other tactics - Tactic "discriminate" now performs intros before trying to discriminate an hypothesis of the goal (previously it applied intro only if the goal had the form t1<>t2) (exceptional source of incompatibilities - former behavior can be obtained by "Unset Discriminate Introduction"). - Tactic "quote" now supports quotation of arbitrary terms (not just the goal). - Tactic "idtac" now displays its "list" arguments. - New introduction patterns "*" for introducing the next block of dependent variables and "**" for introducing all quantified variables and hypotheses. - Pattern Unification for existential variables activated in tactics and new option "Unset Tactic Evars Pattern Unification" to deactivate it. - Resolution of canonical structure is now part of the tactic's unification algorithm. - New tactic "decide lemma with hyp" for rewriting decidability lemmas when one knows which side is true. - Improved support of dependent goals over objects in dependent types for "destruct" (rare source of incompatibility that can be avoided by unsetting option "Dependent Propositions Elimination"). - Tactic "exists", "eexists", "destruct" and "edestruct" supports iteration using comma-separated arguments. - Tactic names "case" and "elim" now support clauses "as" and "in" and become then synonymous of "destruct" and "induction" respectively. - A new tactic name "exfalso" for the use of 'ex-falso quodlibet' principle. This tactic is simply a shortcut for "elimtype False". - Made quantified hypotheses get the name they would have if introduced in the context (possible but rare source of incompatibilities). - When applying a component of a conjunctive lemma, "apply in" (and sequences of "apply in") now leave the side conditions of the lemmas uniformly after the main goal (possible source of rare incompatibilities). - In "simpl c" and "change c with d", c can be a pattern. - Tactic "revert" now preserves let-in's making it the exact inverse of "intro". - New tactics "clear dependent H" and "revert dependent H" that clears (resp. reverts) H and all the hypotheses that depend on H. - Ltac's pattern-matching now supports matching metavariables that depend on variables bound upwards in the pattern. Tactic definitions - Ltac definitions support Local option for non-export outside modules. - Support for parsing non-empty lists with separators in tactic notations. - New command "Locate Ltac" to get the full name of an Ltac definition. Notations - Record syntax "{|x=...; y=...|}" now works inside patterns too. - Abbreviations from non-imported module now invisible at printing time. - Abbreviations now use implicit arguments and arguments scopes for printing. - Abbreviations to pure names now strictly behave like the name they refer to (make redirections of qualified names easier). - Abbreviations for applied constant now propagate the implicit arguments and arguments scope of the underlying reference (possible source of incompatibilities generally solvable by changing such abbreviations from e.g. "Notation foo' := (foo x)" to "Notation foo' y := (foo x (y:=y))"). - The "where" clause now supports multiple notations per defined object. - Recursive notations automatically expand one step on the left for better factorization; recursion notations inner separators now ensured being tokens. - Added "Reserved Infix" as a specific shortcut of the corresponding "Reserved Notation". - Open/Close Scope command supports Global option in sections. Specification language - New support for local binders in the syntax of Record/Structure fields. - Fixpoint/CoFixpoint now support building part or all of bodies using tactics. - Binders given before ":" in lemmas and in definitions built by tactics are now automatically introduced (possible source of incompatibility that can be resolved by invoking "Unset Automatic Introduction"). - New support for multiple implicit arguments signatures per reference. Module system - Include Type is now deprecated since Include now accept both modules and module types. - Declare ML Module supports Local option. - The sharing between non-logical object and the management of the name-space has been improved by the new "Delta-equivalence" on qualified name. - The include operator has been extended to high-order structures - Sequences of Include can be abbreviated via new syntax "<+". - A module (or module type) can be given several "<:" signatures. - Interactive proofs are now permitted in module type. Functors can hence be declared as Module Type and be used later to type themselves. - A functor application can be prefixed by a "!" to make it ignore any "Inline" annotation in the type of its argument(s) (for examples of use of the new features, see libraries Structures and Numbers). - Coercions are now active only when modules are imported (use "Set Automatic Coercions Import" to get the behavior of the previous versions of Coq). Extraction - When using (Recursive) Extraction Library, the filenames are directly the Coq ones with new appropriate extensions : we do not force anymore uncapital first letters for Ocaml and capital ones for Haskell. - The extraction now tries harder to avoid code transformations that can be dangerous for the complexity. In particular many eta-expansions at the top of functions body are now avoided, clever partial applications will likely be preserved, let-ins are almost always kept, etc. - In the same spirit, auto-inlining is now disabled by default, except for induction principles, since this feature was producing more frequently weird code than clear gain. The previous behavior can be restored via "Set Extraction AutoInline". - Unicode characters in identifiers are now transformed into ascii strings that are legal in Ocaml and other languages. - Harsh support of module extraction to Haskell and Scheme: module hierarchy is flattened, module abbreviations and functor applications are expanded, module types and unapplied functors are discarded. - Less unsupported situations when extracting modules to Ocaml. In particular module parameters might be alpha-renamed if a name clash is detected. - Extract Inductive is now possible toward non-inductive types (e.g. nat => int) - Extraction Implicit: this new experimental command allows to mark some arguments of a function or constructor for removed during extraction, even if these arguments don't fit the usual elimination principles of extraction, for instance the length n of a vector. - Files ExtrOcaml*.v in plugins/extraction try to provide a library of common extraction commands: mapping of basics types toward Ocaml's counterparts, conversions from/to int and big_int, or even complete mapping of nat,Z,N to int or big_int, or mapping of ascii to char and string to char list (in this case recognition of ascii constants is hard-wired in the extraction). Program - Streamlined definitions using well-founded recursion and measures so that they can work on any subset of the arguments directly (uses currying). - Try to automatically clear structural fixpoint prototypes in obligations to avoid issues with opacity. - Use return type clause inference in pattern-matching as in the standard typing algorithm. - Support [Local Obligation Tactic] and [Next Obligation with tactic]. - Use [Show Obligation Tactic] to print the current default tactic. - [fst] and [snd] have maximal implicit arguments in Program now (possible source of incompatibility). Type classes - Declaring axiomatic type class instances in Module Type should be now done via new command "Declare Instance", while the syntax "Instance" now always provides a concrete instance, both in and out of Module Type. - Use [Existing Class foo] to declare foo as a class a posteriori. [foo] can be an inductive type or a constant definition. No projections or instances are defined. - Various bug fixes and improvements: support for defined fields, anonymous instances, declarations giving terms, better handling of sections and [Context]. Vernacular commands - New command "Timeout ." interprets a command and a timeout interrupts the interpretation after seconds. - New command "Compute ." is a shortcut for "Eval vm_compute in ". - New command "Fail ." interprets a command and is successful iff the command fails on an error (but not an anomaly). Handy for tests and illustration of wrong commands. - Most commands referring to constant (e.g. Print or About) now support referring to the constant by a notation string. - New option "Boolean Equality Schemes" to make generation of boolean equality automatic for datatypes (together with option "Decidable Equality Schemes", this replaces deprecated option "Equality Scheme"). - Made support for automatic generation of case analysis schemes available to user (governed by option "Set Case Analysis Schemes"). - New command "(Global?) Generalizable [All|No] Variable(s)? ident(s)?" to declare which identifiers are generalizable in `{} and `() binders. - New command "Print Opaque Dependencies" to display opaque constants in addition to all variables, parameters or axioms a theorem or definition relies on. - New command "Declare Reduction := ", allowing to write later "Eval in ...". This command accepts a Local variant. - Syntax of Implicit Type now supports more than one block of variables of a given type. - Command "Canonical Structure" now warns when it has no effects. - Commands of the form "Set X" or "Unset X" now support "Local" and "Global" prefixes. Library - Use "standard" Coq names for the properties of eq and identity (e.g. refl_equal is now eq_refl). Support for compatibility is provided. - The function Compare_dec.nat_compare is now defined directly, instead of relying on lt_eq_lt_dec. The earlier version is still available under the name nat_compare_alt. - Lemmas in library Relations and Reals have been homogenized a bit. - The implicit argument of Logic.eq is now maximally inserted, allowing to simply write "eq" instead of "@eq _" in morphism signatures. - Wrongly named lemmas (Zlt_gt_succ and Zlt_succ_gt) fixed (potential source of incompatibilities) - List library: - Definitions of list, length and app are now in Init/Datatypes. Support for compatibility is provided. - Definition of Permutation is now in Sorting/Permtation.v - Some other light revisions and extensions (possible source of incompatibilities solvable by qualifying names accordingly). - In ListSet, set_map has been fixed (source of incompatibilities if used). - Sorting library: - new mergesort of worst-case complexity O(n*ln(n)) made available in Mergesort.v; - former notion of permutation up to setoid from Permutation.v is deprecated and moved to PermutSetoid.v; - heapsort from Heap.v of worst-case complexity O(n*n) is deprecated; - new file Sorted.v for some definitions of being sorted. - Structure library. This new library is meant to contain generic structures such as types with equalities or orders, either in Module version (for now) or Type Classes (still to do): - DecidableType.v and OrderedType.v: initial notions for FSets/FMaps, left for compatibility but considered as deprecated. - Equalities.v and Orders.v: evolutions of the previous files, with fine-grain Module architecture, many variants, use of Equivalence and other relevant Type Classes notions. - OrdersTac.v: a generic tactic for solving chains of (in)equalities over variables. See {Nat,N,Z,P}OrderedType.v for concrete instances. - GenericMinMax.v: any ordered type can be equipped with min and max. We derived here all the generic properties of these functions. - MSets library: an important evolution of the FSets library. "MSets" stands for Modular (Finite) Sets, by contrast with a forthcoming library of Class (Finite) Sets contributed by S. Lescuyer which will be integrated with the next release of Coq. The main features of MSets are: - The use of Equivalence, Proper and other Type Classes features easing the handling of setoid equalities. - The interfaces are now stated in iff-style. Old specifications are now derived properties. - The compare functions are now pure, and return a "comparison" value. Thanks to the CompSpec inductive type, reasoning on them remains easy. - Sets structures requiring invariants (i.e. sorted lists) are built first as "Raw" sets (pure objects and separate proofs) and attached with their proofs thanks to a generic functor. "Raw" sets have now a proper interface and can be manipulated directly. Note: No Maps yet in MSets. The FSets library is still provided for compatibility, but will probably be considered as deprecated in the next release of Coq. - Numbers library: - The abstract layer (NatInt, Natural/Abstract, Integer/Abstract) has been simplified and enhance thanks to new features of the module system such as Include (see above). It has been extended to Euclidean division (three flavors for integers: Trunc, Floor and Math). - The arbitrary-large efficient numbers (BigN, BigZ, BigQ) has also been reworked. They benefit from the abstract layer improvements (especially for div and mod). Note that some specifications have slightly changed (compare, div, mod, shift{r,l}). Ring/Field should work better (true recognition of constants). Tools - Option -R now supports binding Coq root read-only. - New coqtop/coqc option -beautify to reformat .v files (usable e.g. to globally update notations). - New tool beautify-archive to beautify a full archive of developments. - New coqtop/coqc option -compat X.Y to simulate the general behavior of previous versions of Coq (provides e.g. support for 8.2 compatibility). Coqdoc - List have been revamped. List depth and scope is now determined by an "offside" whitespace rule. - Text may be italicized by placing it in _underscores_. - The "--index " flag changes the filename of the index. - The "--toc-depth " flag limits the depth of headers which are included in the table of contents. - The "--lib-name " flag prints " Foo" instead of "Library Foo" where library titles are called for. The "--no-lib-name" flag eliminates the extra title. - New option "--parse-comments" to allow parsing of regular "(* *)" comments. - New option "--plain-comments" to disable interpretation inside comments. - New option "--interpolate" to try and typeset identifiers in Coq escapings using the available globalization information. - New option "--external url root" to refer to external libraries. - Links to section variables and notations now supported. Internal infrastructure - To avoid confusion with the repository of user's contributions, the subdirectory "contrib" has been renamed into "plugins". On platforms supporting ocaml native dynlink, code located there is built as loadable plugins for coqtop. - An experimental build mechanism via ocamlbuild is provided. From the top of the archive, run ./configure as usual, and then ./build. Feedback about this build mechanism is most welcome. Compiling Coq on platforms such as Windows might be simpler this way, but this remains to be tested. - The Makefile system has been simplified and factorized with the ocamlbuild system. In particular "make" takes advantage of .mllib files for building .cma/.cmxa. The .vo files to compile are now listed in several vo.itarget files. Changes from V8.1 to V8.2 ========================= Language - If a fixpoint is not written with an explicit { struct ... }, then all arguments are tried successively (from left to right) until one is found that satisfies the structural decreasing condition. - New experimental typeclass system giving ad-hoc polymorphism and overloading based on dependent records and implicit arguments. - New syntax "let 'pat := b in c" for let-binding using irrefutable patterns. - New syntax "forall {A}, T" for specifying maximally inserted implicit arguments in terms. - Sort of Record/Structure, Inductive and CoInductive defaults to Type if omitted. - (Co)Inductive types can be defined as records (e.g. "CoInductive stream := { hd : nat; tl : stream }.") - New syntax "Theorem id1:t1 ... with idn:tn" for proving mutually dependent statements. - Support for sort-polymorphism on constants denoting inductive types. - Several evolutions of the module system (handling of module aliases, functorial module types, an Include feature, etc). - Prop now a subtype of Set (predicative and impredicative forms). - Recursive inductive types in Prop with a single constructor of which all arguments are in Prop is now considered to be a singleton type. It consequently supports all eliminations to Prop, Set and Type. As a consequence, Acc_rect has now a more direct proof [possible source of easily fixed incompatibility in case of manual definition of a recursor in a recursive singleton inductive type]. Vernacular commands - Added option Global to "Arguments Scope" for section surviving. - Added option "Unset Elimination Schemes" to deactivate the automatic generation of elimination schemes. - Modification of the Scheme command so you can ask for the name to be automatically computed (e.g. Scheme Induction for nat Sort Set). - New command "Combined Scheme" to build combined mutual induction principles from existing mutual induction principles. - New command "Scheme Equality" to build a decidable (boolean) equality for simple inductive datatypes and a decision property over this equality (e.g. Scheme Equality for nat). - Added option "Set Equality Scheme" to make automatic the declaration of the boolean equality when possible. - Source of universe inconsistencies now printed when option "Set Printing Universes" is activated. - New option "Set Printing Existential Instances" for making the display of existential variable instances explicit. - Support for option "[id1 ... idn]", and "-[id1 ... idn]", for the "compute"/"cbv" reduction strategy, respectively meaning reduce only, or everything but, the constants id1 ... idn. "lazy" alone or followed by "[id1 ... idn]", and "-[id1 ... idn]" also supported, meaning apply all of beta-iota-zeta-delta, possibly restricting delta. - New command "Strategy" to control the expansion of constants during conversion tests. It generalizes commands Opaque and Transparent by introducing a range of levels. Lower levels are assigned to constants that should be expanded first. - New options Global and Local to Opaque and Transparent. - New command "Print Assumptions" to display all variables, parameters or axioms a theorem or definition relies on. - "Add Rec LoadPath" now provides references to libraries using partially qualified names (this holds also for coqtop/coqc option -R). - SearchAbout supports negated search criteria, reference to logical objects by their notation, and more generally search of subterms. - "Declare ML Module" now allows to import .cmxs files when Coq is compiled in native code with a version of OCaml that supports native Dynlink (>= 3.11). - Specific sort constraints on Record now taken into account. - "Print LoadPath" supports a path argument to filter the display. Libraries - Several parts of the libraries are now in Type, in particular FSets, SetoidList, ListSet, Sorting, Zmisc. This may induce a few incompatibilities. In case of trouble while fixing existing development, it may help to simply declare Set as an alias for Type (see file SetIsType). - New arithmetical library in theories/Numbers. It contains: * an abstract modular development of natural and integer arithmetics in Numbers/Natural/Abstract and Numbers/Integer/Abstract * an implementation of efficient computational bounded and unbounded integers that can be mapped to processor native arithmetics. See Numbers/Cyclic/Int31 for 31-bit integers and Numbers/Natural/BigN for unbounded natural numbers and Numbers/Integer/BigZ for unbounded integers. * some proofs that both older libraries Arith, ZArith and NArith and newer BigN and BigZ implement the abstract modular development. This allows in particular BigN and BigZ to already come with a large database of basic lemmas and some generic tactics (ring), This library has still an experimental status, as well as the processor-acceleration mechanism, but both its abstract and its concrete parts are already quite usable and could challenge the use of nat, N and Z in actual developments. Moreover, an extension of this framework to rational numbers is ongoing, and an efficient Q structure is already provided (see Numbers/Rational/BigQ), but this part is currently incomplete (no abstract layer and generic lemmas). - Many changes in FSets/FMaps. In practice, compatibility with earlier version should be fairly good, but some adaptations may be required. * Interfaces of unordered ("weak") and ordered sets have been factorized thanks to new features of Coq modules (in particular Include), see FSetInterface. Same for maps. Hints in these interfaces have been reworked (they are now placed in a "set" database). * To allow full subtyping between weak and ordered sets, a field "eq_dec" has been added to OrderedType. The old version of OrderedType is now called MiniOrderedType and functor MOT_to_OT allow to convert to the new version. The interfaces and implementations of sets now contain also such a "eq_dec" field. * FSetDecide, contributed by Aaron Bohannon, contains a decision procedure allowing to solve basic set-related goals (for instance, is a point in a particular set ?). See FSetProperties for examples. * Functors of properties have been improved, especially the ones about maps, that now propose some induction principles. Some properties of fold need less hypothesis. * More uniformity in implementations of sets and maps: they all use implicit arguments, and no longer export unnecessary scopes (see bug #1347) * Internal parts of the implementations based on AVL have evolved a lot. The main files FSetAVL and FMapAVL are now much more lightweight now. In particular, minor changes in some functions has allowed to fully separate the proofs of operational correctness from the proofs of well-balancing: well-balancing is critical for efficiency, but not anymore for proving that these trees implement our interfaces, hence we have moved these proofs into appendix files FSetFullAVL and FMapFullAVL. Moreover, a few functions like union and compare have been modified in order to be structural yet efficient. The appendix files also contains alternative versions of these few functions, much closer to the initial Ocaml code and written via the Function framework. - Library IntMap, subsumed by FSets/FMaps, has been removed from Coq Standard Library and moved into a user contribution Cachan/IntMap - Better computational behavior of some constants (eq_nat_dec and le_lt_dec more efficient, Z_lt_le_dec and Positive_as_OT.compare transparent, ...) (exceptional source of incompatibilities). - Boolean operators moved from module Bool to module Datatypes (may need to rename qualified references in script and force notations || and && to be at levels 50 and 40 respectively). - The constructors xI and xO of type positive now have postfix notations "~1" and "~0", allowing to write numbers in binary form easily, for instance 6 is 1~1~0 and 4*p is p~0~0 (see BinPos.v). - Improvements to NArith (Nminus, Nmin, Nmax), and to QArith (in particular a better power function). - Changes in ZArith: several additional lemmas (used in theories/Numbers), especially in Zdiv, Znumtheory, Zpower. Moreover, many results in Zdiv have been generalized: the divisor may simply be non-null instead of strictly positive (see lemmas with name ending by "_full"). An alternative file ZOdiv proposes a different behavior (the one of Ocaml) when dividing by negative numbers. - Changes in Arith: EqNat and Wf_nat now exported from Arith, some constructions on nat that were outside Arith are now in (e.g. iter_nat). - In SetoidList, eqlistA now expresses that two lists have similar elements at the same position, while the predicate previously called eqlistA is now equivlistA (this one only states that the lists contain the same elements, nothing more). - Changes in Reals: * Most statement in "sigT" (including the completeness axiom) are now in "sig" (in case of incompatibility, use proj1_sig instead of projT1, sig instead of sigT, etc). * More uniform naming scheme (identifiers in French moved to English, consistent use of 0 -- zero -- instead of O -- letter O --, etc). * Lemma on prod_f_SO is now on prod_f_R0. * Useless hypothesis of ln_exists1 dropped. * New Rlogic.v states a few logical properties about R axioms. * RIneq.v extended and made cleaner. - Slight restructuration of the Logic library regarding choice and classical logic. Addition of files providing intuitionistic axiomatizations of descriptions: Epsilon.v, Description.v and IndefiniteDescription.v. - Definition of pred and minus made compatible with the structural decreasing criterion for use in fixpoints. - Files Relations/Rstar.v and Relations/Newman.v moved out to the user contribution repository (contribution CoC_History). New lemmas about transitive closure added and some bound variables renamed (exceptional risk of incompatibilities). - Syntax for binders in terms (e.g. for "exists") supports anonymous names. Notations, coercions, implicit arguments and type inference - More automation in the inference of the return clause of dependent pattern-matching problems. - Experimental allowance for omission of the clauses easily detectable as impossible in pattern-matching problems. - Improved inference of implicit arguments. - New options "Set Maximal Implicit Insertion", "Set Reversible Pattern Implicit", "Set Strongly Strict Implicit" and "Set Printing Implicit Defensive" for controlling inference and use of implicit arguments. - New modifier in "Implicit Arguments" to force an implicit argument to be maximally inserted. - New modifier of "Implicit Arguments" to enrich the set of implicit arguments. - New options Global and Local to "Implicit Arguments" for section surviving or non export outside module. - Level "constr" moved from 9 to 8. - Structure/Record now printed as Record (unless option Printing All is set). - Support for parametric notations defining constants. - Insertion of coercions below product types refrains to unfold constants (possible source of incompatibility). - New support for fix/cofix in notations. Tactic Language - Second-order pattern-matching now working in Ltac "match" clauses (syntax for second-order unification variable is "@?X"). - Support for matching on let bindings in match context using syntax "H := body" or "H := body : type". - Ltac accepts integer arguments (syntax is "ltac:nnn" for nnn an integer). - The general sequence tactical "expr_0 ; [ expr_1 | ... | expr_n ]" is extended so that at most one expr_i may have the form "expr .." or just "..". Also, n can be different from the number of subgoals generated by expr_0. In this case, the value of expr (or idtac in case of just "..") is applied to the intermediate subgoals to make the number of tactics equal to the number of subgoals. - A name used as the name of the parameter of a lemma (like f in "apply f_equal with (f:=t)") is now interpreted as a ltac variable if such a variable exists (this is a possible source of incompatibility and it can be fixed by renaming the variables of a ltac function into names that do not clash with the lemmas parameter names used in the tactic). - New syntax "Ltac tac ::= ..." to rebind a tactic to a new expression. - "let rec ... in ... " now supported for expressions without explicit parameters; interpretation is lazy to the contrary of "let ... in ..."; hence, the "rec" keyword can be used to turn the argument of a "let ... in ..." into a lazy one. - Patterns for hypotheses types in "match goal" are now interpreted in type_scope. - A bound variable whose name is not used elsewhere now serves as metavariable in "match" and it gets instantiated by an identifier (allow e.g. to extract the name of a statement like "exists x, P x"). - New printing of Ltac call trace for better debugging. Tactics - New tactics "apply -> term", "apply <- term", "apply -> term in ident", "apply <- term in ident" for applying equivalences (iff). - Slight improvement of the hnf and simpl tactics when applied on expressions with explicit occurrences of match or fix. - New tactics "eapply in", "erewrite", "erewrite in". - New tactics "ediscriminate", "einjection", "esimplify_eq". - Tactics "discriminate", "injection", "simplify_eq" now support any term as argument. Clause "with" is also supported. - Unfoldable references can be given by notation's string rather than by name in unfold. - The "with" arguments are now typed using informations from the current goal: allows support for coercions and more inference of implicit arguments. - Application of "f_equal"-style lemmas works better. - Tactics elim, case, destruct and induction now support variants eelim, ecase, edestruct and einduction. - Tactics destruct and induction now support the "with" option and the "in" clause option. If the option "in" is used, an equality is added to remember the term to which the induction or case analysis applied (possible source of parsing incompatibilities when destruct or induction is part of a let-in expression in Ltac; extra parentheses are then required). - New support for "as" clause in tactics "apply in" and "eapply in". - Some new intro patterns: * intro pattern "?A" genererates a fresh name based on A. Caveat about a slight loss of compatibility: Some intro patterns don't need space between them. In particular intros ?a?b used to be legal and equivalent to intros ? a ? b. Now it is still legal but equivalent to intros ?a ?b. * intro pattern "(A & ... & Y & Z)" synonym to "(A,....,(Y,Z)))))" for right-associative constructs like /\ or exists. - Several syntax extensions concerning "rewrite": * "rewrite A,B,C" can be used to rewrite A, then B, then C. These rewrites occur only on the first subgoal: in particular, side-conditions of the "rewrite A" are not concerned by the "rewrite B,C". * "rewrite A by tac" allows to apply tac on all side-conditions generated by the "rewrite A". * "rewrite A at n" allows to select occurrences to rewrite: rewrite only happen at the n-th exact occurrence of the first successful matching of A in the goal. * "rewrite 3 A" or "rewrite 3!A" is equivalent to "rewrite A,A,A". * "rewrite !A" means rewriting A as long as possible (and at least once). * "rewrite 3?A" means rewriting A at most three times. * "rewrite ?A" means rewriting A as long as possible (possibly never). * many of the above extensions can be combined with each other. - Introduction patterns better respect the structure of context in presence of missing or extra names in nested disjunction-conjunction patterns [possible source of rare incompatibilities]. - New syntax "rename a into b, c into d" for "rename a into b; rename c into d" - New tactics "dependent induction/destruction H [ generalizing id_1 .. id_n ]" to do induction-inversion on instantiated inductive families à la BasicElim. - Tactics "apply" and "apply in" now able to reason modulo unfolding of constants (possible source of incompatibility in situations where apply may fail, e.g. as argument of a try or a repeat and in a ltac function); versions that do not unfold are renamed into "simple apply" and "simple apply in" (usable for compatibility or for automation). - Tactics "apply" and "apply in" now able to traverse conjunctions and to select the first matching lemma among the components of the conjunction; tactic "apply" also able to apply lemmas of conclusion an empty type. - Tactic "apply" now supports application of several lemmas in a row. - Tactics "set" and "pose" can set functions using notation "(f x1..xn := c)". - New tactic "instantiate" (without argument). - Tactic firstorder "with" and "using" options have their meaning swapped for consistency with auto/eauto (source of incompatibility). - Tactic "generalize" now supports "at" options to specify occurrences and "as" options to name the quantified hypotheses. - New tactic "specialize H with a" or "specialize (H a)" allows to transform in-place a universally-quantified hypothesis (H : forall x, T x) into its instantiated form (H : T a). Nota: "specialize" was in fact there in earlier versions of Coq, but was undocumented, and had a slightly different behavior. - New tactic "contradict H" can be used to solve any kind of goal as long as the user can provide afterwards a proof of the negation of the hypothesis H. If H is already a negation, say ~T, then a proof of T is asked. If the current goal is a negation, say ~U, then U is saved in H afterwards, hence this new tactic "contradict" extends earlier tactic "swap", which is now obsolete. - Tactics f_equal is now done in ML instead of Ltac: it now works on any equality of functions, regardless of the arity of the function. - New options "before id", "at top", "at bottom" for tactics "move"/"intro". - Some more debug of reflexive omega (romega), and internal clarifications. Moreover, romega now has a variant "romega with *" that can be also used on non-Z goals (nat, N, positive) via a call to a translation tactic named zify (its purpose is to Z-ify your goal...). This zify may also be used independantly of romega. - Tactic "remember" now supports an "in" clause to remember only selected occurrences of a term. - Tactic "pose proof" supports name overwriting in case of specialization of an hypothesis. - Semi-decision tactic "jp" for first-order intuitionistic logic moved to user contributions (subsumed by "firstorder"). Program - Moved useful tactics in theories/Program and documented them. - Add Program.Basics which contains standard definitions for functional programming (id, apply, flip...) - More robust obligation handling, dependent pattern-matching and well-founded definitions. - New syntax " dest term as pat in term " for destructing objects using an irrefutable pattern while keeping equalities (use this instead of "let" in Programs). - Program CoFixpoint is accepted, Program Fixpoint uses the new way to infer which argument decreases structurally. - Program Lemma, Axiom etc... now permit to have obligations in the statement iff they can be automatically solved by the default tactic. - Renamed "Obligations Tactic" command to "Obligation Tactic". - New command "Preterm [ of id ]" to see the actual term fed to Coq for debugging purposes. - New option "Transparent Obligations" to control the declaration of obligations as transparent or opaque. All obligations are now transparent by default, otherwise the system declares them opaque if possible. - Changed the notations "left" and "right" to "in_left" and "in_right" to hide the proofs in standard disjunctions, to avoid breaking existing scripts when importing Program. Also, put them in program_scope. Type Classes - New "Class", "Instance" and "Program Instance" commands to define classes and instances documented in the reference manual. - New binding construct " [ Class_1 param_1 .. param_n, Class_2 ... ] " for binding type classes, usable everywhere. - New command " Print Classes " and " Print Instances some_class " to print tables for typeclasses. - New default eauto hint database "typeclass_instances" used by the default typeclass instance search tactic. - New theories directory "theories/Classes" for standard typeclasses declarations. Module Classes.RelationClasses is a typeclass port of Relation_Definitions plus a generic development of algebra on n-ary heterogeneous predicates. Setoid rewriting - Complete (and still experimental) rewrite of the tactic based on typeclasses. The old interface and semantics are almost entirely respected, except: - Import Setoid is now mandatory to be able to call setoid_replace and declare morphisms. - "-->", "++>" and "==>" are now right associative notations declared at level 55 in scope signature_scope. Their introduction may break existing scripts that defined them as notations with different levels. - One needs to use [Typeclasses unfold [cst]] if [cst] is used as an abbreviation hiding products in types of morphisms, e.g. if ones redefines [relation] and declares morphisms whose type mentions [relation]. - The [setoid_rewrite]'s semantics change when rewriting with a lemma: it can rewrite two different instantiations of the lemma at once. Use [setoid_rewrite H at 1] for (almost) the usual semantics. [setoid_rewrite] will also try to rewrite under binders now, and can succeed on different terms than before. In particular, it will unify under let-bound variables. When called through [rewrite], the semantics are unchanged though. - [Add Morphism term : id] has different semantics when used with parametric morphism: it will try to find a relation on the parameters too. The behavior has also changed with respect to default relations: the most recently declared Setoid/Relation will be used, the documentation explains how to customize this behavior. - Parametric Relation and Morphism are declared differently, using the new [Add Parametric] commands, documented in the manual. - Setoid_Theory is now an alias to Equivalence, scripts building objects of type Setoid_Theory need to unfold (or "red") the definitions of Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive in order to get the same goals as before. Scripts which introduced variables explicitely will not break. - The order of subgoals when doing [setoid_rewrite] with side-conditions is always the same: first the new goal, then the conditions. - New standard library modules Classes.Morphisms declares standard morphisms on refl/sym/trans relations. Classes.Morphisms_Prop declares morphisms on propositional connectives and Classes.Morphisms_Relations on generalized predicate connectives. Classes.Equivalence declares notations and tactics related to equivalences and Classes.SetoidTactics defines the setoid_replace tactics and some support for the "Add *" interface, notably the tactic applied automatically before each "Add Morphism" proof. - User-defined subrelations are supported, as well as higher-order morphisms and rewriting under binders. The tactic is also extensible entirely in Ltac. The documentation has been updated to cover these features. - [setoid_rewrite] and [rewrite] now support the [at] modifier to select occurrences to rewrite, and both use the [setoid_rewrite] code, even when rewriting with leibniz equality if occurrences are specified. Extraction - Improved behavior of the Caml extraction of modules: name clashes should not happen anymore. - The command Extract Inductive has now a syntax for infix notations. This allows in particular to map Coq lists and pairs onto Caml ones: Extract Inductive list => list [ "[]" "(::)" ]. Extract Inductive prod => "(*)" [ "(,)" ]. - In pattern matchings, a default pattern "| _ -> ..." is now used whenever possible if several branches are identical. For instance, functions corresponding to decidability of equalities are now linear instead of quadratic. - A new instruction Extraction Blacklist id1 .. idn allows to prevent filename conflits with existing code, for instance when extracting module List to Ocaml. CoqIDE - CoqIDE font defaults to monospace so as indentation to be meaningful. - CoqIDE supports nested goals and any other kind of declaration in the middle of a proof. - Undoing non-tactic commands in CoqIDE works faster. - New CoqIDE menu for activating display of various implicit informations. - Added the possibility to choose the location of tabs in coqide: (in Edit->Preferences->Misc) - New Open and Save As dialogs in CoqIDE which filter *.v files. Tools - New stand-alone .vo files verifier "coqchk". - Extended -I coqtop/coqc option to specify a logical dir: "-I dir -as coqdir". - New coqtop/coqc option -exclude-dir to exclude subdirs for option -R. - The binary "parser" has been renamed to "coq-parser". - Improved coqdoc and dump of globalization information to give more meta-information on identifiers. All categories of Coq definitions are supported, which makes typesetting trivial in the generated documentation. Support for hyperlinking and indexing developments in the tex output has been implemented as well. Miscellaneous - Coq installation provides enough files so that Ocaml's extensions need not the Coq sources to be compiled (this assumes O'Caml 3.10 and Camlp5). - New commands "Set Whelp Server" and "Set Whelp Getter" to customize the Whelp search tool. - Syntax of "Test Printing Let ref" and "Test Printing If ref" changed into "Test Printing Let for ref" and "Test Printing If for ref". - An overhauled build system (new Makefiles); see dev/doc/build-system.txt. - Add -browser option to configure script. - Build a shared library for the C part of Coq, and use it by default on non-(Windows or MacOS) systems. Bytecode executables are now pure. The behaviour is configurable with -coqrunbyteflags, -coqtoolsbyteflags and -custom configure options. - Complexity tests can be skipped by setting the environment variable COQTEST_SKIPCOMPLEXITY. Changes from V8.1gamma to V8.1 ============================== Bug fixes - Many bugs have been fixed (cf coq-bugs web page) Tactics - New tactics ring, ring_simplify and new tactic field now able to manage power to a positive integer constant. Tactic ring on Z and R, and field on R manage power (may lead to incompatibilities with V8.1gamma). - Tactic field_simplify now applicable in hypotheses. - New field_simplify_eq for simplifying field equations into ring equations. - Tactics ring, ring_simplify, field, field_simplify and field_simplify_eq all able to apply user-given equations to rewrite monoms on the fly (see documentation). Libraries - New file ConstructiveEpsilon.v defining an epsilon operator and proving the axiom of choice constructively for a countable domain and a decidable predicate. Changes from V8.1beta to V8.1gamma ================================== Syntax - changed parsing precedence of let/in and fun constructions of Ltac: let x := t in e1; e2 is now parsed as let x := t in (e1;e2). Language and commands - Added sort-polymorphism for definitions in Type (but finally abandonned). - Support for implicit arguments in the types of parameters in (co-)fixpoints and (co-)inductive declarations. - Improved type inference: use as much of possible general information. before applying irreversible unification heuristics (allow e.g. to infer the predicate in "(exist _ 0 (refl_equal 0) : {n:nat | n=0 })"). - Support for Miller-Pfenning's patterns unification in type synthesis (e.g. can infer P such that P x y = phi(x,y)). - Support for "where" clause in cofixpoint definitions. - New option "Set Printing Universes" for making Type levels explicit. Tactics - Improved implementation of the ring and field tactics. For compatibility reasons, the previous tactics are renamed as legacy ring and legacy field, but should be considered as deprecated. - New declarative mathematical proof language. - Support for argument lists of arbitrary length in Tactic Notation. - [rewrite ... in H] now fails if [H] is used either in an hypothesis or in the goal. - The semantics of [rewrite ... in *] has been slightly modified (see doc). - Support for "as" clause in tactic injection. - New forward-reasoning tactic "apply in". - Ltac fresh operator now builds names from a concatenation of its arguments. - New ltac tactic "remember" to abstract over a subterm and keep an equality - Support for Miller-Pfenning's patterns unification in apply/rewrite/... (may lead to few incompatibilities - generally now useless tactic calls). Bug fixes - Fix for notations involving basic "match" expressions. - Numerous other bugs solved (a few fixes may lead to incompatibilities). Changes from V8.0 to V8.1beta ============================= Logic - Added sort-polymorphism on inductive families - Allowance for recursively non uniform parameters in inductive types Syntax - No more support for version 7 syntax and for translation to version 8 syntax. - In fixpoints, the { struct ... } annotation is not mandatory any more when only one of the arguments has an inductive type - Added disjunctive patterns in match-with patterns - Support for primitive interpretation of string literals - Extended support for Unicode ranges Vernacular commands - Added "Print Ltac qualid" to print a user defined tactic. - Added "Print Rewrite HintDb" to print the content of a DB used by autorewrite. - Added "Print Canonical Projections". - Added "Example" as synonym of "Definition". - Added "Proposition" and "Corollary" as extra synonyms of "Lemma". - New command "Whelp" to send requests to the Helm database of proofs formalized in the Calculus of Inductive Constructions. - Command "functional induction" has been re-implemented from the new "Function" command. Ltac and tactic syntactic extensions - New primitive "external" for communication with tool external to Coq - New semantics for "match t with": if a clause returns a tactic, it is now applied to the current goal. If it fails, the next clause or next matching subterm is tried (i.e. it behaves as "match goal with" does). The keyword "lazymatch" can be used to delay the evaluation of tactics occurring in matching clauses. - Hint base names can be parametric in auto and trivial. - Occurrence values can be parametric in unfold, pattern, etc. - Added entry constr_may_eval for tactic extensions. - Low-priority term printer made available in ML-written tactic extensions. - "Tactic Notation" extended to allow notations of tacticals. Tactics - New implementation and generalization of [setoid_]* (setoid_rewrite, setoid_symmetry, setoid_transitivity, setoid_reflexivity and autorewite). New syntax for declaring relations and morphisms (old syntax still working with minor modifications, but deprecated). - New implementation (still experimental) of the ring tactic with a built-in notion of coefficients and a better usage of setoids. - New conversion tactic "vm_compute": evaluates the goal (or an hypothesis) with a call-by-value strategy, using the compiled version of terms. - When rewriting H where H is not directly a Coq equality, search first H for a registered setoid equality before starting to reduce in H. This is unlikely to break any script. Should this happen nonetheless, one can insert manually some "unfold ... in H" before rewriting. - Fixed various bugs about (setoid) rewrite ... in ... (in particular #1101) - "rewrite ... in" now accepts a clause as place where to rewrite instead of juste a simple hypothesis name. For instance: rewrite H in H1,H2 |- * means rewrite H in H1; rewrite H in H2; rewrite H rewrite H in * |- will do try rewrite H in Hi for all hypothesis Hi <> H. - Added "dependent rewrite term" and "dependent rewrite term in hyp". - Added "autorewrite with ... in hyp [using ...]". - Tactic "replace" now accepts a "by" tactic clause. - Added "clear - id" to clear all hypotheses except the ones depending in id. - The argument of Declare Left Step and Declare Right Step is now a term (it used to be a reference). - Omega now handles arbitrary precision integers. - Several bug fixes in Reflexive Omega (romega). - Idtac can now be left implicit in a [...|...] construct: for instance, [ foo | | bar ] stands for [ foo | idtac | bar ]. - Fixed a "fold" bug (non critical but possible source of incompatibilities). - Added classical_left and classical_right which transforms |- A \/ B into ~B |- A and ~A |- B respectively. - Added command "Declare Implicit Tactic" to set up a default tactic to be used to solve unresolved subterms of term arguments of tactics. - Better support for coercions to Sortclass in tactics expecting type arguments. - Tactic "assert" now accepts "as" intro patterns and "by" tactic clauses. - New tactic "pose proof" that generalizes "assert (id:=p)" with intro patterns. - New introduction pattern "?" for letting Coq choose a name. - Introduction patterns now support side hypotheses (e.g. intros [|] on "(nat -> nat) -> nat" works). - New introduction patterns "->" and "<-" for immediate rewriting of introduced hypotheses. - Introduction patterns coming after non trivial introduction patterns now force full introduction of the first pattern (e.g. "intros [[|] p]" on "nat->nat->nat" now behaves like "intros [[|?] p]") - Added "eassumption". - Added option 'using lemmas' to auto, trivial and eauto. - Tactic "congruence" is now complete for its intended scope (ground equalities and inequalities with constructors). Furthermore, it tries to equates goal and hypotheses. - New tactic "rtauto" solves pure propositional logic and gives a reflective version of the available proof. - Numbering of "pattern", "unfold", "simpl", ... occurrences in "match with" made consistent with the printing of the return clause after the term to match in the "match-with" construct (use "Set Printing All" to see hidden occurrences). - Generalization of induction "induction x1...xn using scheme" where scheme is an induction principle with complex predicates (like the ones generated by function induction). - Some small Ltac tactics has been added to the standard library (file Tactics.v): * f_equal : instead of using the different f_equalX lemmas * case_eq : a "case" without loss of information. An equality stating the current situation is generated in every sub-cases. * swap : for a negated goal ~B and a negated hypothesis H:~A, swap H asks you to prove A from hypothesis B * revert : revert H is generalize H; clear H. Extraction - All type parts should now disappear instead of sometimes producing _ (for instance in Map.empty). - Haskell extraction: types of functions are now printed, better unsafeCoerce mechanism, both for hugs and ghc. - Scheme extraction improved, see http://www.pps.jussieu.fr/~letouzey/scheme. - Many bug fixes. Modules - Added "Locate Module qualid" to get the full path of a module. - Module/Declare Module syntax made more uniform. - Added syntactic sugar "Declare Module Export/Import" and "Module Export/Import". - Added syntactic sugar "Module M(Export/Import X Y: T)" and "Module Type M(Export/Import X Y: T)" (only for interactive definitions) - Construct "with" generalized to module paths: T with (Definition|Module) M1.M2....Mn.l := l'. Notations - Option "format" aware of recursive notations. - Added insertion of spaces by default in recursive notations w/o separators. - No more automatic printing box in case of user-provided printing "format". - New notation "exists! x:A, P" for unique existence. - Notations for specific numerals now compatible with generic notations of numerals (e.g. "1" can be used to denote the unit of a group without hiding 1%nat) Libraries - New library on String and Ascii characters (contributed by L. Thery). - New library FSets+FMaps of finite sets and maps. - New library QArith on rational numbers. - Small extension of Zmin.V, new Zmax.v, new Zminmax.v. - Reworking and extension of the files on classical logic and description principles (possible incompatibilities) - Few other improvements in ZArith potentially exceptionally breaking the compatibility (useless hypothesys of Zgt_square_simpl and Zlt_square_simpl removed; fixed names mentioning letter O instead of digit 0; weaken premises in Z_lt_induction). - Restructuration of Eqdep_dec.v and Eqdep.v: more lemmas in Type. - Znumtheory now contains a gcd function that can compute within Coq. - More lemmas stated on Type in Wf.v, removal of redundant Acc_iter and Acc_iter2. - Change of the internal names of lemmas in OmegaLemmas. - Acc in Wf.v and clos_refl_trans in Relation_Operators.v now rely on the allowance for recursively non uniform parameters (possible source of incompatibilities: explicit pattern-matching on these types may require to remove the occurrence associated to their recursively non uniform parameter). - Coq.List.In_dec has been set transparent (this may exceptionally break proof scripts, set it locally opaque for compatibility). - More on permutations of lists in List.v and Permutation.v. - List.v has been much expanded. - New file SetoidList.v now contains results about lists seen with respect to a setoid equality. - Library NArith has been expanded, mostly with results coming from Intmap (for instance a bitwise xor), plus also a bridge between N and Bitvector. - Intmap has been reorganized. In particular its address type "addr" is now N. User contributions known to use Intmap have been adapted accordingly. If you're using this library please contact us. A wrapper FMapIntMap now presents Intmap as a particular implementation of FMaps. New developments are strongly encouraged to use either this wrapper or any other implementations of FMap instead of using directly this obsolete Intmap. Tools - New semantics for coqtop options ("-batch" expects option "-top dir" for loading vernac file that contains definitions). - Tool coq_makefile now removes custom targets that are file names in "make clean" - New environment variable COQREMOTEBROWSER to set the command invoked to start the remote browser both in Coq and coqide. Standard syntax: "%s" is the placeholder for the URL. Changes from V8.0beta to V8.0 ============================= Vernacular commands - New option "Set Printing All" to deactivate all high-level forms of printing (implicit arguments, coercions, destructing let, if-then-else, notations, projections) - "Functional Scheme" and "Functional Induction" extended to polymorphic types and dependent types - Notation now allows recursive patterns, hence recovering parts of the fonctionalities of pre-V8 Grammar/Syntax commands - Command "Print." discontinued. - Redundant syntax "Implicit Arguments On/Off" discontinued New syntax - Semantics change of the if-then-else construction in new syntax: "if c then t1 else t2" now stands for "match c with c1 _ ... _ => t1 | c2 _ ... _ => t2 end" with no dependency of t1 and t2 in the arguments of the constructors; this may cause incompatibilities for files translated using coq 8.0beta Interpretation scopes - Delimiting key %bool for bool_scope added - Import no more needed to activate argument scopes from a module Tactics and the tactic Language - Semantics of "assert" is now consistent with the reference manual - New tactics stepl and stepr for chaining transitivity steps - Tactic "replace ... with ... in" added - Intro patterns now supported in Ltac (parsed with prefix "ipattern:") Executables and tools - Added option -top to change the name of the toplevel module "Top" - Coqdoc updated to new syntax and now part of Coq sources - XML exportation tool now exports the structure of vernacular files (cf chapter 13 in the reference manual) User contributions - User contributions have been updated to the new syntax Bug fixes - Many bugs have been fixed (cf coq-bugs web page) Changes from V8.0beta old syntax to V8.0beta ============================================ New concrete syntax - A completely new syntax for terms - A more uniform syntax for tactics and the tactic language - A few syntactic changes for vernacular commands - A smart automatic translator translating V8.0 files in old syntax to files valid for V8.0 Syntax extensions - "Grammar" for terms disappears - "Grammar" for tactics becomes "Tactic Notation" - "Syntax" disappears - Introduction of a notion of interpretation scope allowing to use the same notations in various contexts without using specific delimiters (e.g the same expression "4<=3+x" is interpreted either in "nat", "positive", "N" (previously "entier"), "Z", "R", depending on which interpretation scope is currently open) [see documentation for details] - Notation now mandatorily requires a precedence and associativity (default was to set precedence to 1 and associativity to none) Revision of the standard library - Many lemmas and definitions names have been made more uniform mostly in Arith, NArith, ZArith and Reals (e.g : "times" -> "Pmult", "times_sym" -> "Pmult_comm", "Zle_Zmult_pos_right" -> "Zmult_le_compat_r", "SUPERIEUR" -> "Gt", "ZERO" -> "Z0") - Order and names of arguments of basic lemmas on nat, Z, positive and R have been made uniform. - Notions of Coq initial state are declared with (strict) implicit arguments - eq merged with eqT: old eq disappear, new eq (written =) is old eqT and new eqT is syntactic sugar for new eq (notation == is an alias for = and is written as it, exceptional source of incompatibilities) - Similarly, ex, ex2, all, identity are merged with exT, exT2, allT, identityT - Arithmetical notations for nat, positive, N, Z, R, without needing any backquote or double-backquotes delimiters. - In Lists: new concrete notations; argument of nil is now implicit - All changes in the library are taken in charge by the translator Semantical changes during translation - Recursive keyword set by default (and no longer needed) in Tactic Definition - Set Implicit Arguments is strict by default in new syntax - reductions in hypotheses of the form "... in H" now apply to the type also if H is a local definition - etc Gallina - New syntax of the form "Inductive bool : Set := true, false : bool." for enumerated types - Experimental syntax of the form p.(fst) for record projections (activable with option "Set Printing Projections" which is recognized by the translator) Known problems of the automatic translation - iso-latin-1 characters are no longer supported: move your files to 7-bits ASCII or unicode before translation (swith to unicode is automatically done if a file is loaded and saved again by coqide) - Renaming in ZArith: incompatibilities in Coq user contribs due to merging names INZ, from Reals, and inject_nat. - Renaming and new lemmas in ZArith: may clash with names used by users - Restructuration of ZArith: replace requirement of specific modules in ZArith by "Require Import ZArith_base" or "Require Import ZArith" - Some implicit arguments must be made explicit before translation: typically for "length nil", the implicit argument of length must be made explicit - Grammar rules, Infix notations and V7.4 Notations must be updated wrt the new scheme for syntactic extensions (see translator documentation) - Unsafe for annotation Cases when constructors coercions are used or when annotations are eta-reduced predicates Changes from V7.4 to V8.0beta old syntax ======================================== Logic - Set now predicative by default - New option -impredicative-set to set Set impredicative - The standard library doesn't need impredicativity of Set and is compatible with the classical axioms which contradict Set impredicativity Syntax for arithmetic - Notation "=" and "<>" in Z and R are no longer implicitly in Z or R (with possible introduction of a coercion), use ...=... or ...<>... instead - Locate applied to a simple string (e.g. "+") searches for all notations containing this string Vernacular commands - "Declare ML Module" now allows to import .cma files. This avoids to use a bunch of "Declare ML Module" statements when using several ML files. - "Set Printing Width n" added, allows to change the size of width printing. - "Implicit Variables Type x,y:t" (new syntax: "Implicit Types x y:t") assigns default types for binding variables. - Declarations of Hints and Notation now accept a "Local" flag not to be exported outside the current file even if not in section - "Print Scopes" prints all notations - New command "About name" for light printing of type, implicit arguments, etc. - New command "Admitted" to declare incompletely proven statement as axioms - New keyword "Conjecture" to declare an axiom intended to be provable - SearchAbout can now search for lemmas referring to more than one constant and on substrings of the name of the lemma - "Print Implicit" displays the implicit arguments of a constant - Locate now searches for all names having a given suffix - New command "Functional Scheme" for building an induction principle from a function defined by case analysis and fix. Commands - new coqtop/coqc option -dont-load-proofs not to load opaque proofs in memory Implicit arguments - Inductive in sections declared with implicits now "discharged" with implicits (like constants and variables) - Implicit Arguments flags are now synchronous with reset - New switch "Unset/Set Printing Implicits" (new syntax: "Unset/Set Printing Implicit") to globally control printing of implicits Grammar extensions - Many newly supported UTF-8 encoded unicode blocks - Greek letters (0380-03FF), Hebrew letters (U05D0-05EF), letter-like symbols (2100-214F, that includes double N,Z,Q,R), prime signs (from 2080-2089) and characters from many written languages are valid in identifiers - mathematical operators (2200-22FF), supplemental mathematical operators (2A00-2AFF), miscellaneous technical (2300-23FF that includes sqrt symbol), miscellaneous symbols (2600-26FF), arrows (2190-21FF and 2900-297F), invisible mathematical operators (from 2080-2089), ... are valid symbols Library - New file about the factorial function in Arith - An additional elimination Acc_iter for Acc, simplier than Acc_rect. This new elimination principle is used for definition well_founded_induction. - New library NArith on binary natural numbers - R is now of type Set - Restructuration in ZArith library - "true_sub" used in Zplus now a definition, not a local one (source of incompatibilities in proof referring to true_sub, may need extra Unfold) - Some lemmas about minus moved from fast_integer to Arith/Minus.v (le_minus, lt_mult_left) (theoretical source of incompatibilities) - Several lemmas moved from auxiliary.v and zarith_aux.v to fast_integer.v (theoretical source of incompatibilities) - Variables names of iff_trans changed (source of incompatibilities) - ZArith lemmas named OMEGA something or fast_ something, and lemma new_var are now out of ZArith (except OMEGA2) - Redundant ZArith lemmas have been renamed: for the following pairs, use the second name (Zle_Zmult_right2, Zle_mult_simpl), (OMEGA2, Zle_0_plus), (Zplus_assoc_l, Zplus_assoc), (Zmult_one, Zmult_1_n), (Zmult_assoc_l, Zmult_assoc), (Zmult_minus_distr, Zmult_Zminus_distr_l) (add_un_double_moins_un_xO, is_double_moins_un), (Rlt_monotony_rev,Rlt_monotony_contra) (source of incompatibilities) - Few minor changes (no more implicit arguments in Zmult_Zminus_distr_l and Zmult_Zminus_distr_r, lemmas moved from Zcomplements to other files) (rare source of incompatibilities) - New lemmas provided by users added Tactic language - Fail tactic now accepts a failure message - Idtac tactic now accepts a message - New primitive tactic "FreshId" (new syntax: "fresh") to generate new names - Debugger prints levels of calls Tactics - Replace can now replace proofs also - Fail levels are now decremented at "Match Context" blocks only and if the right-hand-side of "Match term With" are tactics, these tactics are never evaluated immediately and do not induce backtracking (in contrast with "Match Context") - Quantified names now avoid global names of the current module (like Intro names did) [source of rare incompatibilities: 2 changes in the set of user contribs] - NewDestruct/NewInduction accepts intro patterns as introduction names - NewDestruct/NewInduction now work for non-inductive type using option "using" - A NewInduction naming bug for inductive types with functional arguments (e.g. the accessibility predicate) has been fixed (source of incompatibilities) - Symmetry now applies to hypotheses too - Inversion now accept option "as [ ... ]" to name the hypotheses - Contradiction now looks also for contradictory hypotheses stating ~A and A (source of incompatibility) - "Contradiction c" try to find an hypothesis in context which contradicts the type of c - Ring applies to new library NArith (require file NArithRing) - Field now works on types in Set - Auto with reals now try to replace le by ge (Rge_le is no longer an immediate hint), resulting in shorter proofs - Instantiate now works in hyps (syntax : Instantiate in ...) - Some new tactics : EConstructor, ELeft, Eright, ESplit, EExists - New tactic "functional induction" to perform case analysis and induction following the definition of a function. - Clear now fails when trying to remove a local definition used by a constant appearing in the current goal Extraction (See details in plugins/extraction/CHANGES) - The old commands: (Recursive) Extraction Module M. are now: (Recursive) Extraction Library M. To use these commands, M should come from a library M.v - The other syntax Extraction & Recursive Extraction now accept module names as arguments. Bugs - see coq-bugs server for the complete list of fixed bugs Miscellaneous - Implicit parameters of inductive types definition now taken into account for infering other implicit arguments Incompatibilities - Persistence of true_sub (4 incompatibilities in Coq user contributions) - Variable names of some constants changed for a better uniformity (2 changes in Coq user contributions) - Naming of quantified names in goal now avoid global names (2 occurrences) - NewInduction naming for inductive types with functional arguments (no incompatibility in Coq user contributions) - Contradiction now solve more goals (source of 2 incompatibilities) - Merge of eq and eqT may exceptionally result in subgoals now solved automatically - Redundant pairs of ZArith lemmas may have different names: it may cause "Apply/Rewrite with" to fail if using the first name of a pair of redundant lemmas (this is solved by renaming the variables bound by "with"; 3 incompatibilities in Coq user contribs) - ML programs referring to constants from fast_integer.v must use "Coqlib.gen_constant_modules Coqlib.zarith_base_modules" instead Changes from V7.3.1 to V7.4 =========================== Symbolic notations - Introduction of a notion of scope gathering notations in a consistent set; a notation sets has been developped for nat, Z and R (undocumented) - New command "Notation" for declaring notations simultaneously for parsing and printing (see chap 10 of the reference manual) - Declarations with only implicit arguments now handled (e.g. the argument of nil can be set implicit; use !nil to refer to nil without arguments) - "Print Scope sc" and "Locate ntn" allows to know to what expression a notation is bound - New defensive strategy for printing or not implicit arguments to ensure re-type-checkability of the printed term - In Grammar command, the only predefined non-terminal entries are ident, global, constr and pattern (e.g. nvar, numarg disappears); the only allowed grammar types are constr and pattern; ast and ast list are no longer supported; some incompatibilities in Grammar: when a syntax is a initial segment of an other one, Grammar does not work, use Notation Library - Lemmas in Set from Compare_dec.v (le_lt_dec, ...) and Wf_nat.v (lt_wf_rec, ...) are now transparent. This may be source of incompatibilities. - Syntactic Definitions Fst, Snd, Ex, All, Ex2, AllT, ExT, ExT2, ProjS1, ProjS2, Error, Value and Except are turned to notations. They now must be applied (incompatibilities only in unrealistic cases). - More efficient versions of Zmult and times (30% faster) - Reals: the library is now divided in 6 parts (Rbase, Rfunctions, SeqSeries, Rtrigo, Ranalysis, Integration). New tactics: Sup and RCompute. See Reals.v for details. Modules - Beta version, see doc chap 2.5 for commands and chap 5 for theory Language - Inductive definitions now accept ">" in constructor types to declare the corresponding constructor as a coercion. - Idem for assumptions declarations and constants when the type is mentionned. - The "Coercion" and "Canonical Structure" keywords now accept the same syntax as "Definition", i.e. "hyps :=c (:t)?" or "hyps :t". - Theorem-like declaration now accepts the syntax "Theorem thm [x:t;...] : u". - Remark's and Fact's now definitively behave as Theorem and Lemma: when sections are closed, the full name of a Remark or a Fact has no longer a section part (source of incompatibilities) - Opaque Local's (i.e. built by tactics and ended by Qed), do not survive section closing any longer; as a side-effect, Opaque Local's now appear in the local context of proofs; their body is hidden though (source of incompatibilities); use one of Remark/Fact/Lemma/Theorem instead to simulate the old behaviour of Local (the section part of the name is not kept though) ML tactic and vernacular commands - "Grammar tactic" and "Grammar vernac" of type "ast" are no longer supported (only "Grammar tactic simple_tactic" of type "tactic" remains available). - Concrete syntax for ML written vernacular commands and tactics is now declared at ML level using camlp4 macros TACTIC EXTEND et VERNAC COMMAND EXTEND. - "Check n c" now "n:Check c", "Eval n ..." now "n:Eval ..." - "Proof with T" (* no documentation *) - SearchAbout id - prints all theorems which contain id in their type Tactic definitions - Static globalisation of identifiers and global references (source of incompatibilities, especially, Recursive keyword is required for mutually recursive definitions). - New evaluation semantics: no more partial evaluation at definition time; evaluation of all Tactic/Meta Definition, even producing terms, expect a proof context to be evaluated (especially "()" is no longer needed). - Debugger now shows the nesting level and the reasons of failure Tactics - Equality tactics (Rewrite, Reflexivity, Symmetry, Transitivity) now understand JM equality - Simpl and Change now apply to subterms also - "Simpl f" reduces subterms whose head constant is f - Double Induction now referring to hypotheses like "Intros until" - "Inversion" now applies also on quantified hypotheses (naming as for Intros until) - NewDestruct now accepts terms with missing hypotheses - NewDestruct and NewInduction now accept user-provided elimination scheme - NewDestruct and NewInduction now accept user-provided introduction names - Omega could solve goals such as ~`x=y` but failed when the hypothesis was unfolded to `x < y` -> False. This is fixed. In addition, it can also recognize 'False' in the hypothesis and use it to solve the goal. - Coercions now handled in "with" bindings - "Subst x" replaces all ocurrences of x by t in the goal and hypotheses when an hypothesis x=t or x:=t or t=x exists - Fresh names for Assert and Pose now based on collision-avoiding Intro naming strategy (exceptional source of incompatibilities) - LinearIntuition (* no documentation *) - Unfold expects a correct evaluable argument - Clear expects existing hypotheses Extraction (See details in plugins/extraction/CHANGES and README): - An experimental Scheme extraction is provided. - Concerning Ocaml, extracted code is now ensured to always type-check, thanks to automatic inserting of Obj.magic. - Experimental extraction of Coq new modules to Ocaml modules. Proof rendering in natural language - Export of theories to XML for publishing and rendering purposes now includes proof-trees (see http://www.cs.unibo.it/helm) Miscellaneous - Printing Coercion now used through the standard keywords Set/Add, Test, Print - "Print Term id" is an alias for "Print id" - New switch "Unset/Set Printing Symbols" to control printing of symbolic notations - Two new variants of implicit arguments are available - "Unset/Set Contextual Implicits" tells to consider implicit also the arguments inferable from the context (e.g. for nil or refl_eq) - "Unset/Set Strict Implicits" tells to consider implicit only the arguments that are inferable in any case (i.e. arguments that occurs as argument of rigid constants in the type of the remaining arguments; e.g. the witness of an existential is not strict since it can vanish when applied to a predicate which does not use its argument) Incompatibilities - "Grammar tactic ... : ast" and "Grammar vernac ... : ast" are no longer supported, use TACTIC EXTEND and VERNAC COMMAND EXTEND on the ML-side instead - Transparency of le_lt_dec and co (leads to some simplification in proofs; in some cases, incompatibilites is solved by declaring locally opaque the relevant constant) - Opaque Local do not now survive section closing (rename them into Remark/Lemma/... to get them still surviving the sections; this renaming allows also to solve incompatibilites related to now forbidden calls to the tactic Clear) - Remark and Fact have no longer (very) long names (use Local instead in case of name conflict) Bugs - Improved localisation of errors in Syntactic Definitions - Induction principle creation failure in presence of let-in fixed (#238) - Inversion bugs fixed (#212 and #220) - Omega bug related to Set fixed (#180) - Type-checking inefficiency of nested destructuring let-in fixed (#216) - Improved handling of let-in during holes resolution phase (#239) Efficiency - Implementation of a memory sharing strategy reducing memory requirements by an average ratio of 3. Changes from V7.3 to V7.3.1 =========================== Bug fixes - Corrupted Field tactic and Match Context tactic construction fixed - Checking of names already existing in Assert added (PR#182) - Invalid argument bug in Exact tactic solved (PR#183) - Colliding bound names bug fixed (PR#202) - Wrong non-recursivity test for Record fixed (PR#189) - Out of memory/seg fault bug related to parametric inductive fixed (PR#195) - Setoid_replace/Setoid_rewrite bug wrt "==" fixed Misc - Ocaml version >= 3.06 is needed to compile Coq from sources - Simplification of fresh names creation strategy for Assert, Pose and LetTac (PR#192) Changes from V7.2 to V7.3 ========================= Language - Slightly improved compilation of pattern-matching (slight source of incompatibilities) - Record's now accept anonymous fields "_" which does not build projections - Changes in the allowed elimination sorts for certain class of inductive definitions : an inductive definition without constructors of Sort Prop can be eliminated on sorts Set and Type A "singleton" inductive definition (one constructor with arguments in the sort Prop like conjunction of two propositions or equality) can be eliminated directly on sort Type (In V7.2, only the sorts Prop and Set were allowed) Tactics - New tactic "Rename x into y" for renaming hypotheses - New tactics "Pose x:=u" and "Pose u" to add definitions to local context - Pattern now working on partially applied subterms - Ring no longer applies irreversible congruence laws of mult but better applies congruence laws of plus (slight source of incompatibilities). - Field now accepts terms to be simplified as arguments (as for Ring). This extension has been also implemented using the toplevel tactic language. - Intuition does no longer unfold constants except "<->" and "~". It can be parameterized by a tactic. It also can introduce dependent product if needed (source of incompatibilities) - "Match Context" now matching more recent hypotheses first and failing only on user errors and Fail tactic (possible source of incompatibilities) - Tactic Definition's without arguments now allowed in Coq states - Better simplification and discrimination made by Inversion (source of incompatibilities) Bugs - "Intros H" now working like "Intro H" trying first to reduce if not a product - Forward dependencies in Cases now taken into account - Known bugs related to Inversion and let-in's fixed - Bug unexpected Delta with let-in now fixed Extraction (details in plugins/extraction/CHANGES or documentation) - Signatures of extracted terms are now mostly expunged from dummy arguments. - Haskell extraction is now operational (tested & debugged). Standard library - Some additions in [ZArith]: three files (Zcomplements.v, Zpower.v and Zlogarithms.v) moved from plugins/omega in order to be more visible, one Zsgn function, more induction principles (Wf_Z.v and tail of Zcomplements.v), one more general Euclid theorem - Peano_dec.v and Compare_dec.v now part of Arith.v Tools - new option -dump-glob to coqtop to dump globalizations (to be used by the new documentation tool coqdoc; see http://www.lri.fr/~filliatr/coqdoc) User Contributions - CongruenceClosure (congruence closure decision procedure) [Pierre Corbineau, ENS Cachan] - MapleMode (an interface to embed Maple simplification procedures over rational fractions in Coq) [David Delahaye, Micaela Mayero, Chalmers University] - Presburger: A formalization of Presburger's algorithm [Laurent Thery, INRIA Sophia Antipolis] - Chinese has been rewritten using Z from ZArith as datatype ZChinese is the new version, Chinese the obsolete one [Pierre Letouzey, LRI Orsay] Incompatibilities - Ring: exceptional incompatibilities (1 above 650 in submitted user contribs, leading to a simplification) - Intuition: does not unfold any definition except "<->" and "~" - Cases: removal of some extra Cases in configurations of the form "Cases ... of C _ => ... | _ D => ..." (effects on 2 definitions of submitted user contributions necessitating the removal of now superfluous proof steps in 3 different proofs) - Match Context, in case of incompatibilities because of a now non trapped error (e.g. Not_found or Failure), use instead tactic Fail to force Match Context trying the next clause - Inversion: better simplification and discrimination may occasionally lead to less subgoals and/or hypotheses and different naming of hypotheses - Unification done by Apply/Elim has been changed and may exceptionally lead to incompatible instantiations - Peano_dec.v and Compare_dec.v parts of Arith.v make Auto more powerful if these files were not already required (1 occurrence of this in submitted user contribs) Changes from V7.1 to V7.2 ========================= Language - Automatic insertion of patterns for local definitions in the type of the constructors of an inductive types (for compatibility with V6.3 let-in style) - Coercions allowed in Cases patterns - New declaration "Canonical Structure id = t : I" to help resolution of equations of the form (proj ?)=a; if proj(e)=a then a is canonically equipped with the remaining fields in e, i.e. ? is instantiated by e Tactics - New tactic "ClearBody H" to clear the body of definitions in local context - New tactic "Assert H := c" for forward reasoning - Slight improvement in naming strategy for NewInduction/NewDestruct - Intuition/Tauto do not perform useless unfolding and work up to conversion Extraction (details in plugins/extraction/CHANGES or documentation) - Syntax changes: there are no more options inside the extraction commands. New commands for customization and options have been introduced instead. - More optimizations on extracted code. - Extraction tests are now embedded in 14 user contributions. Standard library - In [Relations], Rstar.v and Newman.v now axiom-free. - In [Sets], Integers.v now based on nat - In [Arith], more lemmas in Min.v, new file Max.v, tail-recursive plus and mult added to Plus.v and Mult.v respectively - New directory [Sorting] with a proof of heapsort (dragged from 6.3.1 lib) - In [Reals], more lemmas in Rbase.v, new lemmas on square, square root and trigonometric functions (R_sqr.v - Rtrigo.v); a complementary approach and new theorems about continuity and derivability in Ranalysis.v; some properties in plane geometry such as translation, rotation or similarity in Rgeom.v; finite sums and Chasles property in Rsigma.v Bugs - Confusion between implicit args of locals and globals of same base name fixed - Various incompatibilities wrt inference of "?" in V6.3.1 fixed - Implicits in infix section variables bug fixed - Known coercions bugs fixed - Apply "universe anomaly" bug fixed - NatRing now working - "Discriminate 1", "Injection 1", "Simplify_eq 1" now working - NewInduction bugs with let-in and recursively dependent hypotheses fixed - Syntax [x:=t:T]u now allowed as mentioned in documentation - Bug with recursive inductive types involving let-in fixed - Known pattern-matching bugs fixed - Known Cases elimination predicate bugs fixed - Improved errors messages for pattern-matching and projections - Better error messages for ill-typed Cases expressions Incompatibilities - New naming strategy for NewInduction/NewDestruct may affect 7.1 compatibility - Extra parentheses may exceptionally be needed in tactic definitions. - Coq extensions written in Ocaml need to be updated (see dev/changements.txt for a description of the main changes in the interface files of V7.2) - New behaviour of Intuition/Tauto may exceptionally lead to incompatibilities ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Changes from V6.3.1 and V7.0 to V7.1 ==================================== Notes: - items followed by (**) are important sources of incompatibilities - items followed by (*) may exceptionally be sources of incompatibilities - items followed by (+) have been introduced in version 7.0 Main novelties ============== References are to Coq V7.1 reference manual - New primitive let-in construct (see sections 1.2.8 and ) - Long names (see sections 2.6 and 2.7) - New high-level tactic language (see chapter 10) - Improved search facilities (see section 5.2) - New extraction algorithm managing the Type level (see chapter 17) - New rewriting tactic for arbitrary equalities (see chapter 19) - New tactic Field to decide equalities on commutative fields (see 7.11) - New tactic Fourier to solve linear inequalities on reals numbers (see 7.11) - New tactics for induction/case analysis in "natural" style (see 7.7) - Deep restructuration of the code (safer, simpler and more efficient) - Export of theories to XML for publishing and rendering purposes (see http://www.cs.unibo.it/helm) Details of changes ================== Language: new "let-in" construction ----------------------------------- - New construction for local definitions (let-in) with syntax [x:=u]t (*)(+) - Local definitions allowed in Record (a.k.a. record à la Randy Pollack) Language: long names -------------------- - Each construction has a unique absolute names built from a base name, the name of the module in which they are defined (Top if in coqtop), and possibly an arbitrary long sequence of directory (e.g. "Coq.Lists.PolyList.flat_map" where "Coq" means that "flat_map" is part of Coq standard library, "Lists" means it is defined in the Lists library and "PolyList" means it is in the file Polylist) (+) - Constructions can be referred by their base name, or, in case of conflict, by a "qualified" name, where the base name is prefixed by the module name (and possibly by a directory name, and so on). A fully qualified name is an absolute name which always refer to the construction it denotes (to preserve the visibility of all constructions, no conflict is allowed for an absolute name) (+) - Long names are available for modules with the possibility of using the directory name as a component of the module full name (with option -R to coqtop and coqc, or command Add LoadPath) (+) - Improved conflict resolution strategy (the Unix PATH model), allowing more constructions to be referred just by their base name Language: miscellaneous ----------------------- - The names of variables for Record projections _and_ for induction principles (e.g. sum_ind) is now based on the first letter of their type (main source of incompatibility) (**)(+) - Most typing errors have now a precise location in the source (+) - Slightly different mechanism to solve "?" (*)(+) - More arguments may be considered implicit at section closing (*)(+) - Bug with identifiers ended by a number greater than 2^30 fixed (+) - New visibility discipline for Remark, Fact and Local: Remark's and Fact's now survive at the end of section, but are only accessible using a qualified names as soon as their strength expires; Local's disappear and are moved into local definitions for each construction persistent at section closing Language: Cases --------------- - Cases no longer considers aliases inferable from dependencies in types (*)(+) - A redundant clause in Cases is now an error (*) Reduction --------- - New reduction flags "Zeta" and "Evar" in Eval Compute, for inlining of local definitions and instantiation of existential variables - Delta reduction flag does not perform Zeta and Evar reduction any more (*) - Constants declared as opaque (using Qed) can no longer become transparent (a constant intended to be alternatively opaque and transparent must be declared as transparent (using Defined)); a risk exists (until next Coq version) that Simpl and Hnf reduces opaque constants (*) New tactics ----------- - New set of tactics to deal with types equipped with specific equalities (a.k.a. Setoids, e.g. nat equipped with eq_nat) [by C. Renard] - New tactic Assert, similar to Cut but expected to be more user-friendly - New tactic NewDestruct and NewInduction intended to replace Elim and Induction, Case and Destruct in a more user-friendly way (see restrictions in the reference manual) - New tactic ROmega: an experimental alternative (based on reflexion) to Omega [by P. Crégut] - New tactic language Ltac (see reference manual) (+) - New versions of Tauto and Intuition, fully rewritten in the new Ltac language; they run faster and produce more compact proofs; Tauto is fully compatible but, in exchange of a better uniformity, Intuition is slightly weaker (then use Tauto instead) (**)(+) - New tactic Field to decide equalities on commutative fields (as a special case, it works on real numbers) (+) - New tactic Fourier to solve linear inequalities on reals numbers [by L. Pottier] (+) - New tactics dedicated to real numbers: DiscrR, SplitRmult, SplitAbsolu (+) Changes in existing tactics --------------------------- - Reduction tactics in local definitions apply only to the body - New syntax of the form "Compute in Type of H." to require a reduction on the types of local definitions - Inversion, Injection, Discriminate, ... apply also on the quantified premises of a goal (using the "Intros until" syntax) - Decompose has been fixed but hypotheses may get different names (*)(+) - Tauto now manages uniformly hypotheses and conclusions of the form "t=t" which all are considered equivalent to "True". Especially, Tauto now solves goals of the form "H : ~ t = t |- A". - The "Let" tactic has been renamed "LetTac" and is now based on the primitive "let-in" (+) - Elim can no longer be used with an elimination schema different from the one defined at definition time of the inductive type. To overload an elimination schema, use "Elim using " (*)(+) - Simpl no longer unfolds the recursive calls of a mutually defined fixpoint (*)(+) - Intro now fails if the hypothesis name already exists (*)(+) - "Require Prolog" is no longer needed (i.e. it is available by default) (*)(+) - Unfold now fails on a non unfoldable identifier (*)(+) - Unfold also applies on definitions of the local context - AutoRewrite now deals only with the main goal and it is the purpose of Hint Rewrite to deal with generated subgoals (+) - Redundant or incompatible instantiations in Apply ... with ... are now correctly managed (+) Efficiency ---------- - Excessive memory uses specific to V7.0 fixed - Sizes of .vo files vary a lot compared to V6.3 (from -30% to +300% depending on the developments) - An improved reduction strategy for lazy evaluation - A more economical mechanism to ensure logical consistency at the Type level; warning: this is experimental and may produce "universes" anomalies (please report) Concrete syntax of constructions -------------------------------- - Only identifiers starting with "_" or a letter, and followed by letters, digits, "_" or "'" are allowed (e.g. "$" and "@" are no longer allowed) (*) - A multiple binder like (a:A)(a,b:(P a))(Q a) is no longer parsed as (a:A)(a0:(P a))(b:(P a))(Q a0) but as (a:A)(a0:(P a))(b:(P a0))(Q a0) (*)(+) - A dedicated syntax has been introduced for Reals (e.g ``3+1/x``) (+) - Pretty-printing of Infix notations fixed. (+) Parsing and grammar extension ----------------------------- - More constraints when writing ast - "{...}" and the macros $LIST, $VAR, etc. now expect a metavariable (an identifier starting with $) (*) - identifiers should starts with a letter or "_" and be followed by letters, digits, "_" or "'" (other characters are still supported but it is not advised to use them) (*)(+) - Entry "command" in "Grammar" and quotations (<<...>> stuff) is renamed "constr" as in "Syntax" (+) - New syntax "[" sentence_1 ... sentence_n"]." to group sentences (useful for Time and to write grammar rules abbreviating several commands) (+) - The default parser for actions in the grammar rules (and for patterns in the pretty-printing rules) is now the one associated to the grammar (i.e. vernac, tactic or constr); no need then for quotations as in <:vernac:<...>>; to return an "ast", the grammar must be explicitly typed with tag ": ast" or ": ast list", or if a syntax rule, by using <<...>> in the patterns (expression inside these angle brackets are parsed as "ast"); for grammars other than vernac, tactic or constr, you may explicitly type the action with tags ": constr", ": tactic", or ":vernac" (**)(+) - Interpretation of names in Grammar rule is now based on long names, which allows to avoid problems (or sometimes tricks;) related to overloaded names (+) New commands ------------ - New commands "Print XML All", "Show XML Proof", ... to show or export theories to XML to be used with Helm's publishing and rendering tools (see http://www.cs.unibo.it/helm) (by Claudio Sacerdoti Coen) (+) - New commands to manually set implicit arguments (+) - "Implicits ident." to activate the implicit arguments mode just for ident - "Implicits ident [num1 num2 ...]." to explicitly give which arguments have to be considered as implicit - New SearchPattern/SearchRewrite (by Yves Bertot) (+) - New commands "Debug on"/"Debug off" to activate/deactivate the tactic language debugger (+) - New commands to map physical paths to logical paths (+) - Add LoadPath physical_dir as logical_dir - Add Rec LoadPath physical_dir as logical_dir Changes in existing commands ---------------------------- - Generalization of the usage of qualified identifiers in tactics and commands about globals, e.g. Decompose, Eval Delta; Hints Unfold, Transparent, Require - Require synchronous with Reset; Require's scope stops at Section ending (*) - For a module indirectly loaded by a "Require" but not exported, the command "Import module" turns the constructions defined in the module accessible by their short name, and activates the Grammar, Syntax, Hint, ... declared in the module (+) - The scope of the "Search" command can be restricted to some modules (+) - Final dot in command (full stop/period) must be followed by a blank (newline, tabulation or whitespace) (+) - Slight restriction of the syntax for Cbv Delta: if present, option [-myconst] must immediately follow the Delta keyword (*)(+) - SearchIsos currently not supported - Add ML Path is now implied by Add LoadPath (+) - New names for the following commands (+) AddPath -> Add LoadPath Print LoadPath -> Print LoadPath DelPath -> Remove LoadPath AddRecPath -> Add Rec LoadPath Print Path -> Print Coercion Paths Implicit Arguments On -> Set Implicit Arguments Implicit Arguments Off -> Unset Implicit Arguments Begin Silent -> Set Silent End Silent -> Unset Silent. Tools ----- - coqtop (+) - Two executables: coqtop.byte and coqtop.opt (if supported by the platform) - coqtop is a link to the more efficient executable (coqtop.opt if present) - option -full is obsolete (+) - do_Makefile renamed into coq_makefile (+) - New option -R to coqtop and coqc to map a physical directory to a logical one (+) - coqc no longer needs to create a temporary file - No more warning if no initialization file .coqrc exists Extraction ---------- - New algorithm for extraction able to deal with "Type" (+) (by J.-C. Filliâtre and P. Letouzey) Standard library ---------------- - New library on maps on integers (IntMap, contributed by Jean Goubault) - New lemmas about integer numbers [ZArith] - New lemmas and a "natural" syntax for reals [Reals] (+) - Exc/Error/Value renamed into Option/Some/None (*) New user contributions ---------------------- - Constructive complex analysis and the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra [FTA] (Herman Geuvers, Freek Wiedijk, Jan Zwanenburg, Randy Pollack, Henk Barendregt, Nijmegen) - A new axiomatization of ZFC set theory [Functions_in_ZFC] (C. Simpson, Sophia-Antipolis) - Basic notions of graph theory [GRAPHS-BASICS] (Jean Duprat, Lyon) - A library for floating-point numbers [Float] (Laurent Théry, Sylvie Boldo, Sophia-Antipolis) - Formalisation of CTL and TCTL temporal logic [CtlTctl] (Carlos Daniel Luna,Montevideo) - Specification and verification of the Railroad Crossing Problem in CTL and TCTL [RailroadCrossing] (Carlos Daniel Luna,Montevideo) - P-automaton and the ABR algorithm [PAutomata] (Christine Paulin, Emmanuel Freund, Orsay) - Semantics of a subset of the C language [MiniC] (Eduardo Giménez, Emmanuel Ledinot, Suresnes) - Correctness proofs of the following imperative algorithms: Bresenham line drawing algorithm [Bresenham], Marché's minimal edition distance algorithm [Diff] (Jean-Christophe Filliâtre, Orsay) - Correctness proofs of Buchberger's algorithm [Buchberger] and RSA cryptographic algorithm [Rsa] (Laurent Théry, Sophia-Antipolis) - Correctness proof of Stalmarck tautology checker algorithm [Stalmarck] (Laurent Théry, Pierre Letouzey, Sophia-Antipolis)