Initial version of astc-codec for open source release

Contains an implementation of an ASTC decoder that is able to pass the
dEQP ASTC LDR tests.

astc-codec has no external dependencies for the main library, only for
test code, and is licensed under the Apache license.

Components:

include/ - Public API that can decode ASTC LDR data into a RGBA UNORM8
buffer.

src/base/ - Base library with common functionality not directly related
to ASTC decoding.  Contains a uint128 implementation, BitStream for
reading/writing bits with a primitive (or uint128 type), Optional
implementation (to not take a dependency on C++17), and more.

src/decoder/ - Internal implementation of the ASTC decoder.

src/base/test/, src/decoder/test/ - Unit tests (and a fuzzing test) for
the astc decoder.

src/decoder/testdata/ - Sample ASTC images and golden image results for
testing.

src/decoder/tools/ - A tool to inspect contents of an ASTC file.

third_party/ - Third party libraries, only used for tests.

Change-Id: Ia98e5a7dc847daa3d3a48c5e62d94b8fb1cb98bd

112 files changed, 12548 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/BUILD.bazel b/BUILD.bazel
index c947e83..8fc9eca 100644
--- a/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/BUILD.bazel
@@ -13,3 +13,16 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 licenses(["notice"])
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "api",
+    hdrs = ["include/astc-codec/astc-codec.h"],
+    visibility = ["//src/decoder:__pkg__"],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "astc_codec",
+    deps = ["//src/decoder:codec"],
+    includes = ["include"],
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 41daba0..7d53cb8 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -3,6 +3,41 @@
 astc-codec is a software ASTC decoder implementation, which supports the ASTC
 LDR profile.
 
+Example usage:
+
+```
+#include <astc-codec/astc-codec.h>
+
+// ...
+
+std::vector<uint8_t> astc = LoadMyASTCData();
+const size_t width = 640;
+const size_t height = 480;
+
+std::vector<uint8_t> result;
+result.resize(width * height * 4);
+
+bool result = astc_codec::ASTCDecompressToRGBA(
+    astc.data(), astc.size(), width, height, astc_codec::FootprintType::k4x4,
+    result.data(), result.size(), /* stride */ width * 4);
+```
+
+## Building
+
+Install [Bazel](https://bazel.build/), and then run:
+
+```
+bazel build :astc_codec -c opt
+```
+
+astc-codec has been tested on Mac and Linux.
+
+## Run Tests
+
+```
+bazel test //...
+```
+
 ## Contributing
 
 See [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for important contributing requirements.
@@ -12,4 +47,4 @@ See [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for important contributing requirements.
 astc-codec project is licensed under the Apache License Version 2.0. You can
 find a copy of it in [LICENSE](LICENSE).
 
-This is not an official Google product.
+This is not an officially supported Google product.
diff --git a/include/astc-codec/astc-codec.h b/include/astc-codec/astc-codec.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d41218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/astc-codec/astc-codec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_ASTC_CODEC_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_ASTC_CODEC_H_
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// These are the valid ASTC footprints according to the specification in
+// Section C.2.7.
+enum class FootprintType {
+  k4x4,
+  k5x4,
+  k5x5,
+  k6x5,
+  k6x6,
+  k8x5,
+  k8x6,
+  k10x5,
+  k10x6,
+  k8x8,
+  k10x8,
+  k10x10,
+  k12x10,
+  k12x12,
+
+  kCount
+};
+
+// Decompresses ASTC LDR image data to a RGBA32 buffer.
+//
+// Supports formats defined in the KHR_texture_compression_astc_ldr spec and
+// returns UNORM8 values.  sRGB is not supported, and should be implemented
+// by the caller.
+//
+// |astc_data| - Compressed ASTC image buffer, must be at least |astc_data_size|
+//               bytes long.
+// |astc_data_size| - The size of |astc_data|, in bytes.
+// |width| - Image width, in pixels.
+// |height| - Image height, in pixels.
+// |footprint| - The ASTC footprint (block size) of the compressed image buffer.
+// |out_buffer| - Pointer to a buffer where the decompressed image will be
+//                stored, must be at least |out_buffer_size| bytes long.
+// |out_buffer_size| - The size of |out_buffer|, in bytes, at least
+//                     height*out_buffer_stride. If this is too small, this
+//                     function will return false and no data will be
+//                     decompressed.
+// |out_buffer_stride| - The stride that should be used to store rows of the
+//                       decoded image, must be at least 4*width bytes.
+//
+// Returns true if the decompression succeeded, or false if decompression
+// failed, or if the astc_data_size was too small for the given width, height,
+// and footprint, or if out_buffer_size is too small.
+bool ASTCDecompressToRGBA(const uint8_t* astc_data, size_t astc_data_size,
+                          size_t width, size_t height, FootprintType footprint,
+                          uint8_t* out_buffer, size_t out_buffer_size,
+                          size_t out_buffer_stride);
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_ASTC_CODEC_H_
diff --git a/src/.clang-format b/src/.clang-format
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a00ee2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/.clang-format
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+BasedOnStyle: Google
+AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: true
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Inline
+SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: false
diff --git a/src/base/BUILD.bazel b/src/base/BUILD.bazel
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d8b9a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/BUILD.bazel
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "base",
+    hdrs = [
+        "bit_stream.h",
+        "bottom_n.h",
+        "math_utils.h",
+        "optional.h",
+        "string_utils.h",
+        "type_traits.h",
+        "uint128.h",
+    ],
+    visibility = ["//src/decoder:__pkg__"],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "base_test",
+    srcs = [
+        "test/bit_stream_test.cpp",
+        "test/bottom_n_test.cpp",
+        "test/math_utils_test.cpp",
+        "test/optional_test.cpp",
+        "test/string_utils_test.cpp",
+        "test/type_traits_test.cpp",
+        "test/uint128_test.cpp",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+        ":base",
+    ],
+)
+
diff --git a/src/base/bit_stream.h b/src/base/bit_stream.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c878197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/bit_stream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_BASE_BIT_STREAM_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_BASE_BIT_STREAM_H_
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+// Represents a stream of bits that can be read or written in arbitrary-sized
+// chunks.
+template<typename IntType = uint64_t>
+class BitStream {
+ public:
+  // Creates an empty BitStream.
+  BitStream() = default;
+  BitStream(IntType data, uint32_t data_size)
+      : data_(data), data_size_(data_size) {
+    assert(data_size_ <= sizeof(data_) * 8);
+  }
+
+  // Return the number of bits in the stream.
+  uint32_t Bits() const { return data_size_; }
+
+  // Put |size| bits into the stream.
+  // Fails if there is not enough space in the buffer to store the bits.
+  template<typename ResultType>
+  void PutBits(ResultType x, uint32_t size) {
+    assert(data_size_ + size <= sizeof(data_) * 8);
+
+    data_ |= (IntType(x) & MaskFor(size)) << data_size_;
+    data_size_ += size;
+  }
+
+  // Get |count| bits from the stream.
+  // Returns true if |count| bits were successfully retrieved.
+  template<typename ResultType>
+  bool GetBits(uint32_t count, ResultType* result) {
+    if (count <= data_size_) {
+      *result = static_cast<ResultType>(data_ & MaskFor(count));
+      data_ = data_ >> count;
+      data_size_ -= count;
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      *result = 0;
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  IntType MaskFor(uint32_t bits) const {
+    return (bits == sizeof(IntType) * 8) ? ~IntType(0)
+                                         : (IntType(1) << bits) - 1;
+  }
+
+  IntType data_ = 0;
+  uint32_t data_size_ = 0;
+};
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_BASE_BIT_STREAM_H_
diff --git a/src/base/bottom_n.h b/src/base/bottom_n.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4edc8ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/bottom_n.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_BASE_BOTTOM_N_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_BASE_BOTTOM_N_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+// Used to aggregate the lowest N values of data supplied.
+template<typename T, typename CompareFn = std::less<T>>
+class BottomN {
+ public:
+  typedef std::vector<T> ContainerType;
+
+  // Creates an empty BottomN with limit |max_size|.
+  BottomN(size_t max_size) : max_size_(max_size) { }
+
+  bool Empty() const { return data_.empty(); }
+  size_t Size() const { return data_.size(); }
+
+  const T& Top() const { return data_.front(); }
+
+  void Push(const T& value) {
+    if (data_.size() < max_size_ || compare_(value, Top())) {
+      data_.push_back(value);
+      std::push_heap(data_.begin(), data_.end(), compare_);
+
+      if (Size() > max_size_) {
+        PopTop();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::vector<T> Pop() {
+    const size_t len = Size();
+    std::vector<T> result(len);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+      result[len - i - 1] = PopTop();
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  T PopTop() {
+    std::pop_heap(data_.begin(), data_.end(), compare_);
+    T result = data_.back();
+    data_.pop_back();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  ContainerType data_;
+  CompareFn compare_;
+
+  const size_t max_size_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_BASE_BOTTOM_N_H_
diff --git a/src/base/math_utils.h b/src/base/math_utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48f1a24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/math_utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_BASE_MATH_UTILS_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_BASE_MATH_UTILS_H_
+
+#include "src/base/uint128.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+inline int Log2Floor(uint32_t n) {
+  if (n == 0) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  int log = 0;
+  uint32_t value = n;
+  for (int i = 4; i >= 0; --i) {
+    int shift = (1 << i);
+    uint32_t x = value >> shift;
+    if (x != 0) {
+      value = x;
+      log += shift;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(value == 1);
+  return log;
+}
+
+inline int CountOnes(uint32_t n) {
+  n -= ((n >> 1) & 0x55555555);
+  n = ((n >> 2) & 0x33333333) + (n & 0x33333333);
+  return static_cast<int>((((n + (n >> 4)) & 0xF0F0F0F) * 0x1010101) >> 24);
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+inline T ReverseBits(T value) {
+  uint32_t s = sizeof(value) * 8;
+  T mask = ~T(0);
+  while ((s >>= 1) > 0) {
+    mask ^= (mask << s);
+    value = ((value >> s) & mask) | ((value << s) & ~mask);
+  }
+
+  return value;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+inline T GetBits(T source, uint32_t offset, uint32_t count) {
+  static_assert(std::is_same<T, UInt128>::value || std::is_unsigned<T>::value,
+                "T must be unsigned.");
+
+  const uint32_t total_bits = sizeof(T) * 8;
+  assert(count > 0);
+  assert(offset + count <= total_bits);
+
+  const T mask = count == total_bits ? ~T(0) : ~T(0) >> (total_bits - count);
+  return (source >> offset) & mask;
+}
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_BASE_MATH_UTILS_H_
diff --git a/src/base/optional.h b/src/base/optional.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ede4af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/optional.h
@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_BASE_OPTIONAL_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_BASE_OPTIONAL_H_
+
+#include "src/base/type_traits.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+// Optional<T> - a template class to store an optional value of type T.
+//
+// Usage examples:
+//
+// Initialization and construction:
+//   Optional<Foo> foo;            // |foo| doesn't contain a value.
+//   Optional<Foo> foo(Foo(10));   // |foo| contains a copy-constructed value.
+//   Optional<Foo> foo2(foo);      // |foo2| contains a copy of |foo|'s value.
+//   Optional<Foo> foo3(std::move(foo2));  // Guess what?
+//
+// Assignment:
+//   Foo foo_value(0);
+//   Optional<Foo> foo;   // |foo| is empty.
+//   Optional<Foo> foo2;  // |foo2| is empty.
+//   foo2 = foo;          // |foo2| is still empty.
+//   foo = foo_value;     // set value of |foo| to a copy of |foo_value|
+//   foo = std::move(foo_value);  // move |foo_value| into |foo|.
+//   foo2 = foo;          // now |foo2| has a copy of |foo|'s value.
+//   foo = kNullopt;      // unset |foo|, it has no value.
+//
+// Checking and accessing value:
+//   if (foo) {
+//      // |foo| has a value.
+//      doStuff(*foo);      // |*foo| is the value inside |foo|.
+//      foo->callMethod();  // Same as (*foo).callMethod().
+//   } else {
+//      // |foo| is empty.
+//   }
+//
+//   foo.value()              // Same as *foo
+//   foo.valueOr(<default>)   // Return <default> is |foo| has no value.
+//
+// In-place construction:
+//
+//   Optional<Foo> foo;   // |foo| is empty.
+//   foo.emplace(20);     // |foo| now contains a value constructed as Foo(20)
+//
+//   Optional<Foo> foo(kInplace, 20);  // |foo| is initialized with a value
+//                                     // that is constructed in-place as
+//                                     // Foo(20).
+//
+//   return makeOptional<Foo>(20);     // Takes Foo constructor arguments
+//                                     // directly.
+//
+// Returning values:
+//
+//  Optional<Foo> myFunc(...) {
+//      if (someCondition) {
+//          return Foo(10);      // call Optional<Foo>(Foo&) constructor.
+//      } else {
+//          return {};           // call Optional<Foo>() constructor, which
+//                               // builds an empty value.
+//      }
+//  }
+//
+// Memory layout:
+//   Optional<Foo> is equivalent to:
+//
+//       struct {
+//           bool flag;
+//           Foo value;
+//       };
+//
+//  in terms of memory layout. This means it *doubles* the size of integral
+//  types. Also:
+//
+//  - Optional<Foo> can be constructed from anything that constructs a Foo.
+//
+//  - Same with Optional<Foo>(kInplace, Args...) where Args... matches any
+//    arguments that can be passed to a Foo constructor.
+//
+//  - Comparison operators are provided. Beware: an empty Optional<Foo>
+//    is always smaller than any Foo value.
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+namespace details {
+
+// Base classes to reduce the number of instantiations of the Optional's
+// internal members.
+class OptionalFlagBase {
+ public:
+  void setConstructed(bool constructed) { mConstructed = constructed; }
+  constexpr bool constructed() const { return mConstructed; }
+  constexpr operator bool() const { return constructed(); }
+  bool hasValue() const { return constructed(); }
+
+  constexpr OptionalFlagBase(bool constructed = false)
+      : mConstructed(constructed) { }
+
+ private:
+  bool mConstructed = false;
+};
+
+template<size_t Size, size_t Align>
+class OptionalStorageBase {
+ protected:
+  using StoreT = typename std::aligned_storage<Size, Align>::type;
+  StoreT mStorage = {};
+};
+
+}  // namespace details
+
+// A tag type for empty optional construction
+struct NulloptT {
+  constexpr explicit NulloptT(int) { }
+};
+
+// A tag type for inplace value construction
+struct InplaceT {
+  constexpr explicit InplaceT(int) { }
+};
+
+// Tag values for null optional and inplace construction
+constexpr NulloptT kNullopt{1};
+constexpr InplaceT kInplace{1};
+
+// Forward declaration for an early use
+template<class T>
+class Optional;
+
+// A type trait for checking if a type is an optional instantiation
+// Note: if you want to refer to the template name inside the template,
+//  you need to declare this alias outside of it - because the
+//  class name inside of the template stands for an instantiated template
+//  E.g, for template <T> class Foo if you say 'Foo' inside the class, it
+//  actually means Foo<T>;
+template<class U>
+using is_any_optional =
+    is_template_instantiation_of<typename std::decay<U>::type, Optional>;
+
+template<class T>
+class Optional
+    : private details::OptionalFlagBase,
+      private details::OptionalStorageBase<sizeof(T),
+                                           std::alignment_of<T>::value> {
+  // make sure all optionals are buddies - this is needed to implement
+  // conversion from optionals of other types
+  template<class U>
+  friend class Optional;
+
+  template<class U>
+  using self = Optional<U>;
+
+  using base_flag = details::OptionalFlagBase;
+  using base_storage =
+      details::OptionalStorageBase<sizeof(T), std::alignment_of<T>::value>;
+
+ public:
+  // std::optional will have this, so let's provide it
+  using value_type = T;
+
+  // make sure we forbid some Optional instantiations where things may get
+  // really messy
+  static_assert(!std::is_same<typename std::decay<T>::type, NulloptT>::value,
+                "Optional of NulloptT is not allowed");
+  static_assert(!std::is_same<typename std::decay<T>::type, InplaceT>::value,
+                "Optional of InplaceT is not allowed");
+  static_assert(!std::is_reference<T>::value,
+                "Optional references are not allowed: use a pointer instead");
+
+  // constructors
+  constexpr Optional() { }
+  constexpr Optional(NulloptT) { }
+
+  Optional(const Optional& other) : base_flag(other.constructed()) {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      new (&get()) T(other.get());
+    }
+  }
+  Optional(Optional&& other) : base_flag(other.constructed()) {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      new (&get()) T(std::move(other.get()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Conversion constructor from optional of similar type
+  template<class U, class = enable_if_c<!is_any_optional<U>::value &&
+                                        std::is_constructible<T, U>::value>>
+  Optional(const Optional<U>& other) : base_flag(other.constructed()) {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      new (&get()) T(other.get());
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Move-conversion constructor
+  template<class U, class = enable_if_c<!is_any_optional<U>::value &&
+                                        std::is_constructible<T, U>::value>>
+  Optional(Optional<U>&& other) : base_flag(other.constructed()) {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      new (&get()) T(std::move(other.get()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Construction from a raw value
+  Optional(const T& value) : base_flag(true) { new (&get()) T(value); }
+  // Move construction from a raw value
+  Optional(T&& value) : base_flag(true) { new (&get()) T(std::move(value)); }
+
+  // Inplace construction from a list of |T|'s ctor arguments
+  template<class... Args>
+  Optional(InplaceT, Args&&... args) : base_flag(true) {
+    new (&get()) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+
+  // Inplace construction from an initializer list passed into |T|'s ctor
+  template<class U, class = enable_if<
+                        std::is_constructible<T, std::initializer_list<U>>>>
+  Optional(InplaceT, std::initializer_list<U> il) : base_flag(true) {
+    new (&get()) T(il);
+  }
+
+  // direct assignment
+  Optional& operator=(const Optional& other) {
+    if (&other == this) {
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      if (other.constructed()) {
+        get() = other.get();
+      } else {
+        destruct();
+        this->setConstructed(false);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (other.constructed()) {
+        new (&get()) T(other.get());
+        this->setConstructed(true);
+      } else {
+        ;  // we're good
+      }
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // move assignment
+  Optional& operator=(Optional&& other) {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      if (other.constructed()) {
+        get() = std::move(other.get());
+      } else {
+        destruct();
+        this->setConstructed(false);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (other.constructed()) {
+        new (&get()) T(std::move(other.get()));
+        this->setConstructed(true);
+      } else {
+        ;  // we're good
+      }
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // conversion assignment
+  template<class U,
+           class = enable_if_convertible<typename std::decay<U>::type, T>>
+  Optional& operator=(const Optional<U>& other) {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      if (other.constructed()) {
+        get() = other.get();
+      } else {
+        destruct();
+        this->setConstructed(false);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (other.constructed()) {
+        new (&get()) T(other.get());
+        this->setConstructed(true);
+      } else {
+        ;  // we're good
+      }
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // conversion move assignment
+  template<class U,
+           class = enable_if_convertible<typename std::decay<U>::type, T>>
+  Optional& operator=(Optional<U>&& other) {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      if (other.constructed()) {
+        get() = std::move(other.get());
+      } else {
+        destruct();
+        this->setConstructed(false);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (other.constructed()) {
+        new (&get()) T(std::move(other.get()));
+        this->setConstructed(true);
+      } else {
+        ;  // we're good
+      }
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // the most complicated one: forwarding constructor for anything convertible
+  // to |T|, excluding the stuff implemented above explicitly
+  template<class U,
+           class = enable_if_c<
+               !is_any_optional<typename std::decay<U>::type>::value &&
+               std::is_convertible<typename std::decay<U>::type, T>::value>>
+  Optional& operator=(U&& other) {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      get() = std::forward<U>(other);
+    } else {
+      new (&get()) T(std::forward<U>(other));
+      this->setConstructed(true);
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Adopt value checkers from the parent
+  using base_flag::operator bool;
+  using base_flag::hasValue;
+
+  T& value() {
+    assert(this->constructed());
+    return get();
+  }
+  constexpr const T& value() const {
+    assert(this->constructed());
+    return get();
+  }
+
+  T* ptr() { return this->constructed() ? &get() : nullptr; }
+  constexpr const T* ptr() const {
+    return this->constructed() ? &get() : nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // Value getter with fallback
+  template<class U = T,
+           class = enable_if_convertible<typename std::decay<U>::type, T>>
+  constexpr T valueOr(U&& defaultValue) const {
+    return this->constructed() ? get() : std::move(defaultValue);
+  }
+
+  // Pointer-like operators
+  T& operator*() {
+    assert(this->constructed());
+    return get();
+  }
+  constexpr const T& operator*() const {
+    assert(this->constructed());
+    return get();
+  }
+
+  T* operator->() {
+    assert(this->constructed());
+    return &get();
+  }
+  constexpr const T* operator->() const {
+    assert(this->constructed());
+    return &get();
+  }
+
+  ~Optional() {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      destruct();
+    }
+  }
+
+  void clear() {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      destruct();
+      this->setConstructed(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template<class U,
+           class = enable_if_convertible<typename std::decay<U>::type, T>>
+  void reset(U&& u) {
+    *this = std::forward<U>(u);
+  }
+
+  // In-place construction with possible destruction of the old value
+  template<class... Args>
+  void emplace(Args&&... args) {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      destruct();
+    }
+    new (&get()) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    this->setConstructed(true);
+  }
+
+  // In-place construction with possible destruction of the old value
+  // initializer-list version
+  template<class U, class = enable_if<
+                        std::is_constructible<T, std::initializer_list<U>>>>
+  void emplace(std::initializer_list<U> il) {
+    if (this->constructed()) {
+      destruct();
+    }
+    new (&get()) T(il);
+    this->setConstructed(true);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // A helper function to convert the internal raw storage to T&
+  constexpr const T& get() const {
+    return *reinterpret_cast<const T*>(
+        reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&this->mStorage));
+  }
+
+  // Same thing, mutable
+  T& get() { return const_cast<T&>(const_cast<const Optional*>(this)->get()); }
+
+  // Shortcut for a destructor call for the stored object
+  void destruct() { get().T::~T(); }
+};
+
+template<class T>
+Optional<typename std::decay<T>::type> makeOptional(T&& t) {
+  return Optional<typename std::decay<T>::type>(std::forward<T>(t));
+}
+
+template<class T, class... Args>
+Optional<typename std::decay<T>::type> makeOptional(Args&&... args) {
+  return Optional<typename std::decay<T>::type>(kInplace,
+                                                std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template<class T>
+bool operator==(const Optional<T>& l, const Optional<T>& r) {
+  return l.hasValue() ? r.hasValue() && *l == *r : !r.hasValue();
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator==(const Optional<T>& l, NulloptT) {
+  return !l;
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator==(NulloptT, const Optional<T>& r) {
+  return !r;
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator==(const Optional<T>& l, const T& r) {
+  return bool(l) && *l == r;
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator==(const T& l, const Optional<T>& r) {
+  return bool(r) && l == *r;
+}
+
+template<class T>
+bool operator!=(const Optional<T>& l, const Optional<T>& r) {
+  return !(l == r);
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator!=(const Optional<T>& l, NulloptT) {
+  return bool(l);
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator!=(NulloptT, const Optional<T>& r) {
+  return bool(r);
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator!=(const Optional<T>& l, const T& r) {
+  return !l || !(*l == r);
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator!=(const T& l, const Optional<T>& r) {
+  return !r || !(l == *r);
+}
+
+template<class T>
+bool operator<(const Optional<T>& l, const Optional<T>& r) {
+  return !r ? false : (!l ? true : *l < *r);
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator<(const Optional<T>&, NulloptT) {
+  return false;
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator<(NulloptT, const Optional<T>& r) {
+  return bool(r);
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator<(const Optional<T>& l, const T& r) {
+  return !l || *l < r;
+}
+template<class T>
+bool operator<(const T& l, const Optional<T>& r) {
+  return bool(r) && l < *r;
+}
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_BASE_OPTIONAL_H_
diff --git a/src/base/string_utils.h b/src/base/string_utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c450b27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string_utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_BASE_STRING_UTILS_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_BASE_STRING_UTILS_H_
+
+#include <limits>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+// Iterates over a string's parts using |splitBy| as a delimiter.
+// |splitBy| must be a nonempty string well, or it's a no-op.
+// Otherwise, |func| is called on each of the splits, excluding the
+// characters that are part of |splitBy|.  If two |splitBy|'s occur in a row,
+// |func| will be called on a StringView("") in between. See
+// StringUtils_unittest.cpp for the full story.
+template<class Func>
+void Split(const std::string& str, const std::string& splitBy, Func func) {
+  if (splitBy.empty()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  size_t splitSize = splitBy.size();
+  size_t begin = 0;
+  size_t end = str.find(splitBy);
+
+  while (true) {
+    func(str.substr(begin, end - begin));
+    if (end == std::string::npos) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    begin = end + splitSize;
+    end = str.find(splitBy, begin);
+  }
+}
+
+static int32_t ParseInt32(const char* str, int32_t deflt) {
+  using std::numeric_limits;
+
+  char* error = nullptr;
+  int64_t value = strtol(str, &error, 0);
+  // Limit long values to int32 min/max.  Needed for lp64; no-op on 32 bits.
+  if (value > std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) {
+    value = std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max();
+  } else if (value < std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min()) {
+    value = std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min();
+  }
+  return (error == str) ? deflt : static_cast<int32_t>(value);
+}
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_BASE_STRING_UTILS_H_
diff --git a/src/base/test/bit_stream_test.cpp b/src/base/test/bit_stream_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c4b3c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/test/bit_stream_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/base/bit_stream.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+namespace {
+  static constexpr uint64_t kAllBits = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
+  static constexpr uint64_t k40Bits = 0x000000FFFFFFFFFF;
+}
+
+TEST(BitStream, Decode) {
+  {
+    BitStream<uint64_t> stream(0, 1);
+
+    uint64_t bits = kAllBits;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(1, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, 0);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(stream.GetBits(1, &bits));
+  }
+
+  {
+    BitStream<uint64_t> stream(0b1010101010101010, 32);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 32);
+
+    uint64_t bits = 0;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(1, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, 0);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(3, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, 0b101);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(8, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, 0b10101010);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 20);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(20, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, 0b1010);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    BitStream<uint64_t> stream(kAllBits, 64);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 64);
+
+    uint64_t bits = 0;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(64, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, kAllBits);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    BitStream<uint64_t> stream(kAllBits, 64);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 64);
+
+    uint64_t bits = 0;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(40, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, k40Bits);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 24);
+  }
+
+  {
+    BitStream<uint64_t> stream(kAllBits, 32);
+
+    uint64_t bits = 0;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(0, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, 0);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(32, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, k40Bits & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(0, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 0);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(BitStream, Encode) {
+  {
+    BitStream<uint64_t> stream;
+
+    stream.PutBits(0, 1);
+    stream.PutBits(0b11, 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 3);
+
+    uint64_t bits = 0;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(3, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, 0b110);
+  }
+
+  {
+    BitStream<uint64_t> stream;
+
+    uint64_t bits = 0;
+    stream.PutBits(kAllBits, 64);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 64);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(64, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, kAllBits);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    BitStream<uint64_t> stream;
+    stream.PutBits(kAllBits, 40);
+
+    uint64_t bits = 0;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(40, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, k40Bits);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    BitStream<uint64_t> stream;
+    stream.PutBits(0, 0);
+    stream.PutBits(kAllBits, 32);
+    stream.PutBits(0, 0);
+
+    uint64_t bits = 0;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(stream.GetBits(32, &bits));
+    EXPECT_EQ(bits, k40Bits & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+    EXPECT_EQ(stream.Bits(), 0);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/base/test/bottom_n_test.cpp b/src/base/test/bottom_n_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a48d30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/test/bottom_n_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/base/bottom_n.h"
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+using ::testing::ElementsAre;
+
+template<typename T, size_t N>
+static void pushAll(BottomN<T>& heap, const T (&arr)[N]) {
+  for (auto i : arr) {
+    heap.Push(i);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(BottomN, Sort) {
+  {
+    BottomN<int> heap(10);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(heap.Empty());
+    pushAll(heap, {1, 2});
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(heap.Size(), 2);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(heap.Empty());
+    EXPECT_THAT(heap.Pop(), ElementsAre(1, 2));
+  }
+
+  {
+    BottomN<int> heap(6);
+    pushAll(heap, {1, 4, 3, 2, 2, 1});
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(heap.Size(), 6);
+    EXPECT_THAT(heap.Pop(), ElementsAre(1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(BottomN, Bounds) {
+  {
+    BottomN<int> heap(4);
+    pushAll(heap, {1, 2, 3, 4});
+    EXPECT_EQ(heap.Size(), 4);
+
+    heap.Push(0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(heap.Size(), 4);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(heap.Pop(), ElementsAre(0, 1, 2, 3));
+  }
+
+  {
+    BottomN<int> heap(4);
+    pushAll(heap, {4, 3, 2, 1});
+    EXPECT_EQ(heap.Size(), 4);
+
+    pushAll(heap, {4, 4, 4, 4});
+    EXPECT_EQ(heap.Size(), 4);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(heap.Pop(), ElementsAre(1, 2, 3, 4));
+  }
+
+  {
+    BottomN<int> heap(4);
+    pushAll(heap, {4, 3, 2, 1});
+    EXPECT_EQ(heap.Size(), 4);
+
+    pushAll(heap, {5, 5, 5, 5});
+    EXPECT_EQ(heap.Size(), 4);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(heap.Pop(), ElementsAre(1, 2, 3, 4));
+  }
+
+  {
+    BottomN<int> heap(4);
+    pushAll(heap, {4, 3, 2, 1});
+    EXPECT_EQ(heap.Size(), 4);
+
+    pushAll(heap, {0, 0, 0, 0});
+    EXPECT_EQ(heap.Size(), 4);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(heap.Pop(), ElementsAre(0, 0, 0, 0));
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/base/test/math_utils_test.cpp b/src/base/test/math_utils_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0371e11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/test/math_utils_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/base/math_utils.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+TEST(MathUtils, Log2Floor) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(-1, Log2Floor(0));
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+    uint32_t n = 1U << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(i, Log2Floor(n));
+    if (n > 2) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(i - 1, Log2Floor(n - 1));
+      EXPECT_EQ(i,     Log2Floor(n + 1));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(MathUtils, CountOnes) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, CountOnes(0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, CountOnes(1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(32, CountOnes(static_cast<uint32_t>(~0U)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, CountOnes(0x8000000));
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, CountOnes(1U << i));
+    EXPECT_EQ(31, CountOnes(static_cast<uint32_t>(~0U) ^ (1U << i)));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(MathUtils, ReverseBits) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(ReverseBits(0u), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ReverseBits(1u), 1u << 31);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ReverseBits(0xffffffff), 0xffffffff);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ReverseBits(0x00000001), 0x80000000);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ReverseBits(0x80000000), 0x00000001);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ReverseBits(0xaaaaaaaa), 0x55555555);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ReverseBits(0x55555555), 0xaaaaaaaa);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ReverseBits(0x7d5d7f53), 0xcafebabe);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ReverseBits(0xcafebabe), 0x7d5d7f53);
+}
+
+TEST(MathUtils, GetBits) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(GetBits(0u, 0, 1), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(GetBits(0u, 0, 32), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(GetBits(0x00000001u, 0, 1), 0x00000001);
+  EXPECT_EQ(GetBits(0x00000001u, 0, 32), 0x00000001);
+  EXPECT_EQ(GetBits(0x00000001u, 1, 31), 0x00000000);
+  EXPECT_EQ(GetBits(0x00000001u, 31, 1), 0x00000000);
+
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(GetBits(0x00000000u, 1, 32), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(GetBits(0x00000000u, 32, 0), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(GetBits(0x00000000u, 32, 1), "");
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(GetBits(0XFFFFFFFFu, 0, 4), 0x0000000F);
+  EXPECT_EQ(GetBits(0XFFFFFFFFu, 16, 16), 0xFFFF);
+  EXPECT_EQ(GetBits(0x80000000u, 31, 1), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(GetBits(0xCAFEBABEu, 24, 8), 0xCA);
+}
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/base/test/optional_test.cpp b/src/base/test/optional_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1eeefbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/test/optional_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/base/optional.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+TEST(Optional, TypeProperties) {
+  // Making sure optional has the correct alignment and doesn't waste too much
+  // space
+
+  static_assert(sizeof(Optional<bool>) == 2, "bad Optional<bool> size");
+  static_assert(std::alignment_of<Optional<bool>>::value ==
+                    std::alignment_of<bool>::value,
+                "bad Optional<bool> alignment");
+
+  static_assert(sizeof(Optional<char>) == 2, "bad Optional<char> size");
+  static_assert(std::alignment_of<Optional<char>>::value ==
+                    std::alignment_of<char>::value,
+                "bad Optional<char> alignment");
+
+  static_assert(sizeof(Optional<int16_t>) == 4, "bad Optional<int16_t> size");
+  static_assert(std::alignment_of<Optional<int16_t>>::value ==
+                    std::alignment_of<int16_t>::value,
+                "bad Optional<int16_t> alignment");
+
+  static_assert(sizeof(Optional<int32_t>) == 8, "bad Optional<int32_t> size");
+  static_assert(std::alignment_of<Optional<int32_t>>::value ==
+                    std::alignment_of<int32_t>::value,
+                "bad Optional<int32_t> alignment");
+
+  static_assert(sizeof(Optional<int64_t>) == 16, "bad Optional<int64_t> size");
+  static_assert(std::alignment_of<Optional<int64_t>>::value ==
+                    std::alignment_of<int64_t>::value,
+                "bad Optional<int64_t> alignment");
+
+  struct S128 {
+    int64_t data[2];
+  };
+
+  static_assert(sizeof(Optional<S128>) == 3 * sizeof(int64_t),
+                "bad Optional<S128> size");
+  static_assert(std::alignment_of<Optional<S128>>::value ==
+                    std::alignment_of<S128>::value,
+                "bad Optional<S128> alignment");
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, ConstructFromValue) {
+  {
+    Optional<int> o;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<int> o = {};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<int> o = kNullopt;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<int> o(1);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, *o);
+  }
+  {
+    // check the std::decay<> constructor
+    Optional<int> o = static_cast<const short&>(1);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, *o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<int> o = 1;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, *o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<int> o{1};
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, *o);
+  }
+  {
+    short val = 10;
+    Optional<int> o = val;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(10, *o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<std::vector<int>> o(kInplace, 10);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ((std::vector<int>(10)), *o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<std::vector<int>> o(kInplace, {1, 2, 3, 4});
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ((std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4}), *o);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, ConstructFromOptional) {
+  {
+    Optional<int> o = Optional<int>();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<short> o2;
+    Optional<int> o(o2);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<short> o2 = 42;
+    Optional<int> o(o2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(42, *o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<int> o(Optional<int>(1));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, *o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<int> o2 = 2;
+    Optional<int> o = o2;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2, *o);
+  }
+  {
+    Optional<std::vector<int>> o2 = std::vector<int>{20, 30, 40};
+    Optional<std::vector<int>> o = o2;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ((std::vector<int>{20, 30, 40}), *o);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, Assign) {
+  {
+    Optional<int> o;
+    o = 1;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, *o);
+
+    o = 2;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2, *o);
+
+    o = kNullopt;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o);
+
+    o = Optional<int>(10);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(10, *o);
+
+    Optional<int> o2;
+    o = o2;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o);
+
+    o = 2u;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2, *o);
+
+    o = Optional<short>();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o);
+
+    o = Optional<short>(20);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(20, *o);
+
+    Optional<short> o3(200);
+    o = o3;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(200, *o);
+
+    o = {};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o);
+
+    // check the std::decay<> assignment
+    o = static_cast<const short&>(1);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, *o);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, MakeOptional) {
+  {
+    auto o = makeOptional(1);
+    static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(o), Optional<int>>::value,
+                  "Bad type deduction in makeOptional()");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, *o);
+  }
+  {
+    auto o = makeOptional(std::vector<char>{'1', '2'});
+    static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(o), Optional<std::vector<char>>>::value,
+                  "Bad type deduction in makeOptional()");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ((std::vector<char>{'1', '2'}), *o);
+  }
+  {
+    // check std::decay<> in the factory function
+    auto o = makeOptional("String");
+    static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(o), Optional<const char*>>::value,
+                  "Bad type deduction in makeOptional()");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_STREQ("String", *o);
+  }
+  {
+    auto o = makeOptional<std::string>("String");
+    static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(o), Optional<std::string>>::value,
+                  "Bad type deduction in makeOptional()");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_STREQ("String", o->c_str());
+  }
+  {
+    auto o = makeOptional<std::string>(5, 'b');
+    static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(o), Optional<std::string>>::value,
+                  "Bad type deduction in makeOptional()");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_STREQ("bbbbb", o->c_str());
+  }
+  {
+    auto o = makeOptional<std::string>();
+    static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(o), Optional<std::string>>::value,
+                  "Bad type deduction in makeOptional()");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_STREQ("", o->c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, Move) {
+  auto o = makeOptional(std::unique_ptr<int>(new int(10)));
+  {
+    decltype(o) o2 = std::move(o);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o2);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(bool(*o));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(bool(*o2));
+    EXPECT_EQ(10, **o2);
+
+    decltype(o) o3;
+    o3 = std::move(o2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o3);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(bool(*o2));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(bool(*o3));
+    EXPECT_EQ(10, **o3);
+
+    o3 = std::move(o2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(o3);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(bool(*o2));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(bool(*o3));
+  }
+
+  {
+    decltype(o) o1;
+    decltype(o) o2 = std::move(o1);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o1);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o2);
+
+    o2 = std::move(o1);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o1);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o2);
+
+    decltype(o) o3{kInplace, new int(20)};
+    o3 = std::move(o1);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o1);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(o3);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, Value) {
+  auto o = makeOptional(1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, o.value());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, o.valueOr(2));
+
+  o = kNullopt;
+  EXPECT_EQ(2, o.valueOr(2));
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, Clear) {
+  auto o = makeOptional(1);
+  o.clear();
+  EXPECT_FALSE(o);
+
+  o.clear();
+  EXPECT_FALSE(o);
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, Emplace) {
+  auto o = makeOptional(std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4});
+  o.emplace(3, 1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+  EXPECT_EQ((std::vector<int>{1, 1, 1}), *o);
+  EXPECT_EQ(3U, o->capacity());
+
+  o.clear();
+  o.emplace({1, 2});
+  EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+  EXPECT_EQ((std::vector<int>{1, 2}), *o);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2U, o->capacity());
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, Reset) {
+  auto o = makeOptional(std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3, 4});
+  o.reset(std::vector<int>{4, 3});
+  EXPECT_TRUE(o);
+  EXPECT_EQ((std::vector<int>{4, 3}), *o);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2U, o->capacity());
+
+  o.clear();
+  o.reset(std::vector<int>{1});
+  EXPECT_EQ((std::vector<int>{1}), *o);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, o->capacity());
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, CompareEqual) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(makeOptional(1) == makeOptional(1));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(makeOptional(1) == 1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(1 == makeOptional(1));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(makeOptional(1) == makeOptional(2));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(makeOptional(2) == 1);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(2 == makeOptional(1));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(makeOptional(1) != makeOptional(2));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(makeOptional(1) != 2);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(1 != makeOptional(2));
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(makeOptional(1) == kNullopt);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(makeOptional(1) == Optional<int>());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kNullopt == makeOptional(1));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(Optional<int>() == makeOptional(1));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(makeOptional(1) != kNullopt);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(makeOptional(1) != Optional<int>());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(kNullopt != makeOptional(1));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(Optional<int>() != makeOptional(1));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(kNullopt == Optional<int>());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(kNullopt == Optional<char*>());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kNullopt != Optional<int>());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kNullopt != Optional<char*>());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(Optional<int>() == Optional<int>());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(Optional<int>() != Optional<int>());
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, CompareLess) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(makeOptional(1) < makeOptional(2));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(1 < makeOptional(2));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(makeOptional(1) < 2);
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(makeOptional(1) < makeOptional(1));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(1 < makeOptional(1));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(makeOptional(1) < 1);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(makeOptional(2) < makeOptional(1));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(2 < makeOptional(1));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(makeOptional(2) < 1);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(kNullopt < makeOptional(2));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(Optional<int>() < makeOptional(2));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(Optional<int>() < 2);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(makeOptional(2) < kNullopt);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(makeOptional(2) < Optional<int>());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(2 < Optional<int>());
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kNullopt < Optional<int>());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(Optional<int>() < kNullopt);
+}
+
+TEST(Optional, Destruction) {
+  // create a reference counting class to check if we delete everything
+  // we've created
+  struct Track {
+    Track(int& val) : mVal(val) { ++mVal.get(); }
+    Track(std::initializer_list<int*> vals) : mVal(**vals.begin()) {
+      ++mVal.get();
+    }
+    Track(const Track& other) : mVal(other.mVal) { ++mVal.get(); }
+    Track(Track&& other) : mVal(other.mVal) { ++mVal.get(); }
+    Track& operator=(const Track& other) {
+      --mVal.get();
+      mVal = other.mVal;
+      ++mVal.get();
+      return *this;
+    }
+    Track& operator=(Track&& other) {
+      --mVal.get();
+      mVal = other.mVal;
+      ++mVal.get();
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    ~Track() { --mVal.get(); }
+
+    std::reference_wrapper<int> mVal;
+  };
+
+  int counter = 0;
+  {
+    auto o = makeOptional(Track(counter));
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, counter);
+  }
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, counter);
+
+  {
+    auto o = makeOptional(Track(counter));
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, counter);
+    o.clear();
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, counter);
+  }
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, counter);
+
+  {
+    auto o = makeOptional(Track(counter));
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, counter);
+    int counter2 = 0;
+    o.emplace(counter2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, counter);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, counter2);
+    o = Track(counter);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, counter);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, counter2);
+
+    auto o2 = o;
+    EXPECT_EQ(2, counter);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, counter2);
+  }
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, counter);
+
+  {
+    auto o = makeOptional(Track(counter));
+    auto o2 = std::move(o);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2, counter);
+    o = o2;
+    EXPECT_EQ(2, counter);
+  }
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, counter);
+
+  int counter2 = 0;
+  {
+    Optional<Track> o;
+    o.emplace(counter);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, counter);
+
+    o.emplace(counter2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, counter);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, counter2);
+  }
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, counter);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, counter2);
+
+  {
+    Optional<Track> o;
+    o.emplace({&counter});
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, counter);
+
+    counter2 = 0;
+    o.emplace({&counter2});
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, counter);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, counter2);
+  }
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, counter);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, counter2);
+}
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/base/test/string_utils_test.cpp b/src/base/test/string_utils_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..209da54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/test/string_utils_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/base/string_utils.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <list>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+TEST(StringUtils, Split) {
+  std::vector<std::string> results;
+
+  auto testFunc = [&results](std::string&& s) {
+    results.push_back(std::move(s));
+  };
+
+  Split("", "abc", testFunc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(results.size(), 1);
+
+  Split("abc", "", testFunc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(results.size(), 1);
+
+  results.clear();
+  Split("abc", "a", testFunc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(results.size(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(results[0], "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(results[1], "bc");
+
+  results.clear();
+  Split("aaa", "a", testFunc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(4, results.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ("", results[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("", results[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("", results[2]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("", results[3]);
+
+  results.clear();
+  Split("1a2a3a4", "a", testFunc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(4, results.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ("1", results[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("2", results[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("3", results[2]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("4", results[3]);
+
+  results.clear();
+  Split("1a2aa3a4", "a", testFunc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(5, results.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ("1", results[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("2", results[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("", results[2]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("3", results[3]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("4", results[4]);
+
+  results.clear();
+  Split("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog",
+        " ", testFunc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(9, results.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ("The", results[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("quick", results[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("brown", results[2]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("fox", results[3]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("jumped", results[4]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("over", results[5]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("the", results[6]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("lazy", results[7]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("dog", results[8]);
+
+  results.clear();
+  Split("a; b; c; d", "; ", testFunc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(4, results.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ("a", results[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("b", results[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("c", results[2]);
+  EXPECT_EQ("d", results[3]);
+}
+
+TEST(StringUtils, ParseInt32) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(ParseInt32("0", -1), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ParseInt32("100", -1), 100);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ParseInt32("-100", -1), -100);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(ParseInt32("", -1), -1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ParseInt32("a", -1), -1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ParseInt32("10x1", -1), 10);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(ParseInt32("2147483647", -1), 2147483647);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ParseInt32("2147483648", -1), 2147483647);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(ParseInt32("-2147483648", -1), -2147483648);
+  EXPECT_EQ(ParseInt32("-2147483649", -1), -2147483648);
+}
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/base/test/type_traits_test.cpp b/src/base/test/type_traits_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b858c01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/test/type_traits_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/base/type_traits.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <functional>
+#include <list>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+TEST(TypeTraits, IsCallable) {
+  class C;
+  C* c = nullptr;
+
+  auto lambda = [c](bool) -> C* { return nullptr; };
+
+  static_assert(is_callable_as<void(), void()>::value, "simple function");
+  static_assert(is_callable_as<void (&)(), void()>::value,
+                "function reference");
+  static_assert(is_callable_as<void (*)(), void()>::value, "function pointer");
+  static_assert(is_callable_as<int(C&, C*), int(C&, C*)>::value,
+                "function with arguments and return type");
+  static_assert(is_callable_as<decltype(lambda), C*(bool)>::value, "lambda");
+  static_assert(is_callable_as<std::function<bool(int)>, bool(int)>::value,
+                "std::function");
+
+  static_assert(!is_callable_as<int, void()>::value,
+                "int should not be callable");
+  static_assert(!is_callable_as<C, void()>::value, "incomplete type");
+  static_assert(!is_callable_as<void(), void(int)>::value,
+                "different arguments");
+  static_assert(!is_callable_as<int(), void()>::value,
+                "different return types");
+  static_assert(!is_callable_as<int(), short()>::value,
+                "slightly different return types");
+  static_assert(!is_callable_as<int(int), int(int, int)>::value,
+                "more arguments");
+  static_assert(!is_callable_as<int(int, int), int(int)>::value,
+                "less arguments");
+
+  static_assert(!is_callable_as<int(int), int>::value,
+                "bad required signature");
+
+  static_assert(is_callable_with_args<void(), void()>::value,
+                "simple function");
+  static_assert(is_callable_with_args<void (&)(), void()>::value,
+                "function reference");
+  static_assert(is_callable_with_args<void (*)(), void()>::value,
+                "function pointer");
+  static_assert(is_callable_with_args<int(C&, C*), int(C&, C*)>::value,
+                "function with arguments and return type");
+  static_assert(is_callable_with_args<decltype(lambda), C*(bool)>::value,
+                "lambda");
+  static_assert(
+      is_callable_with_args<std::function<bool(int)>, bool(int)>::value,
+      "std::function");
+
+  static_assert(!is_callable_with_args<int, void()>::value,
+                "int should not be callable");
+  static_assert(!is_callable_with_args<C, void()>::value, "incomplete type");
+  static_assert(!is_callable_with_args<void(), void(int)>::value,
+                "different arguments");
+  static_assert(is_callable_with_args<int(), void()>::value,
+                "different return types are ignored");
+  static_assert(is_callable_with_args<int(), short()>::value,
+                "slightly different return types are ignored");
+  static_assert(!is_callable_with_args<int(int), int(int, int)>::value,
+                "more arguments");
+  static_assert(!is_callable_with_args<int(int, int), int(int)>::value,
+                "less arguments");
+
+  static_assert(!is_callable_with_args<int(int), int>::value,
+                "bad required signature");
+}
+
+TEST(TypeTraits, IsTemplateInstantiation) {
+  static_assert(!is_template_instantiation_of<int, std::vector>::value,
+                "int is not an instance of vector");
+  static_assert(!is_template_instantiation_of<std::list<std::vector<int>>,
+                                              std::vector>::value,
+                "list is not an instance of vector");
+
+  static_assert(
+      is_template_instantiation_of<std::vector<int>, std::vector>::value,
+      "std::vector<int> is an instance of vector");
+  static_assert(
+      is_template_instantiation_of<std::vector<std::vector<std::vector<int>>>,
+                                   std::vector>::value,
+      "nested std::vector<> is an instance of vector");
+}
+
+TEST(TypeTraits, IsRange) {
+  static_assert(is_range<std::vector<int>>::value,
+                "vector<> should be detected as a range");
+  static_assert(is_range<const std::list<std::function<void()>>>::value,
+                "const list<> should be detected as a range");
+  static_assert(is_range<std::array<std::vector<int>, 10>>::value,
+                "array<> should be detected as a range");
+  char arr[100];
+  static_assert(is_range<decltype(arr)>::value,
+                "C array should be detected as a range");
+  static_assert(is_range<decltype("string")>::value,
+                "String literal should be detected as a range");
+
+  static_assert(!is_range<int>::value, "int shouldn't be a range");
+  static_assert(!is_range<int*>::value, "int* shouldn't be a range");
+  static_assert(!is_range<const int*>::value,
+                "even const int* shouldn't be a range");
+}
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/base/test/uint128_test.cpp b/src/base/test/uint128_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a52244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/test/uint128_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/base/uint128.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+TEST(UInt128, Equality) {
+  const UInt128 zero(0);
+  const UInt128 max64(~0ULL);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(zero, zero);
+  EXPECT_NE(zero, max64);
+  EXPECT_EQ(zero, UInt128(0));
+  EXPECT_NE(zero, UInt128(1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(max64, max64);
+}
+
+TEST(UInt128, Shifting) {
+  const UInt128 max64(~0ULL);
+  const UInt128 upper64(~0ULL, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper64.HighBits(), ~0ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper64.LowBits(), 0);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper64 >> 64, max64);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(UInt128(1) << 1, UInt128(2));
+  EXPECT_EQ(UInt128(0) << 0, UInt128(0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(max64 << 0, max64);
+  EXPECT_EQ(max64 >> 0, max64);
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper64 << 0, upper64);
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper64 >> 0, upper64);
+
+  {
+    const UInt128 bit63 = UInt128(1ULL << 62) << 1;
+    EXPECT_EQ(bit63.LowBits(), 1ULL << 63);
+    EXPECT_EQ(bit63.HighBits(), 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    const UInt128 bit64 = UInt128(1ULL << 63) << 1;
+    EXPECT_EQ(bit64.LowBits(), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(bit64.HighBits(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(bit64 >> 1, UInt128(1ULL << 63));
+  }
+
+  {
+    const UInt128 overshift = max64 << 128;
+    EXPECT_EQ(overshift.HighBits(), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(overshift.LowBits(), 0);
+  }
+
+  {
+    const UInt128 overlap = upper64 >> 32;
+    EXPECT_EQ(overlap.HighBits(), 0x00000000FFFFFFFF);
+    EXPECT_EQ(overlap.LowBits(), 0xFFFFFFFF00000000);
+  }
+
+  {
+    const UInt128 overlap = max64 << 32;
+    EXPECT_EQ(overlap.HighBits(), 0x00000000FFFFFFFF);
+    EXPECT_EQ(overlap.LowBits(), 0xFFFFFFFF00000000);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(UInt128, LargeShift) {
+  const UInt128 base(0xFF);
+  EXPECT_EQ(base << 64, UInt128(0xFFULL, 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(base << 72, UInt128(0xFF00ULL, 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(base << 80, UInt128(0xFF0000ULL, 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(base << 88, UInt128(0xFF000000ULL, 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(base << 96, UInt128(0xFF00000000ULL, 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(base << 104, UInt128(0xFF0000000000ULL, 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(base << 112, UInt128(0xFF000000000000ULL, 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(base << 120, UInt128(0xFF00000000000000ULL, 0));
+
+  const UInt128 upper(0xFF00000000000000ULL, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper >> 64, UInt128(0, 0xFF00000000000000ULL));
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper >> 72, UInt128(0, 0xFF000000000000ULL));
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper >> 80, UInt128(0, 0xFF0000000000ULL));
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper >> 88, UInt128(0, 0xFF00000000ULL));
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper >> 96, UInt128(0, 0xFF000000ULL));
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper >> 104, UInt128(0, 0xFF0000ULL));
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper >> 112, UInt128(0, 0xFF00ULL));
+  EXPECT_EQ(upper >> 120, UInt128(0, 0xFFULL));
+}
+
+TEST(UInt128, BooleanOperators) {
+  const UInt128 allOnes(~0ULL, ~0ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(allOnes.HighBits(), ~0ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(allOnes.LowBits(), ~0ULL);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(~allOnes, UInt128(0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(~UInt128(0), allOnes);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(UInt128(0xFFFF00) & UInt128(0x00FFFF), UInt128(0x00FF00));
+  EXPECT_EQ(UInt128(0xFFFF00) | UInt128(0x00FFFF), UInt128(0xFFFFFF));
+  EXPECT_EQ(UInt128(0xFFFF00) ^ UInt128(0x00FFFF), UInt128(0xFF00FF));
+}
+
+TEST(UInt128, Addition) {
+  const UInt128 bit63(1ULL << 63);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(UInt128(1) + 1, UInt128(2));
+  EXPECT_EQ(bit63 + bit63, UInt128(1) << 64);
+
+  const UInt128 carryUp = UInt128(~0ULL) + 1;
+  EXPECT_EQ(carryUp.HighBits(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(carryUp.LowBits(), 0);
+
+  const UInt128 allOnes(~0ULL, ~0ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(allOnes + 1, UInt128(0));
+}
+
+TEST(UInt128, Subtraction) {
+  const UInt128 bit64 = UInt128(1) << 64;
+  EXPECT_EQ(bit64 - 1, UInt128(~0ULL));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(UInt128(1) - 1, UInt128(0));
+
+  const UInt128 allOnes(~0ULL, ~0ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(UInt128(0) - 1, allOnes);
+}
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/base/type_traits.h b/src/base/type_traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..917125d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/type_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_BASE_TYPE_TRAITS_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_BASE_TYPE_TRAITS_H_
+
+#include <iterator>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+namespace details {
+
+// a simple helper class for SFINAE below.
+template<class X = void>
+struct dummy {
+  using type = X;
+};
+
+}  // namespace details
+
+// add some convenience shortcuts for an overly complex std::enable_if syntax
+
+// Use 'enable_if<Predicate,Type>' instead of
+// 'typename std::enable_if<Predicate::value,Type>::type'
+template<class Predicate, class Type = void*>
+using enable_if = typename std::enable_if<Predicate::value, Type>::type;
+
+// Use 'enable_if_c<BooleanFlag,Type>' instead of
+// 'typename std::enable_if<BooleanFlag,Type>::type'
+template<bool predicate, class Type = void*>
+using enable_if_c = typename std::enable_if<predicate, Type>::type;
+
+// Use 'enable_if_convertible<From,To,Type>' instead of
+// 'typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<From,To>::value, Type>::type'
+template<class From, class To, class Type = void*>
+using enable_if_convertible = enable_if<std::is_convertible<From, To>>;
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// A predicate for checking if some object is callable with a specific
+// signature. Examples:
+//
+//     is_callable_as<int, void()>::value == false.
+//     is_callable_as<strcmp, void()>::value == false.
+//     is_callable_as<strcmp, int(const char*, const char*)>::value == true
+//
+template<class F, class Signature, class X = void>
+struct is_callable_as : std::false_type {};
+
+// This specialization is SFINAE-d out if template arguments can't be combined
+// into a call expression F(), or if the result of that call is not |R|
+template<class F, class R, class... Args>
+struct is_callable_as<F, R(Args...),
+                      typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<
+                          typename details::dummy<decltype(std::declval<F>()(
+                              std::declval<Args>()...))>::type,
+                          R>::value>::type> : std::true_type {};
+
+//
+// A similar predicate to only check arguments of the function call and ignore
+// the specified return type
+//
+//  is_callable_as<strcmp, int(const char*, const char*)>::value == true
+//  is_callable_as<strcmp, void(const char*, const char*)>::value == false
+//  is_callable_with_args<strcmp, void(const char*, const char*)>::value == true
+//
+template<class F, class Signature, class X = void>
+struct is_callable_with_args : std::false_type {};
+
+template<class F, class R, class... Args>
+struct is_callable_with_args<
+    F, R(Args...),
+    typename std::enable_if<
+        !std::is_same<typename details::dummy<decltype(
+                          std::declval<F>()(std::declval<Args>()...))>::type,
+                      F>::value>::type> : std::true_type {};
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Check if a type |T| is any instantiation of a template |U|. Examples:
+//
+//    is_template_instantiation_of<int, std::vector>::value == false
+//    is_template_instantiation_of<
+//         std::list<std::vector<int>>, std::vector>::value == false
+//    is_template_instantiation_of<std::vector<int>, std::vector>::value == true
+//    is_template_instantiation_of<
+//         std::vector<std::vector<int>>, std::vector>::value == true
+//
+template<class T, template<class...> class U>
+struct is_template_instantiation_of : std::false_type {};
+
+template<template<class...> class U, class... Args>
+struct is_template_instantiation_of<U<Args...>, U> : std::true_type {};
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//
+// is_range<T> - check if type |T| is a range-like type.
+//
+// It makes sure that expressions std::begin(t) and std::end(t) are well-formed
+// and those return the same type.
+//
+// Note: with expression SFINAE from C++14 is_range_helper<> could be renamed to
+//   is_range<> with no extra code. C++11 needs an extra level of enable_if<>
+//   to make it work when the type isn't a range.
+//
+
+namespace details {
+
+template<class T>
+using is_range_helper = std::is_same<
+    decltype(std::begin(
+        std::declval<typename std::add_lvalue_reference<T>::type>())),
+    decltype(
+        std::end(std::declval<typename std::add_lvalue_reference<T>::type>()))>;
+
+}  // namespace details
+
+template<class T, class = void>
+struct is_range : std::false_type {};
+
+template<class T>
+struct is_range<
+    T, typename std::enable_if<details::is_range_helper<T>::value>::type>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// A class to incapsulate integer sequence 0, 1, ..., <num_args>
+//      Seq<int...>
+// Useful to pass function parameters in an array/tuple to call it later.
+//
+
+template<int...>
+struct Seq {};
+
+// A 'maker' class to construct Seq<int...> given only <num_args>
+//    value.
+//      MakeSeq<N, S...> works this way, e.g.
+//
+//      MakeSeq<2> inherits MakeSeq<2 - 1, 2 - 1> == MakeSeq<1, 1>
+//          MakeSeq<1, 1> : MakeSeq<1 - 1, 1 - 1, 1> == MakeSeq<0, 0, 1>
+//          MakeSeq<0, 0, 1> == MakeSeq<0, S...> and defines |type| = Seq<0, 1>
+
+template<int N, int... S>
+struct MakeSeq : MakeSeq<N - 1, N - 1, S...> {};
+
+template<int... S>
+struct MakeSeq<0, S...> {
+  using type = Seq<S...>;
+};
+
+//
+// MakeSeqT alias to quickly create Seq<...>:
+//      MakeSeqT<3> == Seq<0, 1, 2>
+template<int... S>
+using MakeSeqT = typename MakeSeq<S...>::type;
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_BASE_TYPE_TRAITS_H_
diff --git a/src/base/uint128.h b/src/base/uint128.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..481e4ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/uint128.h
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_BASE_UINT128_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_BASE_UINT128_H_
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+namespace base {
+
+class UInt128 {
+ public:
+  UInt128() = default;
+  UInt128(uint64_t low) : low_(low) { }
+  UInt128(uint64_t high, uint64_t low) : low_(low), high_(high) { }
+  UInt128(const UInt128& other) : low_(other.low_), high_(other.high_) { }
+
+  uint64_t LowBits() const { return low_; }
+  uint64_t HighBits() const { return high_; }
+
+  // Allow explicit casts to uint64_t.
+  explicit operator uint64_t() const { return low_; }
+
+  // Copy operators.
+  UInt128& operator=(const UInt128& other) {
+    high_ = other.high_;
+    low_ = other.low_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Equality operators.
+  bool operator==(const UInt128& other) const {
+    return high_ == other.high_ && low_ == other.low_;
+  }
+
+  bool operator!=(const UInt128& other) const {
+    return high_ != other.high_ || low_ != other.low_;
+  }
+
+  // Shifting.
+  UInt128& operator<<=(int shift) {
+    high_ = shift >= 64 ? (shift >= 128 ? 0 : low_ << (shift - 64))
+                        : high_ << shift;
+
+    if (shift > 0 && shift < 64) {
+      const uint64_t overlappingBits = low_ >> (64 - shift);
+      high_ |= overlappingBits;
+    }
+
+    low_ = shift >= 64 ? 0 : low_ << shift;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  UInt128 operator<<(int shift) const {
+    UInt128 result = *this;
+    result <<= shift;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  UInt128& operator>>=(int shift) {
+    low_ = shift >= 64 ? (shift >= 128 ? 0 : high_ >> (shift - 64))
+                       : low_ >> shift;
+
+    if (shift > 0 && shift < 64) {
+      const uint64_t overlappingBits = high_ << (64 - shift);
+      low_ |= overlappingBits;
+    }
+
+    high_ = shift >= 64 ? 0 : high_ >> shift;
+
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  UInt128 operator>>(int shift) const {
+    UInt128 result = *this;
+    result >>= shift;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // Binary operations.
+  UInt128& operator|=(const UInt128& other) {
+    high_ |= other.high_;
+    low_ |= other.low_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  UInt128 operator|(const UInt128& other) const {
+    UInt128 result = *this;
+    result |= other;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  UInt128& operator&=(const UInt128& other) {
+    high_ &= other.high_;
+    low_ &= other.low_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  UInt128 operator&(const UInt128& other) const {
+    UInt128 result = *this;
+    result &= other;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  UInt128& operator^=(const UInt128& other) {
+    high_ ^= other.high_;
+    low_ ^= other.low_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  UInt128 operator^(const UInt128& other) const {
+    UInt128 result = *this;
+    result ^= other;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  UInt128 operator~() const {
+    UInt128 result = *this;
+    result.high_ = ~high_;
+    result.low_ = ~low_;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // Addition/subtraction.
+  UInt128& operator+=(const UInt128& other) {
+    const uint64_t carry =
+        (((low_ & other.low_) & 1) + (low_ >> 1) + (other.low_ >> 1)) >> 63;
+    high_ += other.high_ + carry;
+    low_ += other.low_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  UInt128 operator+(const UInt128& other) const {
+    UInt128 result = *this;
+    result += other;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  UInt128& operator-=(const UInt128& other) {
+    low_ -= other.low_;
+    const uint64_t carry =
+        (((low_ & other.low_) & 1) + (low_ >> 1) + (other.low_ >> 1)) >> 63;
+    high_ -= other.high_ + carry;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  UInt128 operator-(const UInt128& other) const {
+    UInt128 result = *this;
+    result -= other;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // TODO(google): Different order for little endian.
+  uint64_t low_ = 0;
+  uint64_t high_ = 0;
+};
+
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_BASE_UINT128_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/BUILD.bazel b/src/decoder/BUILD.bazel
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2fded5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/BUILD.bazel
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "footprint",
+    srcs = ["footprint.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["footprint.h"],
+    deps = [
+        "//:api",
+        "//src/base",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "astc_utils",
+    srcs = [
+        "astc_file.cc",
+        "endpoint_codec.cc",
+        "integer_sequence_codec.cc",
+        "intermediate_astc_block.cc",
+        "logical_astc_block.cc",
+        "partition.cc",
+        "physical_astc_block.cc",
+        "quantization.cc",
+        "weight_infill.cc",
+    ],
+    hdrs = [
+        "astc_file.h",
+        "endpoint_codec.h",
+        "integer_sequence_codec.h",
+        "intermediate_astc_block.h",
+        "logical_astc_block.h",
+        "partition.h",
+        "physical_astc_block.h",
+        "quantization.h",
+        "types.h",
+        "weight_infill.h",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":footprint",
+        "//src/base",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "codec",
+    srcs = ["codec.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["codec.h"],
+    deps = [
+        ":astc_utils",
+        ":footprint",
+        "//src/base",
+    ],
+    visibility = ["//:__pkg__"],
+)
+
+cc_binary(
+    name = "astc_inspector_cli",
+    srcs = ["tools/astc_inspector_cli.cc"],
+    deps = [
+        ":astc_utils",
+        "//src/base",
+    ],
+)
+
+################################################################################
+##
+## Testing
+##
+################################################################################
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "test",
+    hdrs = ["test/image_utils.h"],
+    deps = [
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "physical_astc_block_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["test/physical_astc_block_test.cc"],
+    deps = [
+        ":astc_utils",
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "partition_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["test/partition_test.cc"],
+    deps = [
+        ":astc_utils",
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "integer_sequence_codec_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["test/integer_sequence_codec_test.cc"],
+    deps = [
+        ":astc_utils",
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "intermediate_astc_block_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["test/intermediate_astc_block_test.cc"],
+    data = glob([
+        "testdata/checkered_*.astc",
+    ]),
+    deps = [
+        ":astc_utils",
+        ":test",
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "quantization_test",
+    size = "medium",
+    srcs = ["test/quantization_test.cc"],
+    deps = [
+        ":astc_utils",
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "weight_infill_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["test/weight_infill_test.cc"],
+    deps = [
+        ":astc_utils",
+        ":footprint",
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "endpoint_codec_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["test/endpoint_codec_test.cc"],
+    data = [
+        ":testdata/checkerboard.astc",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":astc_utils",
+        ":test",
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "logical_astc_block_test",
+    size = "large",
+    srcs = ["test/logical_astc_block_test.cc"],
+    data = glob([
+        "testdata/atlas_small_*.astc",
+        "testdata/atlas_small_*.bmp",
+        "testdata/footprint_*.astc",
+        "testdata/footprint_*.bmp",
+        "testdata/rgb_*.astc",
+        "testdata/rgb_*.bmp",
+    ]),
+    deps = [
+        ":test",
+        ":astc_utils",
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "codec_test",
+    size = "large",
+    srcs = ["test/codec_test.cc"],
+    data = glob([
+        "testdata/atlas_small_*.astc",
+        "testdata/atlas_small_*.bmp",
+    ]),
+    deps = [
+        ":test",
+        ":codec",
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "footprint_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["test/footprint_test.cc"],
+    deps = [
+        ":footprint",
+        "@gtest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "astc_fuzzer",
+    srcs = ["test/astc_fuzzer.cc"],
+    copts = select({
+        # Clang-only flags.  TODO: Find a better way to detect GCC/clang.
+        "@bazel_tools//src/conditions:darwin_x86_64": [
+            "-fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc-guard,indirect-calls,trace-cmp",
+            "-fsanitize-coverage=bb",
+        ],
+        "@bazel_tools//src/conditions:darwin": [
+            "-fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc-guard,indirect-calls,trace-cmp",
+            "-fsanitize-coverage=bb",
+        ],
+        # GCC-only flags.
+        "//conditions:default": [
+            "-finstrument-functions"
+        ],
+    }),
+    deps = [
+        ":codec",
+        "@honggfuzz//:honggfuzz",
+        "@benchmark//:benchmark",
+    ],
+    linkstatic = 1,
+)
diff --git a/src/decoder/astc_file.cc b/src/decoder/astc_file.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4770064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/astc_file.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/astc_file.h"
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+static constexpr size_t kASTCHeaderSize = 16;
+
+// Reads a value of size T from the buffer at the current offset, then
+// increments the offset.
+template<typename T>
+inline T ReadVal(const char* file_data, size_t& offset) {
+  T x;
+  memcpy(&x, &file_data[offset], sizeof(T));
+  offset += sizeof(T);
+  return x;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+ASTCFile::ASTCFile(Header&& header, std::string&& blocks)
+    : header_(std::move(header)), blocks_(std::move(blocks)) {}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ASTCFile> ASTCFile::LoadFromMemory(const char* data,
+                                                   size_t length,
+                                                   std::string* error) {
+  if (length < kASTCHeaderSize) {
+    *error = "Incomplete header.";
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  base::Optional<Header> header_opt = ParseHeader(data);
+  if (!header_opt) {
+    *error = "Invalid ASTC header.";
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  Header header = header_opt.value();
+
+  if (header.block_width_ == 0 || header.block_height_ == 0) {
+    *error = "Invalid block size.";
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  std::string blocks(data + kASTCHeaderSize, data + length);
+
+  // Check that this file has the expected number of blocks.
+  const size_t expected_block_count =
+      ((header.width_ + header.block_width_ - 1) / header.block_width_) *
+      ((header.height_ + header.block_height_ - 1) / header.block_height_);
+
+  if (blocks.size() % PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes != 0 ||
+      blocks.size() / PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes != expected_block_count) {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    ss << "Unexpected file length " << blocks.size() << " expected "
+       << kASTCHeaderSize +
+              expected_block_count * PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes
+       << " bytes.";
+    *error = ss.str();
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return std::unique_ptr<ASTCFile>(
+      new ASTCFile(std::move(header), std::move(blocks)));
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<ASTCFile> ASTCFile::LoadFile(const std::string& path,
+                                             std::string* error) {
+  std::ifstream is(path, std::ios::binary);
+  if (!is) {
+    *error = "File not found: " + path;
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  char header_data[kASTCHeaderSize] = {};
+  if (!is.read(header_data, kASTCHeaderSize)) {
+    *error = "Failed to load ASTC header.";
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  base::Optional<Header> header_opt = ParseHeader(header_data);
+  if (!header_opt) {
+    *error = "Invalid ASTC header.";
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  Header header = header_opt.value();
+
+  std::string blocks;
+  {
+    std::ostringstream ss;
+    ss << is.rdbuf();
+    blocks = ss.str();
+  }
+
+  // Check that this file has the expected number of blocks.
+  const size_t expected_block_count =
+      ((header.width_ + header.block_width_ - 1) / header.block_width_) *
+      ((header.height_ + header.block_height_ - 1) / header.block_height_);
+
+  if (blocks.size() % PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes != 0 ||
+      blocks.size() / PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes != expected_block_count) {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    ss << "Unexpected file length " << blocks.size() << " expected "
+       << kASTCHeaderSize +
+              expected_block_count * PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes
+       << " bytes.";
+    *error = ss.str();
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return std::unique_ptr<ASTCFile>(
+      new ASTCFile(std::move(header), std::move(blocks)));
+}
+
+base::Optional<Footprint> ASTCFile::GetFootprint() const {
+  return Footprint::FromDimensions(header_.block_width_, header_.block_height_);
+}
+
+std::string ASTCFile::GetFootprintString() const {
+  std::stringstream footprint;
+  footprint << header_.block_width_ << "x" << header_.block_height_;
+  return footprint.str();
+}
+
+const std::string& ASTCFile::GetRawBlockData() const {
+  return blocks_;
+}
+
+PhysicalASTCBlock ASTCFile::GetBlock(size_t block_idx) const {
+  const size_t sz = PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes;
+  const size_t offset = PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes * block_idx;
+  assert(offset <= blocks_.size() - sz);
+  return PhysicalASTCBlock(blocks_.substr(offset, sz));
+}
+
+base::Optional<ASTCFile::Header> ASTCFile::ParseHeader(const char* header) {
+  size_t offset = 0;
+  // TODO(google): Handle endianness.
+  const uint32_t magic = ReadVal<uint32_t>(header, offset);
+  if (magic != 0x5CA1AB13) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  const uint32_t block_width = ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset);
+  const uint32_t block_height = ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset);
+  const uint32_t block_depth = ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset);
+
+  uint32_t width = 0;
+  width |= ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset);
+  width |= ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset) << 8;
+  width |= ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset) << 16;
+
+  uint32_t height = 0;
+  height |= ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset);
+  height |= ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset) << 8;
+  height |= ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset) << 16;
+
+  uint32_t depth = 0;
+  depth |= ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset);
+  depth |= ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset) << 8;
+  depth |= ReadVal<uint8_t>(header, offset) << 16;
+  assert(offset == kASTCHeaderSize);
+
+  return Header(width, height, depth, block_width, block_height, block_depth);
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/astc_file.h b/src/decoder/astc_file.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c31c2ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/astc_file.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_ASTC_FILE_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_ASTC_FILE_H_
+
+#include "src/base/optional.h"
+#include "src/decoder/footprint.h"
+#include "src/decoder/physical_astc_block.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// A thin wrapper around a .astc file on disk. This class simply reads the ASTC
+// header, and stores the block data in memory.
+class ASTCFile {
+ private:
+  struct Header {
+    Header(size_t width, size_t height, size_t depth, size_t block_width,
+           size_t block_height, size_t block_depth)
+        : width_(width),
+          height_(height),
+          depth_(depth),
+          block_width_(block_width),
+          block_height_(block_height),
+          block_depth_(block_depth) {}
+
+    size_t width_;
+    size_t height_;
+    size_t depth_;
+
+    size_t block_width_;
+    size_t block_height_;
+    size_t block_depth_;
+  };
+
+  ASTCFile(ASTCFile::Header&& header, std::string&& blocks);
+
+ public:
+  // Load an ASTC file from memory.
+  // If loading failed, nullptr is returned and an error string is populated
+  // in the error parameter.
+  static std::unique_ptr<ASTCFile> LoadFromMemory(const char* data,
+                                                  size_t length,
+                                                  std::string* error);
+
+  // Load an ASTC file from file.
+  // If loading failed, nullptr is returned and an error string is populated
+  // in the error parameter.
+  static std::unique_ptr<ASTCFile> LoadFile(const std::string& path,
+                                            std::string* error);
+
+  // Returns the footprint for the file, if it is considered to be a valid
+  // footprint.
+  base::Optional<Footprint> GetFootprint() const;
+
+  // Returns the string of the form "NxM" where N and M are the width and height
+  // of the block footprint, respectively.
+  std::string GetFootprintString() const;
+
+  // Get the raw block data for the astc file.
+  const std::string& GetRawBlockData() const;
+
+  // Returns the physical block at the associated block index.
+  PhysicalASTCBlock GetBlock(size_t block_idx) const;
+
+  size_t GetWidth() const { return header_.width_; }
+  size_t GetHeight() const { return header_.height_; }
+  size_t GetDepth() const { return header_.depth_; }
+
+  size_t NumBlocks() const {
+    return blocks_.size() / PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static base::Optional<ASTCFile::Header> ParseHeader(const char* header);
+
+  const Header header_;
+  const std::string blocks_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_ASTC_FILE_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/codec.cc b/src/decoder/codec.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0f8c07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/codec.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/codec.h"
+#include "src/base/uint128.h"
+#include "src/decoder/logical_astc_block.h"
+#include "src/decoder/physical_astc_block.h"
+
+#include <cstring>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+static constexpr size_t kBytesPerPixelUNORM8 = 4;
+}
+
+bool DecompressToImage(const uint8_t* astc_data, size_t astc_data_size,
+                       size_t width, size_t height, Footprint footprint,
+                       uint8_t* out_buffer, size_t out_buffer_size,
+                       size_t out_buffer_stride) {
+  const size_t block_width = footprint.Width();
+  const size_t block_height = footprint.Height();
+  assert(block_width != 0);
+  assert(block_height != 0);
+
+  if (width == 0 || height == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const size_t blocks_wide = (width + block_width - 1) / block_width;
+  assert(blocks_wide != 0);
+
+  // Check that this buffer has the expected number of blocks.
+  const size_t expected_block_count =
+      ((width + block_width - 1) / block_width) *
+      ((height + block_height - 1) / block_height);
+
+  if (astc_data_size % PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes != 0 ||
+      astc_data_size / PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes !=
+          expected_block_count) {
+    // TODO(google): Expose error?
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (kBytesPerPixelUNORM8 * width > out_buffer_stride ||
+      out_buffer_stride * height < out_buffer_size) {
+    // Output buffer too small.
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  base::UInt128 block;
+  static_assert(sizeof(block) == PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes,
+                "Block size mismatch");
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < astc_data_size; i += PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes) {
+    const size_t block_index = i / PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes;
+    const size_t block_x = block_index % blocks_wide;
+    const size_t block_y = block_index / blocks_wide;
+    memcpy(&block, astc_data + i, sizeof(block));
+
+    PhysicalASTCBlock physical_block(block);
+    auto lb = UnpackLogicalBlock(footprint, physical_block);
+    if (!lb) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    LogicalASTCBlock logical_block = lb.value();
+
+    for (size_t y = 0; y < block_height; ++y) {
+      const size_t py = block_height * block_y + y;
+      uint8_t* out_row = out_buffer + py * out_buffer_stride;
+
+      for (size_t x = 0; x < block_width; ++x) {
+        const size_t px = block_width * block_x + x;
+
+        // Skip out of bounds.
+        if (px >= width || py >= height) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        uint8_t* pixel = out_row + px * kBytesPerPixelUNORM8;
+        const RgbaColor decoded_color = logical_block.ColorAt(x, y);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < kBytesPerPixelUNORM8; ++i) {
+          pixel[i] = static_cast<uint8_t>(decoded_color[i]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool DecompressToImage(const ASTCFile& file, uint8_t* out_buffer,
+                       size_t out_buffer_size, size_t out_buffer_stride) {
+  base::Optional<Footprint> footprint = file.GetFootprint();
+  if (!footprint) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return DecompressToImage(
+      reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(file.GetRawBlockData().c_str()),
+      file.GetRawBlockData().size(), file.GetWidth(), file.GetHeight(),
+      footprint.value(), out_buffer, out_buffer_size, out_buffer_stride);
+}
+
+bool ASTCDecompressToRGBA(const uint8_t* astc_data, size_t astc_data_size,
+                          size_t width, size_t height, FootprintType footprint,
+                          uint8_t* out_buffer, size_t out_buffer_size,
+                          size_t out_buffer_stride) {
+  base::Optional<Footprint> footprint_opt =
+      Footprint::FromFootprintType(footprint);
+  if (!footprint_opt) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return DecompressToImage(astc_data, astc_data_size, width, height,
+                           footprint_opt.value(), out_buffer, out_buffer_size,
+                           out_buffer_stride);
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/codec.h b/src/decoder/codec.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eed601a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/codec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_CODEC_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_CODEC_H_
+
+#include "src/decoder/astc_file.h"
+#include "src/decoder/footprint.h"
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// Decompresses ASTC blocks to an image buffer.
+// Returns true if the decompression succeeded and the out buffer has been
+// filled.
+bool DecompressToImage(const uint8_t* astc_data, size_t astc_data_size,
+                       size_t width, size_t height, Footprint footprint,
+                       uint8_t* out_buffer, size_t out_buffer_size,
+                       size_t out_buffer_stride);
+
+// Decompresses an ASTC file to an image buffer.
+// Returns true if the decompression succeeded and the out buffer has been
+// filled.
+bool DecompressToImage(const ASTCFile& file, uint8_t* out_buffer,
+                       size_t out_buffer_size, size_t out_buffer_stride);
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_CODEC_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/endpoint_codec.cc b/src/decoder/endpoint_codec.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1513d15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/endpoint_codec.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,967 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/endpoint_codec.h"
+#include "src/decoder/quantization.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+template<typename T>
+T Clamp(T value, T min, T max) {
+  return value < min ? min : (value > max ? max : value);
+}
+
+// This is the 'blue_contract' function defined in Section C.2.14 of the ASTC
+// specification.
+template<typename ArrayType>
+void BlueContract(ArrayType* const cptr) {
+  ArrayType& c = *cptr;
+  c[0] = (c[0] + c[2]) >> 1;
+  c[1] = (c[1] + c[2]) >> 1;
+}
+
+// Returns the inverse of values in BlueContract, subjected to the constraint
+// that the new values are stored in the range [0, 255].
+template<typename ArrayType>
+ArrayType InvertBlueContract(const ArrayType& c) {
+  ArrayType result = c;
+  result[0] = Clamp(2 * c[0] - c[2], 0, 255);
+  result[1] = Clamp(2 * c[1] - c[2], 0, 255);
+  return result;
+}
+
+// This is the 'bit_transfer_signed' function defined in Section C.2.14 of the
+// ASTC specification.
+void BitTransferSigned(int* const a, int* const b) {
+  *b >>= 1;
+  *b |= *a & 0x80;
+  *a >>= 1;
+  *a &= 0x3F;
+  if ((*a & 0x20) != 0) {
+    *a -= 0x40;
+  }
+}
+
+// Takes two values, |a| in the range [-32, 31], and |b| in the range [0, 255],
+// and returns the two values in [0, 255] that will reconstruct |a| and |b| when
+// passed to the BitTransferSigned function.
+void InvertBitTransferSigned(int* const a, int* const b) {
+  assert(*a >= -32); assert(*a < 32);
+  assert(*b >= 0);   assert(*b < 256);
+
+  if (*a < 0) {
+    *a += 0x40;
+  }
+  *a <<= 1;
+  *a |= (*b & 0x80);
+  *b <<= 1;
+  *b &= 0xff;
+}
+
+RgbColor StripAlpha(const RgbaColor& c) {
+  return RgbColor {{ c[0], c[1], c[2] }};
+}
+
+template<typename ContainerType>
+void Quantize(ContainerType* const c, size_t max_value) {
+  for (auto& x : *c) {
+    x = QuantizeCEValueToRange(x, max_value);
+  }
+}
+
+template<typename ArrayType>
+ArrayType QuantizeColor(const ArrayType& c, size_t max_value) {
+  ArrayType result = c;
+  Quantize(&result, max_value);
+  return result;
+}
+
+template<typename ContainerType>
+void Unquantize(ContainerType* const c, size_t max_value) {
+  for (auto& x : *c) {
+    x = UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(x, max_value);
+  }
+}
+
+template<typename ArrayType>
+ArrayType UnquantizeColor(const ArrayType& c, size_t max_value) {
+  ArrayType result = c;
+  Unquantize(&result, max_value);
+  return result;
+}
+
+// Returns the average of the three RGB channels.
+template<typename ContainerType>
+const int AverageRGB(const ContainerType& c) {
+  // Each channel can be in the range [0, 255], and we need to divide by three.
+  // However, we want to round the error properly. Both (x + 1) / 3 and
+  // (x + 2) / 3 are relatively imprecise when it comes to rounding, so instead
+  // we increase the precision by multiplying our numerator by some arbitrary
+  // number. Here, we choose 256 to get 8 additional bits and maintain
+  // performance since it turns into a shift rather than a multiply. Our
+  // denominator then becomes  3 * 256 = 768.
+  return (std::accumulate(c.begin(), c.begin() + 3, 0) * 256 + 384) / 768;
+}
+
+// Returns the sum of squared differences between each element of |a| and |b|,
+// which are assumed to contain the same number of elements.
+template<typename ContainerType>
+const typename ContainerType::value_type SquaredError(
+    const ContainerType& a, const ContainerType& b,
+    size_t num_channels = std::tuple_size<ContainerType>::value) {
+  using ValueTy = typename ContainerType::value_type;
+  static_assert(std::is_signed<ValueTy>::value,
+                "Value type assumed to be signed to avoid branch below.");
+  ValueTy result = ValueTy(0);
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_channels; ++i) {
+    ValueTy error = a[i] - b[i];
+    result += error * error;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+constexpr int MaxValuesForModes(ColorEndpointMode mode_a,
+                                ColorEndpointMode mode_b) {
+  return (NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(mode_a) >
+          NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(mode_b))
+      ? NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(mode_a)
+      : NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(mode_b);
+}
+
+// This function takes the two colors in |endpoint_low| and |endpoint_high| and
+// encodes them into |vals| according to the ASTC spec in section C.2.14. It
+// assumes that the two colors are close enough to grayscale that the encoding
+// should use the ColorEndpointMode kLDRLumaBaseOffset or kLDRLumaDirect. Which
+// one is chosen depends on which produces smaller error for the given
+// quantization value stored in |max_value|
+bool EncodeColorsLuma(const RgbaColor& endpoint_low,
+                      const RgbaColor& endpoint_high,
+                      int max_value, ColorEndpointMode* const astc_mode,
+                      std::vector<int>* const vals) {
+  assert(vals->size() ==
+         NumValuesForEncodingMode(EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectLuma));
+  int avg1 = AverageRGB(endpoint_low);
+  int avg2 = AverageRGB(endpoint_high);
+
+  // For the offset mode, L1 is strictly greater than L2, so if we are using
+  // it to encode the color values, we need to swap the weights and
+  // endpoints so that the larger of the two is the second endpoint.
+  bool needs_weight_swap = false;
+  if (avg1 > avg2) {
+    needs_weight_swap = true;
+    std::swap(avg1, avg2);
+  }
+  assert(avg1 <= avg2);
+
+  // Now, the first endpoint is based on the low-order six bits of the first
+  // value, and the high order two bits of the second value. The low order
+  // six bits of the second value are used as the (strictly positive) offset
+  // from the first value.
+  const int offset = std::min(avg2 - avg1, 0x3F);
+  const int quant_off_low =
+      QuantizeCEValueToRange((avg1 & 0x3F) << 2, max_value);
+  const int quant_off_high =
+      QuantizeCEValueToRange((avg1 & 0xC0) | offset, max_value);
+
+  const int quant_low = QuantizeCEValueToRange(avg1, max_value);
+  const int quant_high = QuantizeCEValueToRange(avg2, max_value);
+
+  RgbaColor unquant_off_low, unquant_off_high;
+  RgbaColor unquant_low, unquant_high;
+
+  (*vals)[0] = quant_off_low;
+  (*vals)[1] = quant_off_high;
+  DecodeColorsForMode(
+      *vals, max_value, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaBaseOffset,
+      &unquant_off_low, &unquant_off_high);
+
+  (*vals)[0] = quant_low;
+  (*vals)[1] = quant_high;
+  DecodeColorsForMode(*vals, max_value, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaDirect,
+                      &unquant_low, &unquant_high);
+
+  const auto calculate_error =
+      [needs_weight_swap, &endpoint_low, &endpoint_high]
+      (const RgbaColor& low, const RgbaColor& high) {
+    int error = 0;
+    if (needs_weight_swap) {
+      error += SquaredError(low, endpoint_high);
+      error += SquaredError(high, endpoint_low);
+    } else {
+      error += SquaredError(low, endpoint_low);
+      error += SquaredError(high, endpoint_high);
+    }
+    return error;
+  };
+
+  const int direct_error = calculate_error(unquant_low, unquant_high);
+  const int off_error = calculate_error(unquant_off_low, unquant_off_high);
+
+  if (direct_error <= off_error) {
+    (*vals)[0] = quant_low;
+    (*vals)[1] = quant_high;
+    *astc_mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaDirect;
+  } else {
+    (*vals)[0] = quant_off_low;
+    (*vals)[1] = quant_off_high;
+    *astc_mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaBaseOffset;
+  }
+
+  return needs_weight_swap;
+}
+
+class QuantizedEndpointPair {
+ public:
+  QuantizedEndpointPair(const RgbaColor& c_low, const RgbaColor& c_high,
+                        int max_value)
+      : orig_low_(c_low),
+        orig_high_(c_high),
+        quant_low_(QuantizeColor(c_low, max_value)),
+        quant_high_(QuantizeColor(c_high, max_value)),
+        unquant_low_(UnquantizeColor(quant_low_, max_value)),
+        unquant_high_(UnquantizeColor(quant_high_, max_value)) { }
+
+  const RgbaColor& QuantizedLow() const { return quant_low_; }
+  const RgbaColor& QuantizedHigh() const { return quant_high_; }
+
+  const RgbaColor& UnquantizedLow() const { return unquant_low_; }
+  const RgbaColor& UnquantizedHigh() const { return unquant_high_; }
+
+  const RgbaColor& OriginalLow() const { return orig_low_; }
+  const RgbaColor& OriginalHigh() const { return orig_high_; }
+
+ private:
+  RgbaColor orig_low_;
+  RgbaColor orig_high_;
+
+  RgbaColor quant_low_;
+  RgbaColor quant_high_;
+
+  RgbaColor unquant_low_;
+  RgbaColor unquant_high_;
+};
+
+class CEEncodingOption {
+ public:
+  CEEncodingOption() { }
+  CEEncodingOption(
+      int squared_error, const QuantizedEndpointPair* quantized_endpoints,
+      bool swap_endpoints, bool blue_contract, bool use_offset_mode)
+      : squared_error_(squared_error),
+        quantized_endpoints_(quantized_endpoints),
+        swap_endpoints_(swap_endpoints),
+        blue_contract_(blue_contract),
+        use_offset_mode_(use_offset_mode) { }
+
+  // Returns true if able to generate valid |astc_mode| and |vals|. In some
+  // instances, such as if the endpoints reprsent a base/offset pair, we may not
+  // be able to guarantee blue-contract encoding due to how the base/offset pair
+  // are represented and the specifics of the decoding procedure. Similarly,
+  // some direct RGBA encodings also may not be able to emit blue-contract modes
+  // due to an unlucky combination of channels. In these instances, this
+  // function will return false, and all pointers will remain unmodified.
+  bool Pack(bool with_alpha, ColorEndpointMode* const astc_mode,
+            std::vector<int>* const vals, bool* const needs_weight_swap) const {
+    auto unquantized_low = quantized_endpoints_->UnquantizedLow();
+    auto unquantized_high = quantized_endpoints_->UnquantizedHigh();
+
+    // In offset mode, we do BitTransferSigned before analyzing the values
+    // of the endpoints in order to determine whether or not we're going to
+    // be using blue-contract mode.
+    if (use_offset_mode_) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < std::tuple_size<RgbaColor>::value; ++i) {
+        BitTransferSigned(&unquantized_high[i], &unquantized_low[i]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Define variables as outlined in the ASTC spec C.2.14 for the RGB[A]
+    // direct and base-offset modes
+    int s0 = 0, s1 = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+      s0 += unquantized_low[i];
+      s1 += unquantized_high[i];
+    }
+
+    // Can we guarantee a blue-contract mode if we want it? In other words,
+    // if we swap which endpoint is high and which endpoint is low, can we
+    // guarantee that we will hit the corresponding decode path?
+    bool swap_vals = false;
+    if (use_offset_mode_) {
+      if (blue_contract_) {
+        swap_vals = s1 >= 0;
+      } else {
+        swap_vals = s1 < 0;
+      }
+
+      // In offset mode, we have two different measurements that swap the
+      // endpoints prior to encoding, so we don't need to swap them here.
+      // If we need to swap them to guarantee a blue-contract mode, then
+      // abort and wait until we get the other error measurement.
+      if (swap_vals) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (blue_contract_) {
+        // If we want a blue_contract path, but s1 == s0, then swapping the
+        // values will have no effect.
+        if (s1 == s0) {
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        swap_vals = s1 > s0;
+        // If we're encoding blue contract mode directly, then we implicitly
+        // swap the endpoints during decode, meaning that we need to take
+        // note of that here.
+        *needs_weight_swap = !(*needs_weight_swap);
+      } else {
+        swap_vals = s1 < s0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const auto* quantized_low = &(quantized_endpoints_->QuantizedLow());
+    const auto* quantized_high = &(quantized_endpoints_->QuantizedHigh());
+
+    if (swap_vals) {
+      assert(!use_offset_mode_);
+      std::swap(quantized_low, quantized_high);
+      *needs_weight_swap = !(*needs_weight_swap);
+    }
+
+    (*vals)[0] = quantized_low->at(0);
+    (*vals)[1] = quantized_high->at(0);
+    (*vals)[2] = quantized_low->at(1);
+    (*vals)[3] = quantized_high->at(1);
+    (*vals)[4] = quantized_low->at(2);
+    (*vals)[5] = quantized_high->at(2);
+
+    if (use_offset_mode_) {
+      *astc_mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseOffset;
+    } else {
+      *astc_mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBDirect;
+    }
+
+    if (with_alpha) {
+      (*vals)[6] = quantized_low->at(3);
+      (*vals)[7] = quantized_high->at(3);
+
+      if (use_offset_mode_) {
+        *astc_mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBABaseOffset;
+      } else {
+        *astc_mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBADirect;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If we swapped them to measure, then they need to be swapped after
+    // decoding
+    if (swap_endpoints_) {
+      *needs_weight_swap = !(*needs_weight_swap);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool BlueContract() const { return blue_contract_; }
+  int Error() const { return squared_error_; }
+
+ private:
+  int squared_error_;
+  const QuantizedEndpointPair* quantized_endpoints_;
+  bool swap_endpoints_;
+  bool blue_contract_;
+  bool use_offset_mode_;
+};
+
+bool EncodeColorsRGBA(const RgbaColor& endpoint_low_rgba,
+                      const RgbaColor& endpoint_high_rgba,
+                      int max_value, bool with_alpha,
+                      ColorEndpointMode* const astc_mode,
+                      std::vector<int>* const vals) {
+  const int num_channels = with_alpha ? std::tuple_size<RgbaColor>::value : 3;
+  // The difficulty of encoding into this mode is determining whether or
+  // not we'd like to use the 'blue contract' function to reconstruct
+  // the endpoints and whether or not we'll be more accurate by using the
+  // base/offset color modes instead of quantizing the color channels
+  // directly. With that in mind, we:
+  // 1. Generate the inverted values for blue-contract and offset modes.
+  // 2. Quantize all of the different endpoints.
+  // 3. Unquantize each sets and decide which one gives least error
+  // 4. Encode the values correspondingly.
+
+  // 1. Generate the inverted values for blue-contract and offset modes.
+  const auto inv_bc_low = InvertBlueContract(endpoint_low_rgba);
+  const auto inv_bc_high = InvertBlueContract(endpoint_high_rgba);
+
+  RgbaColor direct_base, direct_offset;
+  for (int i = 0; i < std::tuple_size<RgbaColor>::value; ++i) {
+    direct_base[i] = endpoint_low_rgba[i];
+    direct_offset[i] =
+        Clamp(endpoint_high_rgba[i] - endpoint_low_rgba[i], -32, 31);
+    InvertBitTransferSigned(&direct_offset[i], &direct_base[i]);
+  }
+
+  RgbaColor inv_bc_base, inv_bc_offset;
+  for (int i = 0; i < std::tuple_size<RgbaColor>::value; ++i) {
+    // Remember, for blue-contract'd offset modes, the base is compared
+    // against the second endpoint and not the first.
+    inv_bc_base[i] = inv_bc_high[i];
+    inv_bc_offset[i] = Clamp(inv_bc_low[i] - inv_bc_high[i], -32, 31);
+    InvertBitTransferSigned(&inv_bc_offset[i], &inv_bc_base[i]);
+  }
+
+  // The order of the endpoints for offset modes may determine how well they
+  // approximate the given endpoints. It may be that the quantization value
+  // produces more accurate values for the base than the offset or
+  // vice/versa. For this reason, we need to generate quantized versions of
+  // the endpoints as if they were swapped to see if we get better error
+  // out of it.
+
+  RgbaColor direct_base_swapped, direct_offset_swapped;
+  for (int i = 0; i < std::tuple_size<RgbaColor>::value; ++i) {
+    direct_base_swapped[i] = endpoint_high_rgba[i];
+    direct_offset_swapped[i] =
+        Clamp(endpoint_low_rgba[i] - endpoint_high_rgba[i], -32, 31);
+    InvertBitTransferSigned(&direct_offset_swapped[i], &direct_base_swapped[i]);
+  }
+
+  RgbaColor inv_bc_base_swapped, inv_bc_offset_swapped;
+  for (int i = 0; i < std::tuple_size<RgbaColor>::value; ++i) {
+    // Remember, for blue-contract'd offset modes, the base is compared
+    // against the second endpoint and not the first. Hence, the swapped
+    // version will compare the base against the first endpoint.
+    inv_bc_base_swapped[i] = inv_bc_low[i];
+    inv_bc_offset_swapped[i] = Clamp(inv_bc_high[i] - inv_bc_low[i], -32, 31);
+    InvertBitTransferSigned(&inv_bc_offset_swapped[i], &inv_bc_base_swapped[i]);
+  }
+
+  // 2. Quantize the endpoints directly.
+  const QuantizedEndpointPair direct_quantized(
+      endpoint_low_rgba, endpoint_high_rgba, max_value);
+  const QuantizedEndpointPair bc_quantized(
+      inv_bc_low, inv_bc_high, max_value);
+
+  const QuantizedEndpointPair offset_quantized(
+      direct_base, direct_offset, max_value);
+  const QuantizedEndpointPair bc_offset_quantized(
+      inv_bc_base, inv_bc_offset, max_value);
+
+  const QuantizedEndpointPair offset_swapped_quantized(
+      direct_base_swapped, direct_offset_swapped, max_value);
+  const QuantizedEndpointPair bc_offset_swapped_quantized(
+      inv_bc_base_swapped, inv_bc_offset_swapped, max_value);
+
+  // 3. Unquantize each set and decide which one gives least error.
+  std::array<CEEncodingOption, 6> errors;
+  auto errors_itr = errors.begin();
+
+  // 3.1 regular unquantized error
+  {
+    const auto rgba_low = direct_quantized.UnquantizedLow();
+    const auto rgba_high = direct_quantized.UnquantizedHigh();
+
+    const int sq_rgb_error =
+        SquaredError(rgba_low, endpoint_low_rgba, num_channels) +
+        SquaredError(rgba_high, endpoint_high_rgba, num_channels);
+
+    const bool swap_endpoints = false;
+    const bool blue_contract = false;
+    const bool offset_mode = false;
+    *(errors_itr++) = CEEncodingOption(
+        sq_rgb_error, &direct_quantized,
+        swap_endpoints, blue_contract, offset_mode);
+  }
+
+  // 3.2 Compute blue-contract'd error.
+  {
+    auto bc_low = bc_quantized.UnquantizedLow();
+    auto bc_high = bc_quantized.UnquantizedHigh();
+    BlueContract(&bc_low);
+    BlueContract(&bc_high);
+
+    const int sq_bc_error =
+        SquaredError(bc_low, endpoint_low_rgba, num_channels) +
+        SquaredError(bc_high, endpoint_high_rgba, num_channels);
+
+    const bool swap_endpoints = false;
+    const bool blue_contract = true;
+    const bool offset_mode = false;
+    *(errors_itr++) = CEEncodingOption(
+        sq_bc_error, &bc_quantized,
+        swap_endpoints, blue_contract, offset_mode);
+  }
+
+  // 3.3 Compute base/offset unquantized error.
+  const auto compute_base_offset_error =
+      [num_channels, &errors_itr, &endpoint_low_rgba, &endpoint_high_rgba]
+      (const QuantizedEndpointPair& pair, bool swapped) {
+    auto base = pair.UnquantizedLow();
+    auto offset = pair.UnquantizedHigh();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_channels; ++i) {
+      BitTransferSigned(&offset[i], &base[i]);
+      offset[i] = Clamp(base[i] + offset[i], 0, 255);
+    }
+
+    int base_offset_error = 0;
+    // If we swapped the endpoints going in, then without blue contract
+    // we should be comparing the base against the high endpoint.
+    if (swapped) {
+      base_offset_error =
+          SquaredError(base, endpoint_high_rgba, num_channels) +
+          SquaredError(offset, endpoint_low_rgba, num_channels);
+    } else {
+      base_offset_error =
+          SquaredError(base, endpoint_low_rgba, num_channels) +
+          SquaredError(offset, endpoint_high_rgba, num_channels);
+    }
+
+    const bool blue_contract = false;
+    const bool offset_mode = true;
+    *(errors_itr++) = CEEncodingOption(
+        base_offset_error, &pair, swapped, blue_contract, offset_mode);
+  };
+
+  compute_base_offset_error(offset_quantized, false);
+
+  // 3.4 Compute base/offset blue-contract error.
+  const auto compute_base_offset_blue_contract_error =
+      [num_channels, &errors_itr, &endpoint_low_rgba, &endpoint_high_rgba]
+      (const QuantizedEndpointPair& pair, bool swapped) {
+    auto base = pair.UnquantizedLow();
+    auto offset = pair.UnquantizedHigh();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_channels; ++i) {
+      BitTransferSigned(&offset[i], &base[i]);
+      offset[i] = Clamp(base[i] + offset[i], 0, 255);
+    }
+
+    BlueContract(&base);
+    BlueContract(&offset);
+
+    int sq_bc_error = 0;
+    // Remember, for blue-contract'd offset modes, the base is compared
+    // against the second endpoint and not the first. So, we compare
+    // against the first if we swapped the endpoints going in.
+    if (swapped) {
+      sq_bc_error =
+          SquaredError(base, endpoint_low_rgba, num_channels) +
+          SquaredError(offset, endpoint_high_rgba, num_channels);
+    } else {
+      sq_bc_error =
+          SquaredError(base, endpoint_high_rgba, num_channels) +
+          SquaredError(offset, endpoint_low_rgba, num_channels);
+    }
+
+    const bool blue_contract = true;
+    const bool offset_mode = true;
+    *(errors_itr++) = CEEncodingOption(sq_bc_error, &pair,
+                                       swapped, blue_contract, offset_mode);
+  };
+
+  compute_base_offset_blue_contract_error(bc_offset_quantized, false);
+
+  // 3.5 Compute swapped base/offset error.
+  compute_base_offset_error(offset_swapped_quantized, true);
+
+  // 3.6 Compute swapped base/offset blue-contract error.
+  compute_base_offset_blue_contract_error(
+      bc_offset_swapped_quantized, true);
+
+  std::sort(errors.begin(), errors.end(),
+            [](const CEEncodingOption& a, const CEEncodingOption& b) {
+              return a.Error() < b.Error();
+            });
+
+  // 4. Encode the values correspondingly.
+  // For this part, we go through each measurement in order of increasing
+  // error. Based on the properties of each measurement, we decide how to
+  // best encode the quantized endpoints that produced that error value. If
+  // for some reason we cannot encode that metric, then we skip it and move
+  // to the next one.
+  for (const auto& measurement : errors) {
+    bool needs_weight_swap = false;
+    if (measurement.Pack(with_alpha, astc_mode, vals, &needs_weight_swap)) {
+      // Make sure that if we ask for a blue-contract mode that we get it *and*
+      // if we don't ask for it then we don't get it.
+      assert(!(measurement.BlueContract() ^
+               UsesBlueContract(max_value, *astc_mode, *vals)));
+
+      // We encoded what we got.
+      return needs_weight_swap;
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert(false && "Shouldn't have reached this point -- some combination of "
+                  "endpoints should be possible to encode!");
+  return false;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+bool UsesBlueContract(int max_value, ColorEndpointMode mode,
+                      const std::vector<int>& vals) {
+  assert(vals.size() >= NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(mode));
+
+  switch (mode) {
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBDirect:
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBADirect: {
+      constexpr int kNumVals = MaxValuesForModes(
+          ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBDirect, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBADirect);
+      std::array<int, kNumVals> v {};
+      std::copy(vals.begin(), vals.end(), v.begin());
+      Unquantize(&v, max_value);
+
+      const int s0 = v[0] + v[2] + v[4];
+      const int s1 = v[1] + v[3] + v[5];
+
+      return s0 > s1;
+    }
+
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseOffset:
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBABaseOffset: {
+      constexpr int kNumVals = MaxValuesForModes(
+          ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseOffset,
+          ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBABaseOffset);
+      std::array<int, kNumVals> v {};
+      std::copy(vals.begin(), vals.end(), v.begin());
+      Unquantize(&v, max_value);
+
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[1], &v[0]);
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[3], &v[2]);
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[5], &v[4]);
+
+      return v[1] + v[3] + v[5] < 0;
+    }
+
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+bool EncodeColorsForMode(
+    const RgbaColor& endpoint_low_rgba, const RgbaColor& endpoint_high_rgba,
+    int max_value, EndpointEncodingMode encoding_mode,
+    ColorEndpointMode* const astc_mode, std::vector<int>* const vals) {
+  bool needs_weight_swap = false;
+  vals->resize(NumValuesForEncodingMode(encoding_mode));
+
+  switch (encoding_mode) {
+    case EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectLuma:
+      return EncodeColorsLuma(
+          endpoint_low_rgba, endpoint_high_rgba, max_value, astc_mode, vals);
+
+    case EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectLumaAlpha: {
+      // TODO(google): See if luma-alpha base-offset is better
+      const int avg1 = AverageRGB(endpoint_low_rgba);
+      const int avg2 = AverageRGB(endpoint_high_rgba);
+
+      (*vals)[0] = QuantizeCEValueToRange(avg1, max_value);
+      (*vals)[1] = QuantizeCEValueToRange(avg2, max_value);
+      (*vals)[2] = QuantizeCEValueToRange(endpoint_low_rgba[3], max_value);
+      (*vals)[3] = QuantizeCEValueToRange(endpoint_high_rgba[3], max_value);
+      *astc_mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaAlphaDirect;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case EndpointEncodingMode::kBaseScaleRGB:
+    case EndpointEncodingMode::kBaseScaleRGBA: {
+      RgbaColor base = endpoint_high_rgba;
+      RgbaColor scaled = endpoint_low_rgba;
+
+      // Similar to luma base-offset, the scaled value is strictly less than
+      // the base value here according to the decode procedure. In this case,
+      // if the base is larger than the scale then we need to swap.
+      int num_channels_ge = 0;
+      for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+        num_channels_ge +=
+            static_cast<int>(endpoint_high_rgba[i] >= endpoint_low_rgba[i]);
+      }
+
+      if (num_channels_ge < 2) {
+        needs_weight_swap = true;
+        std::swap(base, scaled);
+      }
+
+      // Since the second endpoint is just a direct copy of the RGB values, we
+      // can start by quantizing them.
+      const auto q_base = QuantizeColor(base, max_value);
+      const auto uq_base = UnquantizeColor(q_base, max_value);
+
+      // The first endpoint (scaled) is defined by piecewise multiplying the
+      // second endpoint (base) by the scale factor and then dividing by 256.
+      // This means that the inverse operation is to first piecewise multiply
+      // the first endpoint by 256 and then divide by the unquantized second
+      // endpoint. We take the average of each of each of these scale values as
+      // our final scale value.
+      // TODO(google): Is this the best way to determine the scale factor?
+      int num_samples = 0;
+      int scale_sum = 0;
+      for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+        int x = uq_base[i];
+        if (x != 0) {
+          ++num_samples;
+          scale_sum += (scaled[i] * 256) / x;
+        }
+      }
+
+      (*vals)[0] = q_base[0];
+      (*vals)[1] = q_base[1];
+      (*vals)[2] = q_base[2];
+      if (num_samples > 0) {
+        const int avg_scale = Clamp(scale_sum / num_samples, 0, 255);
+        (*vals)[3] = QuantizeCEValueToRange(avg_scale, max_value);
+      } else {
+        // In this case, all of the base values are zero, so we can use whatever
+        // we want as the scale -- it won't affect the outcome.
+        (*vals)[3] = max_value;
+      }
+      *astc_mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseScale;
+
+      if (encoding_mode == EndpointEncodingMode::kBaseScaleRGBA) {
+        (*vals)[4] = QuantizeCEValueToRange(scaled[3], max_value);
+        (*vals)[5] = QuantizeCEValueToRange(base[3], max_value);
+        *astc_mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseScaleTwoA;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectRGB:
+    case EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectRGBA:
+      return EncodeColorsRGBA(
+          endpoint_low_rgba, endpoint_high_rgba, max_value,
+          encoding_mode == EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectRGBA, astc_mode, vals);
+
+    default:
+      assert(false && "Unimplemented color encoding.");
+  }
+
+  return needs_weight_swap;
+}
+
+// These decoding procedures follow the code outlined in Section C.2.14 of
+// the ASTC specification.
+void DecodeColorsForMode(const std::vector<int>& vals,
+                         int max_value, ColorEndpointMode mode,
+                         RgbaColor* const endpoint_low_rgba,
+                         RgbaColor* const endpoint_high_rgba) {
+  assert(vals.size() >= NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(mode));
+  switch (mode) {
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaDirect: {
+      const int l0 = UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(vals[0], max_value);
+      const int l1 = UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(vals[1], max_value);
+
+      *endpoint_low_rgba = {{ l0, l0, l0, 255 }};
+      *endpoint_high_rgba = {{ l1, l1, l1, 255 }};
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaBaseOffset: {
+      const int v0 = UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(vals[0], max_value);
+      const int v1 = UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(vals[1], max_value);
+
+      const int l0 = (v0 >> 2) | (v1 & 0xC0);
+      const int l1 = std::min(l0 + (v1 & 0x3F), 0xFF);
+
+      *endpoint_low_rgba = {{ l0, l0, l0, 255 }};
+      *endpoint_high_rgba = {{ l1, l1, l1, 255 }};
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaAlphaDirect: {
+      constexpr int kNumVals =
+          NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaAlphaDirect);
+
+      std::array<int, kNumVals> v;
+      std::copy(vals.begin(), vals.end(), v.begin());
+      Unquantize(&v, max_value);
+
+      *endpoint_low_rgba = {{ v[0], v[0], v[0], v[2] }};
+      *endpoint_high_rgba = {{ v[1], v[1], v[1], v[3] }};
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaAlphaBaseOffset: {
+      constexpr int kNumVals = NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(
+          ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaAlphaBaseOffset);
+
+      std::array<int, kNumVals> v;
+      std::copy(vals.begin(), vals.end(), v.begin());
+      Unquantize(&v, max_value);
+
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[1], &v[0]);
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[3], &v[2]);
+
+      *endpoint_low_rgba = {{ v[0], v[0], v[0], v[2] }};
+      const int high_luma = v[0] + v[1];
+      *endpoint_high_rgba = {{ high_luma, high_luma, high_luma, v[2] + v[3] }};
+
+      for (auto& c : *endpoint_low_rgba) { c = Clamp(c, 0, 255); }
+      for (auto& c : *endpoint_high_rgba) { c = Clamp(c, 0, 255); }
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseScale: {
+      constexpr int kNumVals =
+          NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseScale);
+
+      std::array<int, kNumVals> v;
+      std::copy(vals.begin(), vals.end(), v.begin());
+      Unquantize(&v, max_value);
+
+      *endpoint_high_rgba = {{ v[0], v[1], v[2], 255 }};
+      for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+        const int x = endpoint_high_rgba->at(i);
+        endpoint_low_rgba->at(i) = (x * v[3]) >> 8;
+      }
+      endpoint_low_rgba->at(3) = 255;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBDirect: {
+      constexpr int kNumVals =
+          NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBDirect);
+
+      std::array<int, kNumVals> v;
+      std::copy(vals.begin(), vals.end(), v.begin());
+      Unquantize(&v, max_value);
+
+      const int s0 = v[0] + v[2] + v[4];
+      const int s1 = v[1] + v[3] + v[5];
+
+      *endpoint_low_rgba = {{ v[0], v[2], v[4], 255 }};
+      *endpoint_high_rgba = {{ v[1], v[3], v[5], 255 }};
+
+      if (s1 < s0) {
+        std::swap(*endpoint_low_rgba, *endpoint_high_rgba);
+        BlueContract(endpoint_low_rgba);
+        BlueContract(endpoint_high_rgba);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseOffset: {
+      constexpr int kNumVals =
+          NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseOffset);
+
+      std::array<int, kNumVals> v;
+      std::copy(vals.begin(), vals.end(), v.begin());
+      Unquantize(&v, max_value);
+
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[1], &v[0]);
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[3], &v[2]);
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[5], &v[4]);
+
+      *endpoint_low_rgba = {{ v[0], v[2], v[4], 255 }};
+      *endpoint_high_rgba = {{ v[0] + v[1], v[2] + v[3], v[4] + v[5], 255 }};
+
+      if (v[1] + v[3] + v[5] < 0) {
+        std::swap(*endpoint_low_rgba, *endpoint_high_rgba);
+        BlueContract(endpoint_low_rgba);
+        BlueContract(endpoint_high_rgba);
+      }
+
+      for (auto& c : *endpoint_low_rgba) { c = Clamp(c, 0, 255); }
+      for (auto& c : *endpoint_high_rgba) { c = Clamp(c, 0, 255); }
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseScaleTwoA: {
+      constexpr int kNumVals = NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(
+          ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseScaleTwoA);
+
+      std::array<int, kNumVals> v;
+      std::copy(vals.begin(), vals.end(), v.begin());
+      Unquantize(&v, max_value);
+
+      // Base
+      *endpoint_low_rgba = *endpoint_high_rgba = {{ v[0], v[1], v[2], 255 }};
+
+      // Scale
+      for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+        auto& x = endpoint_low_rgba->at(i);
+        x = (x * v[3]) >> 8;
+      }
+
+      // Two A
+      endpoint_low_rgba->at(3) = v[4];
+      endpoint_high_rgba->at(3) = v[5];
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBADirect: {
+      constexpr int kNumVals =
+          NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBADirect);
+
+      std::array<int, kNumVals> v;
+      std::copy(vals.begin(), vals.end(), v.begin());
+      Unquantize(&v, max_value);
+
+      const int s0 = v[0] + v[2] + v[4];
+      const int s1 = v[1] + v[3] + v[5];
+
+      *endpoint_low_rgba = {{ v[0], v[2], v[4], v[6] }};
+      *endpoint_high_rgba = {{ v[1], v[3], v[5], v[7] }};
+
+      if (s1 < s0) {
+        std::swap(*endpoint_low_rgba, *endpoint_high_rgba);
+        BlueContract(endpoint_low_rgba);
+        BlueContract(endpoint_high_rgba);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBABaseOffset: {
+      constexpr int kNumVals =
+          NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBABaseOffset);
+
+      std::array<int, kNumVals> v;
+      std::copy(vals.begin(), vals.end(), v.begin());
+      Unquantize(&v, max_value);
+
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[1], &v[0]);
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[3], &v[2]);
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[5], &v[4]);
+      BitTransferSigned(&v[7], &v[6]);
+
+      *endpoint_low_rgba = {{ v[0], v[2], v[4], v[6] }};
+      *endpoint_high_rgba = {{
+          v[0] + v[1], v[2] + v[3], v[4] + v[5], v[6] + v[7] }};
+
+      if (v[1] + v[3] + v[5] < 0) {
+        std::swap(*endpoint_low_rgba, *endpoint_high_rgba);
+        BlueContract(endpoint_low_rgba);
+        BlueContract(endpoint_high_rgba);
+      }
+
+      for (auto& c : *endpoint_low_rgba) { c = Clamp(c, 0, 255); }
+      for (auto& c : *endpoint_high_rgba) { c = Clamp(c, 0, 255); }
+    }
+    break;
+
+    default:
+      // Unimplemented color encoding.
+      // TODO(google): Is this the correct error handling?
+      *endpoint_high_rgba = *endpoint_low_rgba = {{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }};
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/endpoint_codec.h b/src/decoder/endpoint_codec.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1232d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/endpoint_codec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_ENDPOINT_CODEC_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_ENDPOINT_CODEC_H_
+
+#include "src/decoder/physical_astc_block.h"
+#include "src/decoder/types.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// We use a special distinction for encode modes used to pass to the
+// EncodeColorsForMode function below. The reason is that some of the color
+// modes have sub-modes (like blue-contract) that change whether or not it is
+// useful to encode an endpoint pair using one mode versus another. To avoid
+// this problem, we approach the problem of encoding by specifying some
+// high-level encoding modes. These eventually choose one of the low level
+// ColorEndpointModes from Section C.2.14 when used in EncodeColorsForMode.
+enum class EndpointEncodingMode {
+  kDirectLuma,
+  kDirectLumaAlpha,
+  kBaseScaleRGB,
+  kBaseScaleRGBA,
+  kDirectRGB,
+  kDirectRGBA
+};
+
+// Returns the number of values in the encoded endpoint pair after encoding
+// to a specific high-level encoding mode.
+constexpr int NumValuesForEncodingMode(EndpointEncodingMode mode) {
+  return
+      mode == EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectLuma ? 2 :
+      mode == EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectLumaAlpha ? 4 :
+      mode == EndpointEncodingMode::kBaseScaleRGB ? 4 :
+      mode == EndpointEncodingMode::kBaseScaleRGBA ? 6 :
+      mode == EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectRGB ? 6 : 8;
+}
+
+// Fills |vals| with the quantized endpoint colors values defined in the ASTC
+// specification. The values are quantized to the range [0, max_value]. These
+// quantization limits can be obtained by querying the associated functions in
+// integer_sequence_codec. The returned |astc_mode| will be the ASTC mode used
+// to encode the resulting sequence.
+//
+// The |encoding_mode| is used to determine the way that we encode the values.
+// Each encoding mode is used to determine which ASTC mode best corresponds
+// to the pair of endpoints. It is a necessary hint to the encoding function
+// in order to process the endpoints. Each encoding mode gurantees a certain
+// number of values generated per endpoints.
+//
+// The return value will be true if the endpoints have been switched in order to
+// reap the most benefit from the way the hardware decodes the given mode. In
+// this case, the associated weights that interpolate this color must also be
+// switched. In other words, for each w, it should change to 64 - w.
+bool EncodeColorsForMode(
+    const RgbaColor& endpoint_low_rgba, const RgbaColor& endpoint_high_rgba,
+    int max_value, EndpointEncodingMode encoding_mode,
+    ColorEndpointMode* astc_mode, std::vector<int>* vals);
+
+// Decodes the color values quantized to the range [0, max_value] into RGBA
+// endpoints for the given mode. This function is the inverse of
+// EncodeColorsForMode -- see that function for details. This function should
+// work on all LDR endpoint modes, but no HDR modes.
+void DecodeColorsForMode(const std::vector<int>& vals,
+                         int max_value, ColorEndpointMode mode,
+                         RgbaColor* endpoint_low_rgba,
+                         RgbaColor* endpoint_high_rgba);
+
+// Returns true if the quantized |vals| in the range [0, max_value] use the
+// 'blue_contract' modification during decoding for the given |mode|.
+bool UsesBlueContract(int max_value, ColorEndpointMode mode,
+                      const std::vector<int>& vals);
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_ENDPOINT_CODEC_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/footprint.cc b/src/decoder/footprint.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4f076e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/footprint.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/footprint.h"
+#include "src/base/string_utils.h"
+
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+// Encodes the width and height into an integer so that we can use a switch
+// statement instead of a costly lookup map.
+constexpr int EncodeDims(int width, int height) {
+  return (width << 16) | height;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+base::Optional<FootprintType>
+Footprint::GetValidFootprintForDimensions(int width, int height) {
+  switch (EncodeDims(width, height)) {
+    case EncodeDims(4, 4): return FootprintType::k4x4;
+    case EncodeDims(5, 4): return FootprintType::k5x4;
+    case EncodeDims(5, 5): return FootprintType::k5x5;
+    case EncodeDims(6, 5): return FootprintType::k6x5;
+    case EncodeDims(6, 6): return FootprintType::k6x6;
+    case EncodeDims(8, 5): return FootprintType::k8x5;
+    case EncodeDims(8, 6): return FootprintType::k8x6;
+    case EncodeDims(8, 8): return FootprintType::k8x8;
+    case EncodeDims(10, 5): return FootprintType::k10x5;
+    case EncodeDims(10, 6): return FootprintType::k10x6;
+    case EncodeDims(10, 8): return FootprintType::k10x8;
+    case EncodeDims(10, 10): return FootprintType::k10x10;
+    case EncodeDims(12, 10): return FootprintType::k12x10;
+    case EncodeDims(12, 12): return FootprintType::k12x12;
+    default:                 return {};
+  }
+}
+
+int Footprint::GetWidthForFootprint(FootprintType footprint) {
+  switch (footprint) {
+    case FootprintType::k4x4: return 4;
+    case FootprintType::k5x4: return 5;
+    case FootprintType::k5x5: return 5;
+    case FootprintType::k6x5: return 6;
+    case FootprintType::k6x6: return 6;
+    case FootprintType::k8x5: return 8;
+    case FootprintType::k8x6: return 8;
+    case FootprintType::k10x5: return 10;
+    case FootprintType::k10x6: return 10;
+    case FootprintType::k8x8: return 8;
+    case FootprintType::k10x8: return 10;
+    case FootprintType::k10x10: return 10;
+    case FootprintType::k12x10: return 12;
+    case FootprintType::k12x12: return 12;
+    default:
+      assert(false);
+      return -1;
+  }
+}
+
+int Footprint::GetHeightForFootprint(FootprintType footprint) {
+  switch (footprint) {
+    case FootprintType::k4x4: return 4;
+    case FootprintType::k5x4: return 4;
+    case FootprintType::k5x5: return 5;
+    case FootprintType::k6x5: return 5;
+    case FootprintType::k6x6: return 6;
+    case FootprintType::k8x5: return 5;
+    case FootprintType::k8x6: return 6;
+    case FootprintType::k10x5: return 5;
+    case FootprintType::k10x6: return 6;
+    case FootprintType::k8x8: return 8;
+    case FootprintType::k10x8: return 8;
+    case FootprintType::k10x10: return 10;
+    case FootprintType::k12x10: return 10;
+    case FootprintType::k12x12: return 12;
+    default:
+      assert(false);
+      return -1;
+  }
+}
+
+Footprint::Footprint(FootprintType footprint)
+    : footprint_(footprint), width_(GetWidthForFootprint(footprint)),
+      height_(GetHeightForFootprint(footprint)) { }
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+base::Optional<Footprint> Footprint::Parse(const char* footprint_string) {
+  assert(footprint_string && footprint_string[0] != '\0');
+
+  std::vector<std::string> dimension_strings;
+  base::Split(footprint_string, "x", [&dimension_strings](std::string&& s) {
+    dimension_strings.push_back(std::move(s));
+  });
+
+  if (dimension_strings.size() != 2) {
+    assert(false && "Invalid format for footprint");
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  const int width = base::ParseInt32(dimension_strings[0].c_str(), 0);
+  const int height = base::ParseInt32(dimension_strings[1].c_str(), 0);
+
+  assert(width > 0 && height > 0 && "Invalid width or height.");
+
+  return FromDimensions(width, height);
+}
+
+base::Optional<Footprint> Footprint::FromDimensions(int width, int height) {
+  base::Optional<FootprintType> valid_footprint =
+      GetValidFootprintForDimensions(width, height);
+  if (valid_footprint) {
+    return Footprint(valid_footprint.value());
+  } else {
+    return {};
+  }
+}
+
+// Returns a Footprint for the given FootprintType.
+base::Optional<Footprint> Footprint::FromFootprintType(FootprintType type) {
+  if (type >= FootprintType::k4x4 && type < FootprintType::kCount) {
+    return Footprint(type);
+  } else {
+    return {};
+  }
+}
+
+size_t Footprint::StorageRequirements(int width, int height) const {
+  const int blocks_wide = (width + width_ - 1) / width_;
+  const int blocks_high = (height + height_ - 1) / height_;
+
+  constexpr size_t kASTCBlockSizeInBytes = 16;
+  return blocks_wide * blocks_high * kASTCBlockSizeInBytes;
+}
+
+// Returns bits/pixel for a given footprint.
+float Footprint::Bitrate() const {
+  const int kASTCBlockBitCount = 128;
+  const int footprint_pixel_count = width_ * height_;
+  return static_cast<float>(kASTCBlockBitCount) /
+         static_cast<float>(footprint_pixel_count);
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/footprint.h b/src/decoder/footprint.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47302cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/footprint.h
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_FOOTPRINT_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_FOOTPRINT_H_
+
+#include "include/astc-codec/astc-codec.h"
+#include "src/base/optional.h"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// An ASTC texture can be encoded with varying choices in block size. A set of
+// predefined block sizes are specified in the ASTC specification. These are
+// referred to in the literature as "footprints" available to an encoder when
+// constructing an ASTC bitstream. This class provides various utility functions
+// for interacting with these footprints.
+class Footprint {
+ public:
+  Footprint() = delete;
+  Footprint(const Footprint& footprint) = default;
+
+  // Return the footprint type.
+  FootprintType Type() const { return footprint_; }
+
+  // Return logical descriptions of the dimensions.
+  int Width() const { return width_; }
+  int Height() const { return height_; }
+
+  // Returns the number of pixels for a block with this footprint.
+  int NumPixels() const { return width_ * height_; }
+
+  // Returns the number of bytes needed to store an ASTC encoded image with the
+  // given width and height.
+  size_t StorageRequirements(int width, int height) const;
+
+  // Returns the number of bits used per pixel.
+  float Bitrate() const;
+
+  static constexpr int NumValidFootprints() {
+    return static_cast<int>(FootprintType::kCount);
+  }
+
+  bool operator==(const Footprint& other) const {
+    return footprint_ == other.footprint_;
+  }
+
+  // These are the valid and available ASTC footprints.
+  static Footprint Get4x4() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k4x4); }
+  static Footprint Get5x4() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k5x4); }
+  static Footprint Get5x5() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k5x5); }
+  static Footprint Get6x5() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k6x5); }
+  static Footprint Get6x6() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k6x6); }
+  static Footprint Get8x5() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k8x5); }
+  static Footprint Get8x6() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k8x6); }
+  static Footprint Get8x8() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k8x8); }
+  static Footprint Get10x5() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k10x5); }
+  static Footprint Get10x6() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k10x6); }
+  static Footprint Get10x8() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k10x8); }
+  static Footprint Get10x10() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k10x10); }
+  static Footprint Get12x10() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k12x10); }
+  static Footprint Get12x12() { return Footprint(FootprintType::k12x12); }
+
+  // Constructs a footprint from a string of the form "NxM", or no value if
+  // width and height are not a valid footprint.
+  static base::Optional<Footprint> Parse(const char* footprint_string);
+
+  // Returns a footprint corresponding to a block of the given width and height,
+  // or no value if it does not.
+  static base::Optional<Footprint> FromDimensions(int width, int height);
+
+  // Returns a Footprint for the given FootprintType.
+  static base::Optional<Footprint> FromFootprintType(FootprintType type);
+
+ private:
+  // The only constructor.
+  explicit Footprint(FootprintType footprint);
+
+  // Returns the valid footprint for the width and height if possible.
+  static base::Optional<FootprintType> GetValidFootprintForDimensions(
+      int width, int height);
+
+  // Returns the associated dimension for the given valid footprint.
+  static int GetWidthForFootprint(FootprintType footprint);
+  static int GetHeightForFootprint(FootprintType footprint);
+
+  FootprintType footprint_;
+  int width_;
+  int height_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_FOOTPRINT_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.cc b/src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da7bc56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,562 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.h"
+#include "src/base/math_utils.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+// Tables of trit and quint encodings generated by the implementation in
+// http://cs/aosp-master/external/skia/src/utils/SkTextureCompressor_ASTC.cpp
+//
+// These tables are used to decode the blocks of values encoded using the ASTC
+// integer sequence encoding. The theory is that five trits (values that can
+// take any number in the range [0, 2]) can take on a total of 3^5 = 243 total
+// values, which can be stored in eight bits. These eight bits are used to
+// decode the five trits based on the ASTC specification in Section C.2.12.
+// For simplicity, we have stored a look-up table here so that we don't need
+// to implement the decoding logic. Similarly, seven bits are used to decode
+// three quints (since 5^3 = 125 < 128).
+static const std::array<int, 5> kTritEncodings[256] = {
+  {{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }}, {{ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 }}, {{ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 }},
+  {{ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0 }}, {{ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0 }}, {{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 0 }},
+  {{ 2, 1, 0, 0, 0 }}, {{ 1, 0, 2, 0, 0 }}, {{ 0, 2, 0, 0, 0 }},
+  {{ 1, 2, 0, 0, 0 }}, {{ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 }},
+  {{ 0, 2, 2, 0, 0 }}, {{ 1, 2, 2, 0, 0 }}, {{ 2, 2, 2, 0, 0 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 }}, {{ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 }}, {{ 1, 0, 1, 0, 0 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 1, 0, 0 }}, {{ 0, 1, 2, 0, 0 }}, {{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 }},
+  {{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 }}, {{ 2, 1, 1, 0, 0 }}, {{ 1, 1, 2, 0, 0 }},
+  {{ 0, 2, 1, 0, 0 }}, {{ 1, 2, 1, 0, 0 }}, {{ 2, 2, 1, 0, 0 }},
+  {{ 2, 1, 2, 0, 0 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 2, 2 }}, {{ 1, 0, 0, 2, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 0, 2, 2 }}, {{ 0, 0, 2, 2, 2 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 0 }},
+  {{ 1, 0, 0, 1, 0 }}, {{ 2, 0, 0, 1, 0 }}, {{ 0, 0, 2, 1, 0 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 }}, {{ 1, 1, 0, 1, 0 }}, {{ 2, 1, 0, 1, 0 }},
+  {{ 1, 0, 2, 1, 0 }}, {{ 0, 2, 0, 1, 0 }}, {{ 1, 2, 0, 1, 0 }},
+  {{ 2, 2, 0, 1, 0 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 1, 0 }}, {{ 0, 2, 2, 1, 0 }},
+  {{ 1, 2, 2, 1, 0 }}, {{ 2, 2, 2, 1, 0 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 1, 0 }},
+  {{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 0 }}, {{ 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 }}, {{ 2, 0, 1, 1, 0 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 2, 1, 0 }}, {{ 0, 1, 1, 1, 0 }}, {{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 0 }},
+  {{ 2, 1, 1, 1, 0 }}, {{ 1, 1, 2, 1, 0 }}, {{ 0, 2, 1, 1, 0 }},
+  {{ 1, 2, 1, 1, 0 }}, {{ 2, 2, 1, 1, 0 }}, {{ 2, 1, 2, 1, 0 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 0, 2, 2 }}, {{ 1, 1, 0, 2, 2 }}, {{ 2, 1, 0, 2, 2 }},
+  {{ 1, 0, 2, 2, 2 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 2, 0 }}, {{ 1, 0, 0, 2, 0 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 0, 2, 0 }}, {{ 0, 0, 2, 2, 0 }}, {{ 0, 1, 0, 2, 0 }},
+  {{ 1, 1, 0, 2, 0 }}, {{ 2, 1, 0, 2, 0 }}, {{ 1, 0, 2, 2, 0 }},
+  {{ 0, 2, 0, 2, 0 }}, {{ 1, 2, 0, 2, 0 }}, {{ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 2, 2, 0 }}, {{ 0, 2, 2, 2, 0 }}, {{ 1, 2, 2, 2, 0 }},
+  {{ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 2, 0 }}, {{ 0, 0, 1, 2, 0 }},
+  {{ 1, 0, 1, 2, 0 }}, {{ 2, 0, 1, 2, 0 }}, {{ 0, 1, 2, 2, 0 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 1, 2, 0 }}, {{ 1, 1, 1, 2, 0 }}, {{ 2, 1, 1, 2, 0 }},
+  {{ 1, 1, 2, 2, 0 }}, {{ 0, 2, 1, 2, 0 }}, {{ 1, 2, 1, 2, 0 }},
+  {{ 2, 2, 1, 2, 0 }}, {{ 2, 1, 2, 2, 0 }}, {{ 0, 2, 0, 2, 2 }},
+  {{ 1, 2, 0, 2, 2 }}, {{ 2, 2, 0, 2, 2 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 2, 2 }},
+  {{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 2 }}, {{ 1, 0, 0, 0, 2 }}, {{ 2, 0, 0, 0, 2 }},
+  {{ 0, 0, 2, 0, 2 }}, {{ 0, 1, 0, 0, 2 }}, {{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 1, 0, 0, 2 }}, {{ 1, 0, 2, 0, 2 }}, {{ 0, 2, 0, 0, 2 }},
+  {{ 1, 2, 0, 0, 2 }}, {{ 2, 2, 0, 0, 2 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 0, 2 }},
+  {{ 0, 2, 2, 0, 2 }}, {{ 1, 2, 2, 0, 2 }}, {{ 2, 2, 2, 0, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 2, 0, 2 }}, {{ 0, 0, 1, 0, 2 }}, {{ 1, 0, 1, 0, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 1, 0, 2 }}, {{ 0, 1, 2, 0, 2 }}, {{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 2 }},
+  {{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 2 }}, {{ 2, 1, 1, 0, 2 }}, {{ 1, 1, 2, 0, 2 }},
+  {{ 0, 2, 1, 0, 2 }}, {{ 1, 2, 1, 0, 2 }}, {{ 2, 2, 1, 0, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 1, 2, 0, 2 }}, {{ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2 }}, {{ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 2, 2 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 }},
+  {{ 1, 0, 0, 0, 1 }}, {{ 2, 0, 0, 0, 1 }}, {{ 0, 0, 2, 0, 1 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 }}, {{ 1, 1, 0, 0, 1 }}, {{ 2, 1, 0, 0, 1 }},
+  {{ 1, 0, 2, 0, 1 }}, {{ 0, 2, 0, 0, 1 }}, {{ 1, 2, 0, 0, 1 }},
+  {{ 2, 2, 0, 0, 1 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 0, 1 }}, {{ 0, 2, 2, 0, 1 }},
+  {{ 1, 2, 2, 0, 1 }}, {{ 2, 2, 2, 0, 1 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 0, 1 }},
+  {{ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1 }}, {{ 1, 0, 1, 0, 1 }}, {{ 2, 0, 1, 0, 1 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 2, 0, 1 }}, {{ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1 }}, {{ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1 }},
+  {{ 2, 1, 1, 0, 1 }}, {{ 1, 1, 2, 0, 1 }}, {{ 0, 2, 1, 0, 1 }},
+  {{ 1, 2, 1, 0, 1 }}, {{ 2, 2, 1, 0, 1 }}, {{ 2, 1, 2, 0, 1 }},
+  {{ 0, 0, 1, 2, 2 }}, {{ 1, 0, 1, 2, 2 }}, {{ 2, 0, 1, 2, 2 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 2, 2, 2 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 1 }}, {{ 1, 0, 0, 1, 1 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 0, 1, 1 }}, {{ 0, 0, 2, 1, 1 }}, {{ 0, 1, 0, 1, 1 }},
+  {{ 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 }}, {{ 2, 1, 0, 1, 1 }}, {{ 1, 0, 2, 1, 1 }},
+  {{ 0, 2, 0, 1, 1 }}, {{ 1, 2, 0, 1, 1 }}, {{ 2, 2, 0, 1, 1 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 2, 1, 1 }}, {{ 0, 2, 2, 1, 1 }}, {{ 1, 2, 2, 1, 1 }},
+  {{ 2, 2, 2, 1, 1 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 1, 1 }}, {{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 }},
+  {{ 1, 0, 1, 1, 1 }}, {{ 2, 0, 1, 1, 1 }}, {{ 0, 1, 2, 1, 1 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 1, 1, 1 }}, {{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 }}, {{ 2, 1, 1, 1, 1 }},
+  {{ 1, 1, 2, 1, 1 }}, {{ 0, 2, 1, 1, 1 }}, {{ 1, 2, 1, 1, 1 }},
+  {{ 2, 2, 1, 1, 1 }}, {{ 2, 1, 2, 1, 1 }}, {{ 0, 1, 1, 2, 2 }},
+  {{ 1, 1, 1, 2, 2 }}, {{ 2, 1, 1, 2, 2 }}, {{ 1, 1, 2, 2, 2 }},
+  {{ 0, 0, 0, 2, 1 }}, {{ 1, 0, 0, 2, 1 }}, {{ 2, 0, 0, 2, 1 }},
+  {{ 0, 0, 2, 2, 1 }}, {{ 0, 1, 0, 2, 1 }}, {{ 1, 1, 0, 2, 1 }},
+  {{ 2, 1, 0, 2, 1 }}, {{ 1, 0, 2, 2, 1 }}, {{ 0, 2, 0, 2, 1 }},
+  {{ 1, 2, 0, 2, 1 }}, {{ 2, 2, 0, 2, 1 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 2, 1 }},
+  {{ 0, 2, 2, 2, 1 }}, {{ 1, 2, 2, 2, 1 }}, {{ 2, 2, 2, 2, 1 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 2, 2, 1 }}, {{ 0, 0, 1, 2, 1 }}, {{ 1, 0, 1, 2, 1 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 1, 2, 1 }}, {{ 0, 1, 2, 2, 1 }}, {{ 0, 1, 1, 2, 1 }},
+  {{ 1, 1, 1, 2, 1 }}, {{ 2, 1, 1, 2, 1 }}, {{ 1, 1, 2, 2, 1 }},
+  {{ 0, 2, 1, 2, 1 }}, {{ 1, 2, 1, 2, 1 }}, {{ 2, 2, 1, 2, 1 }},
+  {{ 2, 1, 2, 2, 1 }}, {{ 0, 2, 1, 2, 2 }}, {{ 1, 2, 1, 2, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 2, 1, 2, 2 }}, {{ 2, 1, 2, 2, 2 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 1, 2 }},
+  {{ 1, 0, 0, 1, 2 }}, {{ 2, 0, 0, 1, 2 }}, {{ 0, 0, 2, 1, 2 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 0, 1, 2 }}, {{ 1, 1, 0, 1, 2 }}, {{ 2, 1, 0, 1, 2 }},
+  {{ 1, 0, 2, 1, 2 }}, {{ 0, 2, 0, 1, 2 }}, {{ 1, 2, 0, 1, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 2, 0, 1, 2 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 1, 2 }}, {{ 0, 2, 2, 1, 2 }},
+  {{ 1, 2, 2, 1, 2 }}, {{ 2, 2, 2, 1, 2 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2, 1, 2 }},
+  {{ 0, 0, 1, 1, 2 }}, {{ 1, 0, 1, 1, 2 }}, {{ 2, 0, 1, 1, 2 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 2, 1, 2 }}, {{ 0, 1, 1, 1, 2 }}, {{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 1, 1, 1, 2 }}, {{ 1, 1, 2, 1, 2 }}, {{ 0, 2, 1, 1, 2 }},
+  {{ 1, 2, 1, 1, 2 }}, {{ 2, 2, 1, 1, 2 }}, {{ 2, 1, 2, 1, 2 }},
+  {{ 0, 2, 2, 2, 2 }}, {{ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 }}, {{ 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 1, 2, 2, 2 }}
+};
+
+static const std::array<int, 3> kQuintEncodings[128] = {
+  {{ 0, 0, 0 }}, {{ 1, 0, 0 }}, {{ 2, 0, 0 }}, {{ 3, 0, 0 }}, {{ 4, 0, 0 }},
+  {{ 0, 4, 0 }}, {{ 4, 4, 0 }}, {{ 4, 4, 4 }}, {{ 0, 1, 0 }}, {{ 1, 1, 0 }},
+  {{ 2, 1, 0 }}, {{ 3, 1, 0 }}, {{ 4, 1, 0 }}, {{ 1, 4, 0 }}, {{ 4, 4, 1 }},
+  {{ 4, 4, 4 }}, {{ 0, 2, 0 }}, {{ 1, 2, 0 }}, {{ 2, 2, 0 }}, {{ 3, 2, 0 }},
+  {{ 4, 2, 0 }}, {{ 2, 4, 0 }}, {{ 4, 4, 2 }}, {{ 4, 4, 4 }}, {{ 0, 3, 0 }},
+  {{ 1, 3, 0 }}, {{ 2, 3, 0 }}, {{ 3, 3, 0 }}, {{ 4, 3, 0 }}, {{ 3, 4, 0 }},
+  {{ 4, 4, 3 }}, {{ 4, 4, 4 }}, {{ 0, 0, 1 }}, {{ 1, 0, 1 }}, {{ 2, 0, 1 }},
+  {{ 3, 0, 1 }}, {{ 4, 0, 1 }}, {{ 0, 4, 1 }}, {{ 4, 0, 4 }}, {{ 0, 4, 4 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 1 }}, {{ 1, 1, 1 }}, {{ 2, 1, 1 }}, {{ 3, 1, 1 }}, {{ 4, 1, 1 }},
+  {{ 1, 4, 1 }}, {{ 4, 1, 4 }}, {{ 1, 4, 4 }}, {{ 0, 2, 1 }}, {{ 1, 2, 1 }},
+  {{ 2, 2, 1 }}, {{ 3, 2, 1 }}, {{ 4, 2, 1 }}, {{ 2, 4, 1 }}, {{ 4, 2, 4 }},
+  {{ 2, 4, 4 }}, {{ 0, 3, 1 }}, {{ 1, 3, 1 }}, {{ 2, 3, 1 }}, {{ 3, 3, 1 }},
+  {{ 4, 3, 1 }}, {{ 3, 4, 1 }}, {{ 4, 3, 4 }}, {{ 3, 4, 4 }}, {{ 0, 0, 2 }},
+  {{ 1, 0, 2 }}, {{ 2, 0, 2 }}, {{ 3, 0, 2 }}, {{ 4, 0, 2 }}, {{ 0, 4, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 0, 4 }}, {{ 3, 0, 4 }}, {{ 0, 1, 2 }}, {{ 1, 1, 2 }}, {{ 2, 1, 2 }},
+  {{ 3, 1, 2 }}, {{ 4, 1, 2 }}, {{ 1, 4, 2 }}, {{ 2, 1, 4 }}, {{ 3, 1, 4 }},
+  {{ 0, 2, 2 }}, {{ 1, 2, 2 }}, {{ 2, 2, 2 }}, {{ 3, 2, 2 }}, {{ 4, 2, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 4, 2 }}, {{ 2, 2, 4 }}, {{ 3, 2, 4 }}, {{ 0, 3, 2 }}, {{ 1, 3, 2 }},
+  {{ 2, 3, 2 }}, {{ 3, 3, 2 }}, {{ 4, 3, 2 }}, {{ 3, 4, 2 }}, {{ 2, 3, 4 }},
+  {{ 3, 3, 4 }}, {{ 0, 0, 3 }}, {{ 1, 0, 3 }}, {{ 2, 0, 3 }}, {{ 3, 0, 3 }},
+  {{ 4, 0, 3 }}, {{ 0, 4, 3 }}, {{ 0, 0, 4 }}, {{ 1, 0, 4 }}, {{ 0, 1, 3 }},
+  {{ 1, 1, 3 }}, {{ 2, 1, 3 }}, {{ 3, 1, 3 }}, {{ 4, 1, 3 }}, {{ 1, 4, 3 }},
+  {{ 0, 1, 4 }}, {{ 1, 1, 4 }}, {{ 0, 2, 3 }}, {{ 1, 2, 3 }}, {{ 2, 2, 3 }},
+  {{ 3, 2, 3 }}, {{ 4, 2, 3 }}, {{ 2, 4, 3 }}, {{ 0, 2, 4 }}, {{ 1, 2, 4 }},
+  {{ 0, 3, 3 }}, {{ 1, 3, 3 }}, {{ 2, 3, 3 }}, {{ 3, 3, 3 }}, {{ 4, 3, 3 }},
+  {{ 3, 4, 3 }}, {{ 0, 3, 4 }}, {{ 1, 3, 4 }}
+};
+
+// A cached table containing the max ranges for values encoded using ASTC's
+// Bounded Integer Sequence Encoding. These are the numbers between 1 and 255
+// that can be represented exactly as a number in the ranges
+// [0, 2^k), [0, 3 * 2^k), and [0, 5 * 2^k).
+static const std::array<int, kNumPossibleRanges> kMaxRanges = []() {
+  std::array<int, kNumPossibleRanges> ranges;
+
+  // Initialize the table that we need for determining value encodings.
+  auto next_max_range = ranges.begin();
+  auto add_val = [&next_max_range](int val) {
+    if (val <= 0 || (1 << kLog2MaxRangeForBits) <= val) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    *(next_max_range++) = val;
+  };
+
+  for (int i = 0; i <= kLog2MaxRangeForBits; ++i) {
+    add_val(3 * (1 << i) - 1);
+    add_val(5 * (1 << i) - 1);
+    add_val((1 << i) - 1);
+  }
+
+  assert(std::distance(next_max_range, ranges.end()) == 0);
+  std::sort(ranges.begin(), ranges.end());
+  return ranges;
+}();
+
+// Returns true if x == 0 or if x is a power of two. This function is only used
+// in the GetCountsForRange function, where we need to have it return true
+// on zero since we can have single trit/quint ISE encodings according to
+// Table C.2.7.
+template<typename T,
+         typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value, T>::type = 0>
+inline constexpr bool IsPow2(T x) { return (x & (x - 1)) == 0; }
+
+// For the ISE block encoding, these arrays determine how many bits are
+// used after each value to store the interleaved quint/trit block.
+const int kInterleavedQuintBits[3] = { 3, 2, 2 };
+const int kInterleavedTritBits[5] = { 2, 2, 1, 2, 1 };
+
+// Decodes either a trit or quint block using the BISE (Bounded Integer Sequence
+// Encoding) defined in Section C.2.12 of the ASTC specification. ValRange is
+// expected to be either 3 or 5 depending on whether or not we're encoding trits
+// or quints respectively. In other words, it is the remaining factor in whether
+// the passed blocks contain encoded values of the form 3*2^k or 5*2^k.
+template<int ValRange>
+std::array<int, /* kNumVals = */ (ValRange == 5) ? 3 : 5> DecodeISEBlock(
+    uint64_t block_bits, int num_bits) {
+  static_assert(ValRange == 3 || ValRange == 5,
+                "We only know about trits and quints");
+
+  // We either have three quints or five trits
+  constexpr const int kNumVals = (ValRange == 5) ? 3 : 5;
+
+  // Depending on whether or not we're using quints or trits will determine
+  // the positions of the interleaved bits in the encoded block.
+  constexpr const int* const kInterleavedBits =
+      (ValRange == 5) ? kInterleavedQuintBits : kInterleavedTritBits;
+
+  // Set up the bits for reading
+  base::BitStream<base::UInt128> block_bit_src(block_bits, sizeof(block_bits) * 8);
+
+  // Decode the block
+  std::array<int, kNumVals> m;
+  uint64_t encoded = 0;
+  uint32_t encoded_bits_read = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumVals; ++i) {
+    {
+      uint64_t bits = 0;
+      const bool result = block_bit_src.GetBits(num_bits, &bits);
+      assert(result);
+
+      m[i] = static_cast<int>(bits);
+    }
+
+    uint64_t encoded_bits;
+    {
+      const bool result = block_bit_src.GetBits(kInterleavedBits[i], &encoded_bits);
+      assert(result);
+    }
+    encoded |= encoded_bits << encoded_bits_read;
+    encoded_bits_read += kInterleavedBits[i];
+  }
+
+  // Make sure that our encoded trit/quint doesn't exceed its bounds
+  assert(ValRange != 3 || encoded < 256);
+  assert(ValRange != 5 || encoded < 128);
+
+  const int* const kEncodings = (ValRange == 5) ?
+      kQuintEncodings[encoded].data() : kTritEncodings[encoded].data();
+
+  std::array<int, kNumVals> result;
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumVals; ++i) {
+    assert(m[i] < 1 << num_bits);
+    result[i] = kEncodings[i] << num_bits | m[i];
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+// Encode a single trit or quint block using the BISE (Bounded Integer Sequence
+// Encoding) defined in Section C.2.12 of the ASTC specification. ValRange is
+// expected to be either 3 or 5 depending on whether or not we're encoding trits
+// or quints respectively. In other words, it is the remaining factor in whether
+// the passed blocks contain encoded values of the form 3*2^k or 5*2^k.
+template <int ValRange>
+void EncodeISEBlock(const std::vector<int>& vals, int bits_per_val,
+                    base::BitStream<base::UInt128>* bit_sink) {
+  static_assert(ValRange == 3 || ValRange == 5,
+                "We only know about trits and quints");
+
+  // We either have three quints or five trits
+  constexpr const int kNumVals = (ValRange == 5) ? 3 : 5;
+
+  // Three quints in seven bits or five trits in eight bits
+  constexpr const int kNumEncodedBitsPerBlock = (ValRange == 5) ? 7 : 8;
+
+  // Depending on whether or not we're using quints or trits will determine
+  // the positions of the interleaved bits in the encoding
+  constexpr const int* const kInterleavedBits =
+      (ValRange == 5) ? kInterleavedQuintBits : kInterleavedTritBits;
+
+  // ISE blocks can only have up to a specific number of values...
+  assert(vals.size() <= kNumVals);
+
+  // Split up into bits and non bits. Non bits are used to find the quint/trit
+  // encoding that we need.
+  std::array<int, kNumVals> non_bits = {{ 0 }};
+  std::array<int, kNumVals> bits = {{ 0 }};
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < vals.size(); ++i) {
+    bits[i] = vals[i] & ((1 << bits_per_val) - 1);
+    non_bits[i] = vals[i] >> bits_per_val;
+    assert(non_bits[i] < ValRange);
+  }
+
+  // We only need to add as many bits as necessary, so let's limit it based
+  // on the computation described in Section C.2.22 of the ASTC specification
+  const int total_num_bits =
+      ((vals.size() * kNumEncodedBitsPerBlock + kNumVals - 1) / kNumVals)
+      + vals.size() * bits_per_val;
+  int bits_added = 0;
+
+  // The number of bits used for the quint/trit encoding is necessary to know
+  // in order to properly select the encoding we need to represent.
+  int num_encoded_bits = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumVals; ++i) {
+    bits_added += bits_per_val;
+    if (bits_added >= total_num_bits) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    num_encoded_bits += kInterleavedBits[i];
+    bits_added += kInterleavedBits[i];
+    if (bits_added >= total_num_bits) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  bits_added = 0;
+  assert(num_encoded_bits <= kNumEncodedBitsPerBlock);
+
+  // TODO(google): The faster way to do this would be to construct trees out
+  // of the quint/trit encoding patterns, or just invert the decoding logic.
+  // Here we go from the end backwards because it makes our tests are more
+  // deterministic.
+  int non_bit_encoding = -1;
+  for (int j = (1 << num_encoded_bits) - 1; j >= 0; --j) {
+    bool matches = true;
+
+    // We don't need to match all trits here, just the ones that correspond
+    // to the values that we passed in
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumVals; ++i) {
+      if ((ValRange == 5 && kQuintEncodings[j][i] != non_bits[i]) ||
+          (ValRange == 3 && kTritEncodings[j][i] != non_bits[i])) {
+        matches = false;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (matches) {
+      non_bit_encoding = j;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert(non_bit_encoding >= 0);
+
+  // Now pack the bits into the block
+  for (int i = 0; i < vals.size(); ++i) {
+    // First add the base bits for this value
+    if (bits_added + bits_per_val <= total_num_bits) {
+      bit_sink->PutBits(bits[i], bits_per_val);
+      bits_added += bits_per_val;
+    }
+
+    // Now add the interleaved bits from the quint/trit
+    int num_int_bits = kInterleavedBits[i];
+    int int_bits = non_bit_encoding & ((1 << num_int_bits) - 1);
+    if (bits_added + num_int_bits <= total_num_bits) {
+      bit_sink->PutBits(int_bits, num_int_bits);
+      bits_added += num_int_bits;
+      non_bit_encoding >>= num_int_bits;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+inline void CHECK_COUNTS(int trits, int quints) {
+  assert(trits == 0 || quints == 0);   // Either trits or quints
+  assert(trits == 0 || trits == 1);    // At most one trit
+  assert(quints == 0 || quints == 1);  // At most one quint
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+std::array<int, kNumPossibleRanges>::const_iterator ISERangeBegin() {
+  return kMaxRanges.cbegin();
+}
+
+std::array<int, kNumPossibleRanges>::const_iterator ISERangeEnd() {
+  return kMaxRanges.cend();
+}
+
+void IntegerSequenceCodec::GetCountsForRange(
+    int range, int* const trits, int* const quints, int* const bits) {
+  // Make sure the passed pointers are valid
+  assert(trits != nullptr);
+  assert(quints != nullptr);
+  assert(bits != nullptr);
+
+  // These are generally errors -- there should never be any ASTC values
+  // outside of this range
+  assert(range > 0);
+  assert(range < 1 << kLog2MaxRangeForBits);
+
+  *bits = 0;
+  *trits = 0;
+  *quints = 0;
+
+  // Search through the numbers of the form 2^n, 3 * 2^n and 5 * 2^n
+  const int max_vals_for_range =
+      *std::lower_bound(kMaxRanges.begin(), kMaxRanges.end(), range) + 1;
+
+  // Make sure we found something
+  assert(max_vals_for_range > 1);
+
+  // Find out what kind of range it is
+  if ((max_vals_for_range % 3 == 0) && IsPow2(max_vals_for_range / 3)) {
+    *bits = base::Log2Floor(max_vals_for_range / 3);
+    *trits = 1;
+    *quints = 0;
+  } else if ((max_vals_for_range % 5 == 0) && IsPow2(max_vals_for_range / 5)) {
+    *bits = base::Log2Floor(max_vals_for_range / 5);
+    *trits = 0;
+    *quints = 1;
+  } else if (IsPow2(max_vals_for_range)) {
+    *bits = base::Log2Floor(max_vals_for_range);
+    *trits = 0;
+    *quints = 0;
+  }
+
+  // If we set any of these values then we're done.
+  if ((*bits | *trits | *quints) != 0) {
+    CHECK_COUNTS(*trits, *quints);
+  }
+}
+
+// Returns the overall bit count for a range of val_count values encoded
+// using the specified number of trits, quints and straight bits (respectively)
+int IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCount(int num_vals,
+                                      int trits, int quints, int bits) {
+  CHECK_COUNTS(trits, quints);
+
+  // See section C.2.22 for the formula used here.
+  const int trit_bit_count = ((num_vals * 8 * trits) + 4) / 5;
+  const int quint_bit_count = ((num_vals * 7 * quints) + 2) / 3;
+  const int base_bit_count = num_vals * bits;
+  return trit_bit_count + quint_bit_count + base_bit_count;
+}
+
+IntegerSequenceCodec::IntegerSequenceCodec(int range) {
+  int trits, quints, bits;
+  GetCountsForRange(range, &trits, &quints, &bits);
+  InitializeWithCounts(trits, quints, bits);
+}
+
+IntegerSequenceCodec::IntegerSequenceCodec(
+    int trits, int quints, int bits) {
+  InitializeWithCounts(trits, quints, bits);
+}
+
+void IntegerSequenceCodec::InitializeWithCounts(
+    int trits, int quints, int bits) {
+  CHECK_COUNTS(trits, quints);
+
+  if (trits > 0) {
+    encoding_ = EncodingMode::kTritEncoding;
+  } else if (quints > 0) {
+    encoding_ = EncodingMode::kQuintEncoding;
+  } else {
+    encoding_ = EncodingMode::kBitEncoding;
+  }
+
+  bits_ = bits;
+}
+
+int IntegerSequenceCodec::NumValsPerBlock() const {
+  const std::array<int, 3> kNumValsByEncoding = {{ 5, 3, 1 }};
+  return kNumValsByEncoding[static_cast<int>(encoding_)];
+}
+
+int IntegerSequenceCodec::EncodedBlockSize() const {
+  const std::array<int, 3> kExtraBlockSizeByEncoding = {{ 8, 7, 0 }};
+  const int num_vals = NumValsPerBlock();
+  return kExtraBlockSizeByEncoding[static_cast<int>(encoding_)]
+      + num_vals * bits_;
+}
+
+std::vector<int> IntegerSequenceDecoder::Decode(
+    int num_vals, base::BitStream<base::UInt128> *bit_src) const {
+  int trits = (encoding_ == kTritEncoding)? 1 : 0;
+  int quints = (encoding_ == kQuintEncoding)? 1 : 0;
+  const int total_num_bits = GetBitCount(num_vals, trits, quints, bits_);
+  const int bits_per_block = EncodedBlockSize();
+  assert(bits_per_block < 64);
+
+  int bits_left = total_num_bits;
+  std::vector<int> result;
+  while (bits_left > 0) {
+    uint64_t block_bits;
+    {
+      const bool result = bit_src->GetBits(std::min(bits_left, bits_per_block), &block_bits);
+      assert(result);
+    }
+
+    switch (encoding_) {
+      case kTritEncoding: {
+        auto trit_vals = DecodeISEBlock<3>(block_bits, bits_);
+        result.insert(result.end(), trit_vals.begin(), trit_vals.end());
+      }
+      break;
+
+      case kQuintEncoding: {
+        auto quint_vals = DecodeISEBlock<5>(block_bits, bits_);
+        result.insert(result.end(), quint_vals.begin(), quint_vals.end());
+      }
+      break;
+
+      case kBitEncoding:
+        result.push_back(static_cast<int>(block_bits));
+        break;
+    }
+
+    bits_left -= bits_per_block;
+  }
+
+  // Resize result to only contain as many values as requested
+  assert(result.size() >= static_cast<size_t>(num_vals));
+  result.resize(num_vals);
+
+  // Encoded all the values
+  return result;
+}
+
+void IntegerSequenceEncoder::Encode(base::BitStream<base::UInt128>* bit_sink) const {
+  // Go through all of the values and chop them up into blocks. The properties
+  // of the trit and quint encodings mean that if we need to encode fewer values
+  // in a block than the number of values encoded in the block then we need to
+  // consider the last few values to be zero.
+
+  auto next_val = vals_.begin();
+  while (next_val != vals_.end()) {
+    switch (encoding_) {
+      case kTritEncoding: {
+        std::vector<int> trit_vals;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
+          if (next_val != vals_.end()) {
+            trit_vals.push_back(*next_val);
+            ++next_val;
+          }
+        }
+
+        EncodeISEBlock<3>(trit_vals, bits_, bit_sink);
+      }
+      break;
+
+      case kQuintEncoding: {
+        std::vector<int> quint_vals;
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+          if (next_val != vals_.end()) {
+            quint_vals.push_back(*next_val);
+            ++next_val;
+          }
+        }
+
+        EncodeISEBlock<5>(quint_vals, bits_, bit_sink);
+      }
+      break;
+
+      case kBitEncoding: {
+        bit_sink->PutBits(*next_val, EncodedBlockSize());
+        ++next_val;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.h b/src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a815e09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_INTEGER_SEQUENCE_CODEC_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_INTEGER_SEQUENCE_CODEC_H_
+
+#include "src/base/bit_stream.h"
+#include "src/base/uint128.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// The maximum number of bits that we would need to encode an ISE value. The
+// ASTC specification does not give a maximum number, however unquantized color
+// values have a maximum range of 255, meaning that we can't feasibly have more
+// than eight bits per value.
+constexpr int kLog2MaxRangeForBits = 8;
+
+// Ranges can take any of the the forms 2^k, 3*2^k, or 5*2^k for k up to
+// kLog2MaxRangeForBits. Hence we have three types of ranges. Since the
+// maximum encoded value is 255, k won't go larger than 8. We don't have quints
+// that accompany [6, 8]-bits, as (5 * 2^6 = 320 > 255) and we don't have trits
+// that accompany [7, 8]-bits, as (3 * 2^7 = 384 > 255). But we do have trits
+// and quints that accompany no bits. Hence we have a total of
+// 3 * kLog2MaxRangeForBits - 3 - 2 + 2 total ranges.
+constexpr int kNumPossibleRanges = 3 * kLog2MaxRangeForBits - 3;
+
+// Returns an iterator through the available ASTC ranges.
+std::array<int, kNumPossibleRanges>::const_iterator ISERangeBegin();
+std::array<int, kNumPossibleRanges>::const_iterator ISERangeEnd();
+
+// Base class for ASTC integer sequence encoders and decoders. These codecs
+// operate on sequences of integers and produce bit patterns that pack the
+// integers based on the encoding scheme specified in the ASTC specification
+// Section C.2.12. The resulting bit pattern is a sequence of encoded blocks.
+// All blocks in a sequence are one of the following encodings:
+//
+//   (1 -- bit encoding) one encoded value of the form 2^k
+//   (2 -- trit encoding) five encoded values of the form 3*2^k
+//   (3 -- quint encoding) three encoded values of the form 5*2^k
+//
+// The layouts of each block are designed such that the blocks can be truncated
+// during encoding in order to support variable length input sequences (i.e. a
+// sequence of values that are encoded using trit encoded blocks does not
+// need to have a multiple-of-five length).
+class IntegerSequenceCodec {
+ public:
+  // Returns the number of trits, quints, and bits needed to encode values in
+  // [0, range]. This is used to determine the layout of ISE encoded bit
+  // streams. The returned array holds the number of trits, quints, and bits
+  // respectively. range is expected to be within the interval [1, 5242879]
+  static void GetCountsForRange(int range, int* trits, int* quints, int* bits);
+
+  // Returns the number of bits needed to encode the given number of values with
+  // respect to the number of trits, quints, and bits specified in ise_counts
+  // (in that order). It is expected that either trits or quints can be
+  // nonzero, but not both, and neither can be larger than one. Anything else is
+  // undefined.
+  static int GetBitCount(int num_vals, int trits, int quints, int bits);
+
+  // Convenience function that returns the number of bits needed to encoded
+  // num_vals within the range [0, range] (inclusive).
+  static inline int GetBitCountForRange(int num_vals, int range) {
+    int trits, quints, bits;
+    GetCountsForRange(range, &trits, &quints, &bits);
+    return GetBitCount(num_vals, trits, quints, bits);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  explicit IntegerSequenceCodec(int range);
+  IntegerSequenceCodec(int trits, int quints, int bits);
+
+  // The encoding mode -- since having trits and quints are mutually exclusive,
+  // we can store the encoding we decide on in this enum.
+  enum EncodingMode {
+    kTritEncoding = 0,
+    kQuintEncoding,
+    kBitEncoding,
+  };
+
+  EncodingMode encoding_;
+  int bits_;
+
+  // Returns the number of values stored in a single ISE block. Since quints and
+  // trits are packed three/five to a bit pattern (respectively), each sequence
+  // is chunked into blocks in order to encode it. For only bit-encodings, the
+  // block size is one.
+  int NumValsPerBlock() const;
+
+  // Returns the size of a single ISE block in bits (see NumValsPerBlock).
+  int EncodedBlockSize() const;
+
+ private:
+  // Determines the encoding mode.
+  void InitializeWithCounts(int trits, int quints, int bits);
+};
+
+// The integer sequence decoder. The decoder only remembers the given encoding
+// but each invocation of Decode operates independently on the input bits.
+class IntegerSequenceDecoder : public IntegerSequenceCodec {
+ public:
+  // Creates a decoder that decodes values within [0, range] (inclusive).
+  explicit IntegerSequenceDecoder(int range)
+      : IntegerSequenceCodec(range) { }
+
+  // Creates a decoder based on the number of trits, quints, and bits expected
+  // in the bit stream passed to Decode.
+  IntegerSequenceDecoder(int trits, int quints, int bits)
+      : IntegerSequenceCodec(trits, quints, bits) { }
+
+  // Decodes num_vals from the bit_src. The number of bits read is dependent
+  // on the number of bits required to encode num_vals based on the calculation
+  // provided in Section C.2.22 of the ASTC specification. The return value
+  // always contains exactly num_vals.
+  std::vector<int> Decode(int num_vals,
+                          base::BitStream<base::UInt128>* bit_src) const;
+};
+
+// The integer sequence encoder. The encoder accepts values one by one and
+// places them into a temporary array that it holds. When needed the user
+// may call Encode to produce an encoded bit stream of the associated values.
+class IntegerSequenceEncoder : public IntegerSequenceCodec {
+ public:
+  // Creates an encoder that encodes values within [0, range] (inclusive).
+  explicit IntegerSequenceEncoder(int range)
+      : IntegerSequenceCodec(range) { }
+
+  // Creates an encoder based on the number of trits, quints, and bits for
+  // the bit stream produced by Encode.
+  IntegerSequenceEncoder(int trits, int quints, int bits)
+      : IntegerSequenceCodec(trits, quints, bits) { }
+
+  // Adds a value to the encoding sequence.
+  void AddValue(int val) {
+    // Make sure it's within bounds
+    assert(encoding_ != EncodingMode::kTritEncoding || val < 3 * (1 << bits_));
+    assert(encoding_ != EncodingMode::kQuintEncoding || val < 5 * (1 << bits_));
+    assert(encoding_ != EncodingMode::kBitEncoding || val < (1 << bits_));
+    vals_.push_back(val);
+  }
+
+  // Writes the encoding for vals_ to the bit_sink. Multiple calls to Encode
+  // will produce the same result.
+  void Encode(base::BitStream<base::UInt128>* bit_sink) const;
+
+  // Removes all of the previously added values to the encoder.
+  void Reset() { vals_.clear(); }
+
+ private:
+  std::vector<int> vals_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_INTEGER_SEQUENCE_CODEC_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/intermediate_astc_block.cc b/src/decoder/intermediate_astc_block.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e03af1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/intermediate_astc_block.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/intermediate_astc_block.h"
+#include "src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.h"
+#include "src/base/bit_stream.h"
+#include "src/base/math_utils.h"
+#include "src/base/optional.h"
+#include "src/base/uint128.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <sstream>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr int kEndpointRange_ReturnInvalidWeightDims = -1;
+constexpr int kEndpointRange_ReturnNotEnoughColorBits = -2;
+
+base::UInt128 PackVoidExtentBlock(uint16_t r, uint16_t g, uint16_t b,
+                                  uint16_t a, std::array<uint16_t, 4> coords) {
+  base::BitStream<base::UInt128> bit_sink;
+
+  // Put void extent mode...
+  bit_sink.PutBits(0xDFC, 12);
+
+  // Each of the coordinates goes in 13 bits at a time.
+  for (auto coord : coords) {
+    assert(coord < 1 << 13);
+    bit_sink.PutBits(coord, 13);
+  }
+  assert(bit_sink.Bits() == 64);
+
+  // Then we add R, G, B, and A in order
+  bit_sink.PutBits(r, 16);
+  bit_sink.PutBits(g, 16);
+  bit_sink.PutBits(b, 16);
+  bit_sink.PutBits(a, 16);
+
+  assert(bit_sink.Bits() == 128);
+
+  base::UInt128 result;
+  bit_sink.GetBits(128, &result);
+  return result;
+}
+
+base::Optional<std::string> GetEncodedWeightRange(int range,
+                                                  std::array<int, 3>* const r) {
+  const std::array<std::array<int, 3>, 12> kValidRangeEncodings =
+      {{ {{ 0, 1, 0 }}, {{ 1, 1, 0 }}, {{ 0, 0, 1 }},
+         {{ 1, 0, 1 }}, {{ 0, 1, 1 }}, {{ 1, 1, 1 }},
+         {{ 0, 1, 0 }}, {{ 1, 1, 0 }}, {{ 0, 0, 1 }},
+         {{ 1, 0, 1 }}, {{ 0, 1, 1 }}, {{ 1, 1, 1 }} }};
+
+  // If our range is larger than all available ranges, this is an error.
+  const int smallest_range = kValidWeightRanges.front();
+  const int largest_range = kValidWeightRanges.back();
+  if (range < smallest_range || largest_range < range) {
+    std::stringstream strm;
+    strm << "Could not find block mode. Invalid weight range: "
+         << range << " not in [" << smallest_range << ", "
+         << largest_range << std::endl;
+    return strm.str();
+  }
+
+  // Find the upper bound on the range, otherwise.
+  const auto range_iter = std::lower_bound(
+      kValidWeightRanges.cbegin(), kValidWeightRanges.cend(), range);
+  auto enc_iter = kValidRangeEncodings.cbegin();
+  enc_iter += std::distance(kValidWeightRanges.cbegin(), range_iter);
+  *r = *enc_iter;
+  return {};
+}
+
+struct BlockModeInfo {
+  int min_weight_grid_dim_x;
+  int max_weight_grid_dim_x;
+  int min_weight_grid_dim_y;
+  int max_weight_grid_dim_y;
+  int r0_bit_pos;
+  int r1_bit_pos;
+  int r2_bit_pos;
+  int weight_grid_x_offset_bit_pos;
+  int weight_grid_y_offset_bit_pos;
+  bool require_single_plane_low_prec;
+};
+
+constexpr int kNumBlockModes = 10;
+const std::array<BlockModeInfo, kNumBlockModes> kBlockModeInfo {{
+  { 4, 7, 2, 5, 4, 0, 1, 7, 5, false },      // B+4 A+2
+  { 8, 11, 2, 5, 4, 0, 1, 7, 5, false },     // B+8 A+2
+  { 2, 5, 8, 11, 4, 0, 1, 5, 7, false },     // A+2 B+8
+  { 2, 5, 6, 7, 4, 0, 1, 5, 7, false },      // A+2 B+6
+  { 2, 3, 2, 5, 4, 0, 1, 7, 5, false },      // B+2 A+2
+  { 12, 12, 2, 5, 4, 2, 3, -1, 5, false },   // 12  A+2
+  { 2, 5, 12, 12, 4, 2, 3, 5, -1, false },   // A+2 12
+  { 6, 6, 10, 10, 4, 2, 3, -1, -1, false },  // 6   10
+  { 10, 10, 6, 6, 4, 2, 3, -1, -1, false },  // 10  6
+  { 6, 9, 6, 9, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, true }        // A+6 B+6
+}};
+
+// These are the bits that must be set for ASTC to recognize a given
+// block mode. They are the 1's set in table C.2.8 of the spec.
+const std::array<int, kNumBlockModes> kBlockModeMask = {{
+  0x0, 0x4, 0x8, 0xC, 0x10C, 0x0, 0x80, 0x180, 0x1A0, 0x100
+}};
+
+static base::Optional<std::string> PackBlockMode(int dim_x, int dim_y, int range,
+                                          bool dual_plane,
+                                          base::BitStream<base::UInt128>* const bit_sink) {
+  // We need to set the high precision bit if our range is too high...
+  bool high_prec = range > 7;
+
+  std::array<int, 3> r;
+  const auto result = GetEncodedWeightRange(range, &r);
+  if (result) {
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // The high two bits of R must not be zero. If this happens then it's
+  // an illegal encoding according to Table C.2.7 that should have gotten
+  // caught in GetEncodedWeightRange
+  assert((r[1] | r[2]) > 0);
+
+  // Just go through the table and see if any of the modes can handle
+  // the given dimensions.
+  for (int mode = 0; mode < kNumBlockModes; ++mode) {
+    const BlockModeInfo& block_mode = kBlockModeInfo[mode];
+
+    bool is_valid_mode = true;
+    is_valid_mode &= block_mode.min_weight_grid_dim_x <= dim_x;
+    is_valid_mode &= dim_x <= block_mode.max_weight_grid_dim_x;
+    is_valid_mode &= block_mode.min_weight_grid_dim_y <= dim_y;
+    is_valid_mode &= dim_y <= block_mode.max_weight_grid_dim_y;
+    is_valid_mode &= !(block_mode.require_single_plane_low_prec && dual_plane);
+    is_valid_mode &= !(block_mode.require_single_plane_low_prec && high_prec);
+
+    if (!is_valid_mode) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // Initialize to the bits we must set.
+    uint32_t encoded_mode = kBlockModeMask[mode];
+    auto setBit = [&encoded_mode](const uint32_t value, const uint32_t offset) {
+      encoded_mode = (encoded_mode & ~(1 << offset)) | ((value & 1) << offset);
+    };
+
+    // Set all the bits we need to set
+    setBit(r[0], block_mode.r0_bit_pos);
+    setBit(r[1], block_mode.r1_bit_pos);
+    setBit(r[2], block_mode.r2_bit_pos);
+
+    // Find our width and height offset from the base width and height weight
+    // grid dimension for the given block mode. These are the 1-2 bits that
+    // get encoded in the block mode used to calculate the final weight grid
+    // width and height.
+    const int offset_x = dim_x - block_mode.min_weight_grid_dim_x;
+    const int offset_y = dim_y - block_mode.min_weight_grid_dim_y;
+
+    // If we don't have an offset position then our offset better be zero.
+    // If this isn't the case, then this isn't a viable block mode and we
+    // should have caught this sooner.
+    assert(block_mode.weight_grid_x_offset_bit_pos >= 0 || offset_x == 0);
+    assert(block_mode.weight_grid_y_offset_bit_pos >= 0 || offset_y == 0);
+
+    encoded_mode |= offset_x << block_mode.weight_grid_x_offset_bit_pos;
+    encoded_mode |= offset_y << block_mode.weight_grid_y_offset_bit_pos;
+
+    if (!block_mode.require_single_plane_low_prec) {
+      setBit(high_prec, 9);
+      setBit(dual_plane, 10);
+    }
+
+    // Make sure that the mode is the first thing the bit sink is writing to
+    assert(bit_sink->Bits() == 0);
+    bit_sink->PutBits(encoded_mode, 11);
+
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  return std::string("Could not find viable block mode");
+}
+
+// Returns true if all endpoint modes are equal.
+bool SharedEndpointModes(const IntermediateBlockData& data) {
+  return std::accumulate(
+      data.endpoints.begin(), data.endpoints.end(), true,
+      [&data](const bool& a, const IntermediateEndpointData& b) {
+        return a && b.mode == data.endpoints[0].mode;
+      });
+}
+
+// Returns the starting bit (between 0 and 128) where the extra CEM and
+// dual plane info is stored in the ASTC block.
+int ExtraConfigBitPosition(const IntermediateBlockData& data) {
+  const bool has_dual_channel = data.dual_plane_channel.hasValue();
+  const int num_weights = data.weight_grid_dim_x * data.weight_grid_dim_y *
+      (has_dual_channel ? 2 : 1);
+  const int num_weight_bits =
+      IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(num_weights, data.weight_range);
+
+  int extra_config_bits = 0;
+  if (!SharedEndpointModes(data)) {
+    const int num_encoded_cem_bits = 2 + data.endpoints.size() * 3;
+    extra_config_bits = num_encoded_cem_bits - 6;
+  }
+
+  if (has_dual_channel) {
+    extra_config_bits += 2;
+  }
+
+  return 128 - num_weight_bits - extra_config_bits;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+base::Optional<IntermediateBlockData> UnpackIntermediateBlock(
+    const PhysicalASTCBlock& pb) {
+  if (pb.IsIllegalEncoding()) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  if (pb.IsVoidExtent()) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // Non void extent? Then let's try to decode everything else.
+  IntermediateBlockData data;
+
+  // All blocks have color values...
+  const base::UInt128 color_bits_mask =
+      (base::UInt128(1) << pb.NumColorBits().value()) - 1;
+  const base::UInt128 color_bits =
+      (pb.GetBlockBits() >> pb.ColorStartBit().value()) & color_bits_mask;
+  base::BitStream<base::UInt128> bit_src(color_bits, 128);
+
+  IntegerSequenceDecoder color_decoder(pb.ColorValuesRange().value());
+  const int num_colors_in_block = pb.NumColorValues().value();
+  std::vector<int> colors = color_decoder.Decode(num_colors_in_block, &bit_src);
+
+  // Decode simple info
+  const auto weight_dims = pb.WeightGridDims();
+  data.weight_grid_dim_x = weight_dims->at(0);
+  data.weight_grid_dim_y = weight_dims->at(1);
+  data.weight_range = pb.WeightRange().value();
+
+  data.partition_id = pb.PartitionID();
+  data.dual_plane_channel = pb.DualPlaneChannel();
+
+  auto colors_iter = colors.begin();
+  for (int i = 0; i < pb.NumPartitions().value(); ++i) {
+    IntermediateEndpointData ep_data;
+    ep_data.mode = pb.GetEndpointMode(i).value();
+
+    const int num_colors = NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(ep_data.mode);
+    ep_data.colors.insert(ep_data.colors.end(), colors_iter,
+                          colors_iter + num_colors);
+    colors_iter += num_colors;
+
+    data.endpoints.push_back(ep_data);
+  }
+  assert(colors_iter == colors.end());
+  data.endpoint_range = pb.ColorValuesRange().value();
+
+  // Finally decode the weights
+  const base::UInt128 weight_bits_mask =
+      (base::UInt128(1) << pb.NumWeightBits().value()) - 1;
+  const base::UInt128 weight_bits =
+      base::ReverseBits(pb.GetBlockBits()) & weight_bits_mask;
+  bit_src = base::BitStream<base::UInt128>(weight_bits, 128);
+
+  IntegerSequenceDecoder weight_decoder(data.weight_range);
+  int num_weights = data.weight_grid_dim_x * data.weight_grid_dim_y;
+  num_weights *= pb.IsDualPlane() ? 2 : 1;
+  data.weights = weight_decoder.Decode(num_weights, &bit_src);
+
+  return data;
+}
+
+int EndpointRangeForBlock(const IntermediateBlockData& data) {
+  // First check to see if we exceed the number of bits allotted for weights, as
+  // specified in C.2.24. If so, then the endpoint range is meaningless, but not
+  // because we had an overzealous color endpoint mode, so return a different
+  // error code.
+  if (IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(
+          data.weight_grid_dim_x * data.weight_grid_dim_y *
+          (data.dual_plane_channel.hasValue() ? 2 : 1),
+          data.weight_range) > 96) {
+    return kEndpointRange_ReturnInvalidWeightDims;
+  }
+
+  const int num_partitions = data.endpoints.size();
+
+  // Calculate the number of bits that we would write prior to getting to the
+  // color endpoint data
+  const int bits_written =
+      11   // Block mode
+      + 2  // Num partitions
+      + ((num_partitions > 1) ? 10 : 0)  // Partition ID
+      + ((num_partitions == 1) ? 4 : 6);  // Shared CEM bits
+
+  // We can determine the range based on how many bits we have between the start
+  // of the color endpoint data and the next section, which is the extra config
+  // bit position
+  const int color_bits_available = ExtraConfigBitPosition(data) - bits_written;
+
+  int num_color_values = 0;
+  for (const auto& ep_data : data.endpoints) {
+    num_color_values += NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(ep_data.mode);
+  }
+
+  // There's no way any valid ASTC encoding has no room left for any color
+  // values. If we hit this then something is wrong in the caller -- abort.
+  // According to section C.2.24, the smallest number of bits available is
+  // ceil(13*C/5), where C is the number of color endpoint integers needed.
+  const int bits_needed = (13 * num_color_values + 4) / 5;
+  if (color_bits_available < bits_needed) {
+    return kEndpointRange_ReturnNotEnoughColorBits;
+  }
+
+  int color_value_range = 255;
+  for (; color_value_range > 1; --color_value_range) {
+    const int bits_for_range = IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(
+        num_color_values, color_value_range);
+    if (bits_for_range <= color_bits_available) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return color_value_range;
+}
+
+base::Optional<VoidExtentData> UnpackVoidExtent(const PhysicalASTCBlock& pb) {
+  if (pb.IsIllegalEncoding()) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  if (!pb.IsVoidExtent()) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // All blocks have color values...
+  const base::UInt128 color_bits_mask =
+      (base::UInt128(1) << pb.NumColorBits().value()) - 1;
+  const uint64_t color_bits = (
+      (pb.GetBlockBits() >> pb.ColorStartBit().value()) & color_bits_mask).LowBits();
+
+  assert(pb.NumColorValues().value() == 4);
+  VoidExtentData data;
+  data.r = static_cast<uint16_t>((color_bits >>  0) & 0xFFFF);
+  data.g = static_cast<uint16_t>((color_bits >> 16) & 0xFFFF);
+  data.b = static_cast<uint16_t>((color_bits >> 32) & 0xFFFF);
+  data.a = static_cast<uint16_t>((color_bits >> 48) & 0xFFFF);
+
+  const auto void_extent_coords = pb.VoidExtentCoords();
+  if (void_extent_coords) {
+    data.coords[0] = void_extent_coords->at(0);
+    data.coords[1] = void_extent_coords->at(1);
+    data.coords[2] = void_extent_coords->at(2);
+    data.coords[3] = void_extent_coords->at(3);
+  } else {
+    uint16_t all_ones = (1 << 13) - 1;
+    for (auto& coord : data.coords) {
+      coord = all_ones;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return data;
+}
+
+// Packs the given intermediate block into a physical block. Returns false if
+// the provided values in the intermediate block emit an illegal ASTC
+// encoding.
+base::Optional<std::string> Pack(const IntermediateBlockData& data,
+                                 base::UInt128* pb) {
+  if (data.weights.size() !=
+      data.weight_grid_dim_x * data.weight_grid_dim_y *
+      (data.dual_plane_channel.hasValue() ? 2 : 1)) {
+    return std::string("Incorrect number of weights!");
+  }
+
+  // If it's not a void extent block, then it gets a bit more tricky...
+  base::BitStream<base::UInt128> bit_sink;
+
+  // First we need to encode the block mode.
+  const auto error_string = PackBlockMode(
+      data.weight_grid_dim_x, data.weight_grid_dim_y, data.weight_range,
+      data.dual_plane_channel.hasValue(), &bit_sink);
+  if (error_string) {
+    return error_string;
+  }
+
+  // Next, we place the number of partitions minus one.
+  const int num_partitions = data.endpoints.size();
+  bit_sink.PutBits(num_partitions - 1, 2);
+
+  // If we have more than one partition, then we also have a partition ID.
+  if (num_partitions > 1) {
+    const int id = data.partition_id.value();
+    assert(id >= 0);
+    bit_sink.PutBits(id, 10);
+  }
+
+  // Take a detour, let's encode the weights so that we know how many bits they
+  // consume.
+  base::BitStream<base::UInt128> weight_sink;
+
+  IntegerSequenceEncoder weight_enc(data.weight_range);
+  for (auto weight : data.weights) {
+    weight_enc.AddValue(weight);
+  }
+  weight_enc.Encode(&weight_sink);
+
+  const int num_weight_bits = weight_sink.Bits();
+  assert(num_weight_bits ==
+           IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(
+               data.weights.size(), data.weight_range));
+
+  // Let's continue... how much after the color data do we need to write?
+  int extra_config = 0;
+
+  // Determine if all endpoint pairs share the same endpoint mode
+  assert(data.endpoints.size() > 0);
+  bool shared_endpoint_mode = SharedEndpointModes(data);
+
+  // The first part of the endpoint mode (CEM) comes directly after the
+  // partition info, if it exists. If there is no partition info, the CEM comes
+  // right after the block mode. In the single-partition case, we just write out
+  // the entire singular CEM, but in the multi-partition case, if all CEMs are
+  // the same then their shared CEM is specified directly here, too. In both
+  // cases, shared_endpoint_mode is true (in the singular case,
+  // shared_endpoint_mode is trivially true).
+  if (shared_endpoint_mode) {
+    if (num_partitions > 1) {
+      bit_sink.PutBits(0, 2);
+    }
+    bit_sink.PutBits(static_cast<int>(data.endpoints[0].mode), 4);
+  } else {
+    // Here, the CEM is not shared across all endpoint pairs, and we need to
+    // figure out what to place here, and what to place in the extra config
+    // bits before the weight data...
+
+    // Non-shared config modes must all be within the same class (out of four)
+    // See Section C.2.11
+    int min_class = 2;  // We start with 2 here instead of three because it's
+                        // the highest that can be encoded -- even if all modes
+                        // are class 3.
+    int max_class = 0;
+    for (const auto& ep_data : data.endpoints) {
+      const int ep_mode_class = static_cast<int>(ep_data.mode) >> 2;
+      min_class = std::min(min_class, ep_mode_class);
+      max_class = std::max(max_class, ep_mode_class);
+    }
+
+    assert(max_class >= min_class);
+
+    if (max_class - min_class > 1) {
+      return std::string("Endpoint modes are invalid");
+    }
+
+    // Construct the CEM mode -- six of its bits will fit here, but otherwise
+    // the rest will go in the extra configuration bits.
+    base::BitStream<uint32_t> cem_encoder;
+
+    // First encode the base class
+    assert(min_class >= 0);
+    assert(min_class < 3);
+    cem_encoder.PutBits(min_class + 1, 2);
+
+    // Next, encode the class selector bits -- this is simply the offset
+    // from the base class
+    for (const auto& ep_data : data.endpoints) {
+      const int ep_mode_class = static_cast<int>(ep_data.mode) >> 2;
+      const int class_selector_bit = ep_mode_class - min_class;
+      assert(class_selector_bit == 0 || class_selector_bit == 1);
+      cem_encoder.PutBits(class_selector_bit, 1);
+    }
+
+    // Finally, we need to choose from each class which actual mode
+    // we belong to and encode those.
+    for (const auto& ep_data : data.endpoints) {
+      const int ep_mode = static_cast<int>(ep_data.mode) & 3;
+      assert(ep_mode < 4);
+      cem_encoder.PutBits(ep_mode, 2);
+    }
+    assert(cem_encoder.Bits() == 2 + num_partitions * 3);
+
+    uint32_t encoded_cem;
+    cem_encoder.GetBits(2 + num_partitions * 3, &encoded_cem);
+
+    // Since only six bits fit here before the color endpoint data, the rest
+    // need to go in the extra config data.
+    extra_config = encoded_cem >> 6;
+
+    // Write out the six bits we had
+    bit_sink.PutBits(encoded_cem, 6);
+  }
+
+  // If we have a dual-plane channel, we can tack that onto our extra config
+  // data
+  if (data.dual_plane_channel.hasValue()) {
+    const int channel = data.dual_plane_channel.value();
+    assert(channel < 4);
+    extra_config <<= 2;
+    extra_config |= channel;
+  }
+
+  // Get the range of endpoint values. It can't be -1 because we should have
+  // checked for that much earlier.
+  const int color_value_range = data.endpoint_range
+      ? data.endpoint_range.value()
+      : EndpointRangeForBlock(data);
+
+  assert(color_value_range != kEndpointRange_ReturnInvalidWeightDims);
+  if (color_value_range == kEndpointRange_ReturnNotEnoughColorBits) {
+    return { "Intermediate block emits illegal color range" };
+  }
+
+  IntegerSequenceEncoder color_enc(color_value_range);
+  for (const auto& ep_data : data.endpoints) {
+    for (int color : ep_data.colors) {
+      if (color > color_value_range) {
+        return { "Color outside available color range!" };
+      }
+
+      color_enc.AddValue(color);
+    }
+  }
+  color_enc.Encode(&bit_sink);
+
+  // Now we need to skip some bits to get to the extra configuration bits. The
+  // number of bits we need to skip depends on where we are in the stream and
+  // where we need to get to.
+  const int extra_config_bit_position = ExtraConfigBitPosition(data);
+  const int extra_config_bits =
+      128 - num_weight_bits - extra_config_bit_position;
+  assert(extra_config_bits >= 0);
+  assert(extra_config < 1 << extra_config_bits);
+
+  // Make sure the color encoder didn't write more than we thought it would.
+  int bits_to_skip = extra_config_bit_position - bit_sink.Bits();
+  assert(bits_to_skip >= 0);
+
+  while (bits_to_skip > 0) {
+    const int skipping = std::min(32, bits_to_skip);
+    bit_sink.PutBits(0, skipping);
+    bits_to_skip -= skipping;
+  }
+
+  // Finally, write out the rest of the config bits.
+  bit_sink.PutBits(extra_config, extra_config_bits);
+
+  // We should be right up to the weight bits...
+  assert(bit_sink.Bits() == 128 - num_weight_bits);
+
+  // Flush out our bit writer and write out the weight bits
+  base::UInt128 astc_bits;
+  bit_sink.GetBits(128 - num_weight_bits, &astc_bits);
+
+  base::UInt128 rev_weight_bits;
+  weight_sink.GetBits(weight_sink.Bits(), &rev_weight_bits);
+
+  astc_bits |= base::ReverseBits(rev_weight_bits);
+
+  // And we're done! Whew!
+  *pb = astc_bits;
+  return PhysicalASTCBlock(*pb).IsIllegalEncoding();
+}
+
+base::Optional<std::string> Pack(const VoidExtentData& data,
+                                 base::UInt128* pb) {
+  *pb = PackVoidExtentBlock(data.r, data.g, data.b, data.a, data.coords);
+  return PhysicalASTCBlock(*pb).IsIllegalEncoding();
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/intermediate_astc_block.h b/src/decoder/intermediate_astc_block.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec6eb3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/intermediate_astc_block.h
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_INTERMEDIATE_ASTC_BLOCK_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_INTERMEDIATE_ASTC_BLOCK_H_
+
+#include "src/base/optional.h"
+#include "src/base/uint128.h"
+#include "src/decoder/physical_astc_block.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// From Table C.2.7 -- These are the only valid ranges that weight
+// values can take.
+constexpr std::array<int, 12> kValidWeightRanges =
+{{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, 23, 31 }};
+
+// Void extent data are all the ASTC blocks that are labeled for having a
+// constant color. In the ASTC spec, some of these blocks may optionally
+// have "void extent coordinates" that describe how far in texture space
+// the constant color should span. If these coordinates are not valid,
+// then the coordinates are all set to a fully saturated bit mask
+// ((1 << 13) - 1) and the block is treated as a singular constant color.
+// We call both types of these blocks "void extent" to remove confusion
+// in our code.
+struct VoidExtentData {
+  uint16_t r;
+  uint16_t g;
+  uint16_t b;
+  uint16_t a;
+  std::array<uint16_t, 4> coords;
+};
+
+// Intermediate endpoint data. Really this is just an endpoint mode
+// and a couple of values that represent the data used to decode the
+// RGB values from the color endpoint mode.
+struct IntermediateEndpointData {
+  ColorEndpointMode mode;
+  std::vector<int> colors;
+};
+
+// This is an unpacked physical ASTC block, but it does not have enough
+// information to be worked with logically. It is simply a container of
+// all of the unpacked ASTC information. It is used as a staging area
+// for the information that is later Pack()'d into a PhysicalASTCBlock.
+struct IntermediateBlockData {
+  int weight_grid_dim_x;
+  int weight_grid_dim_y;
+  int weight_range;
+
+  // Quantized, non-interpolated weights
+  std::vector<int> weights;
+
+  // The 10-bit partition ID if we need one
+  base::Optional<int> partition_id;
+
+  // The dual-plane channel in [0, 3] if it exists.
+  base::Optional<int> dual_plane_channel;
+
+  // The quantized/encoded endpoint values for this block. The range of each
+  // endpoint value is specified by |endpoint_range|, if it exists. If not, the
+  // range can be queried by calling EndpointRangeForBlock
+  std::vector<IntermediateEndpointData> endpoints;
+
+  // The range [0, endpoint_range] that any one endpoint value can take. Users
+  // should not write to this value themselves. If it is empty at the time
+  // someone calls Pack(), it will be automatically inferred. Otherwise, it is
+  // set by Unpack() based on what the underlying encoding specified.
+  base::Optional<int> endpoint_range;
+};
+
+// Returns the maximum value that a given endpoint value can take according to
+// the other settings in the block. Ignores the |endpoint_range| member
+// variable. Returns negative values on error:
+//  -1 : Too many bits required to store weight grid
+//  -2 : There are too few bits allocated for color endpoint data according to
+//       C.2.24 in the ASTC spec
+int EndpointRangeForBlock(const IntermediateBlockData& data);
+inline int EndpointRangeForBlock(const VoidExtentData& data);
+
+// Unpacks the physical ASTC block into the intermediate block. Returns false
+// if the physical block is an error encoded block, or if the physical block
+// is a void extent block. On error the contents of ib are undefined.
+base::Optional<IntermediateBlockData> UnpackIntermediateBlock(
+    const PhysicalASTCBlock& pb);
+
+// Unpacks the physical ASTC block into a void extent block. Returns false
+// if the physical block is an error encoded block, or if the physical block
+// is an intermediate block. On error the contents of ib are undefined.
+base::Optional<VoidExtentData> UnpackVoidExtent(const PhysicalASTCBlock& pb);
+
+// Packs the given intermediate block into a physical block. Returns an error
+// string if the provided values in the intermediate block emit an illegal ASTC
+// encoding. In this case the results in the physical block are undefined.
+base::Optional<std::string> Pack(const IntermediateBlockData& data,
+                                 base::UInt128* pb);
+
+// Packs the given void extent block into a physical block. Returns an error
+// string if the provided values in the void extent block emit an illegal ASTC
+// encoding. In this case the results in the physical block are undefined.
+base::Optional<std::string> Pack(const VoidExtentData& data, base::UInt128* pb);
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// Impl
+
+inline int EndpointRangeForBlock(const VoidExtentData& data) {
+  // Void extent blocks use 16-bit ARGB definitions
+  return (1 << 16) - 1;
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_INTERMEDIATE_ASTC_BLOCK_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/logical_astc_block.cc b/src/decoder/logical_astc_block.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9271e18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/logical_astc_block.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/logical_astc_block.h"
+#include "src/decoder/endpoint_codec.h"
+#include "src/decoder/footprint.h"
+#include "src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.h"
+#include "src/decoder/quantization.h"
+#include "src/decoder/weight_infill.h"
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+Partition GenerateSinglePartition(Footprint footprint) {
+  return Partition { footprint, /* num_parts = */ 1, /* partition_id = */ 0,
+        std::vector<int>(footprint.NumPixels(), 0) };
+}
+
+static std::vector<EndpointPair> DecodeEndpoints(const IntermediateBlockData& block) {
+  const int endpoint_range = block.endpoint_range
+      ? block.endpoint_range.value()
+      : EndpointRangeForBlock(block);
+  assert(endpoint_range > 0);
+
+  std::vector<EndpointPair> endpoints;
+  for (const auto& eps : block.endpoints) {
+    RgbaColor decmp_one_rgba, decmp_two_rgba;
+    DecodeColorsForMode(eps.colors, endpoint_range, eps.mode,
+                        &decmp_one_rgba, &decmp_two_rgba);
+    endpoints.emplace_back(decmp_one_rgba, decmp_two_rgba);
+  }
+  return endpoints;
+}
+
+static std::vector<EndpointPair> DecodeEndpoints(const VoidExtentData& block) {
+  EndpointPair eps;
+  eps.first[0] = eps.second[0] = (block.r * 255) / 65535;
+  eps.first[1] = eps.second[1] = (block.g * 255) / 65535;
+  eps.first[2] = eps.second[2] = (block.b * 255) / 65535;
+  eps.first[3] = eps.second[3] = (block.a * 255) / 65535;
+
+  std::vector<EndpointPair> endpoints;
+  endpoints.emplace_back(eps);
+  return endpoints;
+}
+
+Partition ComputePartition(const Footprint& footprint,
+                           const IntermediateBlockData& block) {
+  if (block.partition_id) {
+    const int part_id = block.partition_id.value();
+    const size_t num_parts = block.endpoints.size();
+    return GetASTCPartition(footprint, num_parts, part_id);
+  } else {
+    return GenerateSinglePartition(footprint);
+  }
+}
+
+Partition ComputePartition(const Footprint& footprint, const VoidExtentData&) {
+  return GenerateSinglePartition(footprint);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+LogicalASTCBlock::LogicalASTCBlock(const Footprint& footprint)
+    : endpoints_(1),
+      weights_(footprint.NumPixels(), 0),
+      partition_(GenerateSinglePartition(footprint)) { }
+
+LogicalASTCBlock::LogicalASTCBlock(const Footprint& footprint,
+                                   const IntermediateBlockData& block)
+    : endpoints_(DecodeEndpoints(block)),
+      partition_(ComputePartition(footprint, block)) {
+  CalculateWeights(footprint, block);
+}
+
+LogicalASTCBlock::LogicalASTCBlock(const Footprint& footprint,
+                                   const VoidExtentData& block)
+    : endpoints_(DecodeEndpoints(block)),
+      partition_(ComputePartition(footprint, block)) {
+  CalculateWeights(footprint, block);
+}
+
+void LogicalASTCBlock::CalculateWeights(const Footprint& footprint,
+                                        const IntermediateBlockData& block) {
+  const int grid_size_x = block.weight_grid_dim_x;
+  const int grid_size_y = block.weight_grid_dim_y;
+  const int weight_grid_size = grid_size_x * grid_size_y;
+
+  // Either we have a dual plane and we have twice as many weights as
+  // specified or we don't
+  assert(block.dual_plane_channel
+        ? block.weights.size() == weight_grid_size * 2
+        : block.weights.size() == weight_grid_size);
+
+  std::vector<int> unquantized;
+  unquantized.reserve(weight_grid_size);
+
+  // According to C.2.16, if we have dual-plane weights, then we have two
+  // weights per texel -- one adjacent to the other. Hence, we have to skip
+  // some when we decode the separate weight values.
+  const int weight_frequency = (block.dual_plane_channel) ? 2 : 1;
+  const int weight_range = block.weight_range;
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < weight_grid_size; ++i) {
+    const int weight = block.weights[i * weight_frequency];
+    unquantized.push_back(UnquantizeWeightFromRange(weight, weight_range));
+  }
+  weights_ = InfillWeights(unquantized, footprint, grid_size_x, grid_size_y);
+
+  if (block.dual_plane_channel) {
+    SetDualPlaneChannel(block.dual_plane_channel.value());
+    for (int i = 0; i < weight_grid_size; ++i) {
+      const int weight = block.weights[i * weight_frequency + 1];
+      unquantized[i] = UnquantizeWeightFromRange(weight, weight_range);
+    }
+    dual_plane_->weights =
+        InfillWeights(unquantized, footprint, grid_size_x, grid_size_y);
+  }
+}
+
+void LogicalASTCBlock::CalculateWeights(const Footprint& footprint,
+                                        const VoidExtentData&) {
+  weights_ = std::vector<int>(footprint.NumPixels(), 0);
+}
+
+void LogicalASTCBlock::SetWeightAt(int x, int y, int weight) {
+  assert(weight >= 0);
+  assert(weight <= 64);
+  weights_.at(y * GetFootprint().Width() + x) = weight;
+}
+
+int LogicalASTCBlock::WeightAt(int x, int y) const {
+  return weights_.at(y * GetFootprint().Width() + x);
+}
+
+void LogicalASTCBlock::SetDualPlaneWeightAt(int channel, int x, int y,
+                                            int weight) {
+  assert(weight >= 0);
+  assert(weight <= 64);
+
+  // If it's not a dual plane, then this has no logical meaning
+  assert(IsDualPlane());
+
+  // If it is a dual plane and the passed channel matches the query, then we
+  // return the specialized weights
+  if (dual_plane_->channel == channel) {
+    dual_plane_->weights.at(y * GetFootprint().Width() + x) = weight;
+  } else {
+    // If the channel is not the special channel, then return the general weight
+    SetWeightAt(x, y, weight);
+  }
+}
+
+int LogicalASTCBlock::DualPlaneWeightAt(int channel, int x, int y) const {
+  // If it's not a dual plane, then we just return the weight for all channels
+  if (!IsDualPlane()) {
+    // TODO(google): Log warning, Requesting dual-plane channel for a non
+    // dual-plane block!
+    return WeightAt(x, y);
+  }
+
+  // If it is a dual plane and the passed channel matches the query, then we
+  // return the specialized weights
+  if (dual_plane_->channel == channel) {
+    return dual_plane_->weights.at(y * GetFootprint().Width() + x);
+  }
+
+  // If the channel is not the special channel, then return the general weight
+  return WeightAt(x, y);
+}
+
+void LogicalASTCBlock::SetDualPlaneChannel(int channel) {
+  if (channel < 0) {
+    dual_plane_.clear();
+  } else if (dual_plane_) {
+    dual_plane_->channel = channel;
+  } else {
+    dual_plane_ = DualPlaneData {channel, weights_};
+  }
+}
+
+RgbaColor LogicalASTCBlock::ColorAt(int x, int y) const {
+  const auto footprint = GetFootprint();
+  assert(x >= 0);  assert(x < footprint.Width());
+  assert(y >= 0);  assert(y < footprint.Height());
+
+  const int texel_idx = y * footprint.Width() + x;
+  const int part = partition_.assignment[texel_idx];
+  const auto& endpoints = endpoints_[part];
+
+  RgbaColor result;
+  for (int channel = 0; channel < 4; ++channel) {
+    const int weight = (dual_plane_ && dual_plane_->channel == channel)
+        ? dual_plane_->weights[texel_idx]
+        : weights_[texel_idx];
+    const int p0 = endpoints.first[channel];
+    const int p1 = endpoints.second[channel];
+
+    assert(p0 >= 0); assert(p0 < 256);
+    assert(p1 >= 0); assert(p1 < 256);
+
+    // According to C.2.19
+    const int c0 = (p0 << 8) | p0;
+    const int c1 = (p1 << 8) | p1;
+    const int c = (c0 * (64 - weight) + c1 * weight + 32) / 64;
+    // TODO(google): Handle conversion to sRGB or FP16 per C.2.19.
+    const int quantized = ((c * 255) + 32767) / 65536;
+    assert(quantized < 256);
+    result[channel] = quantized;
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+void LogicalASTCBlock::SetPartition(const Partition& p) {
+  assert(p.footprint == partition_.footprint &&
+         "New partitions may not be for a different footprint");
+  partition_ = p;
+  endpoints_.resize(p.num_parts);
+}
+
+void LogicalASTCBlock::SetEndpoints(const EndpointPair& eps, int subset) {
+  assert(subset < partition_.num_parts);
+  assert(subset < endpoints_.size());
+
+  endpoints_[subset] = eps;
+}
+
+base::Optional<LogicalASTCBlock> UnpackLogicalBlock(
+    const Footprint& footprint, const PhysicalASTCBlock& pb) {
+  if (pb.IsVoidExtent()) {
+    base::Optional<VoidExtentData> ve = UnpackVoidExtent(pb);
+    if (!ve) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    return LogicalASTCBlock(footprint, ve.value());
+  } else {
+    base::Optional<IntermediateBlockData> ib = UnpackIntermediateBlock(pb);
+    if (!ib) {
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    return LogicalASTCBlock(footprint, ib.value());
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/logical_astc_block.h b/src/decoder/logical_astc_block.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2243eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/logical_astc_block.h
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_LOGICAL_ASTC_BLOCK_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_LOGICAL_ASTC_BLOCK_H_
+
+#include "src/base/optional.h"
+#include "src/decoder/footprint.h"
+#include "src/decoder/intermediate_astc_block.h"
+#include "src/decoder/partition.h"
+#include "src/decoder/physical_astc_block.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// A logical ASTC block holds the endpoints, indices, and partition information
+// of a compressed block. These values generally do not adhere to any
+// quality-for-bitrate-imposed limits and are solely logical entities for
+// determining the best representation of a given block.
+class LogicalASTCBlock {
+ public:
+  LogicalASTCBlock(const LogicalASTCBlock&) = default;
+  LogicalASTCBlock(LogicalASTCBlock&&) = default;
+
+  // Unpack an intermediate block into a logical one.
+  LogicalASTCBlock(const Footprint& footprint,
+                   const IntermediateBlockData& block);
+
+  // Unpack a void extent intermediate block into a logical one.
+  LogicalASTCBlock(const Footprint& footprint, const VoidExtentData& block);
+
+  // Create a new, empty ASTC block
+  explicit LogicalASTCBlock(const Footprint& footprint);
+
+  // Returns the footprint associated with this block. The footprint is defined
+  // via the partition, because the partition definition is dependent on the
+  // footprint.
+  const Footprint& GetFootprint() const { return partition_.footprint; }
+
+  // Returns the unquantized and infilled weight in the range [0, 64] for the
+  // given texel location. Assumes that the block is a single-plane block,
+  // meaning that weights are used equally across all channels.
+  void SetWeightAt(int x, int y, int weight);
+  int WeightAt(int x, int y) const;
+
+  // Returns the unquantized and infilled weight in the range [0, 64] for the
+  // given channel at the given texel location. If the block does not have a
+  // dual-plane channel then the reference-returning version will fail, as it
+  // cannot return a reference to a value that (potentially) doesn't exist.
+  void SetDualPlaneWeightAt(int channel, int x, int y, int weight);
+  int DualPlaneWeightAt(int channel, int x, int y) const;
+
+  // Returns the color as it would be in the given pixel coordinates of the
+  // block. Fails if the coordinates are outside of the range of the block
+  // footprint
+  RgbaColor ColorAt(int x, int y) const;
+
+  // Sets the current partition for the block. |p|'s footprint must match the
+  // return value of GetFootprint() or else this call will fail.
+  void SetPartition(const Partition& p);
+
+  // Sets the endpoints for the given subset.
+  void SetEndpoints(const EndpointPair& eps, int subset);
+  void SetEndpoints(const Endpoint& ep1, const Endpoint& ep2, int subset) {
+    SetEndpoints(std::make_pair(ep1, ep2), subset);
+  }
+
+  // Sets the dual plane channel for the block. Value must be within the range
+  // [0, 3]. If a negative value is passed, then the dual-plane data for the
+  // block is removed, and the block is treated as a single-plane block.
+  void SetDualPlaneChannel(int channel);
+  bool IsDualPlane() const { return dual_plane_.hasValue(); }
+
+ private:
+  // A block may have up to four endpoint pairs.
+  std::vector<EndpointPair> endpoints_;
+
+  // Weights are stored as values in the interval [0, 64].
+  std::vector<int> weights_;
+
+  // The partition information for this block. This determines the
+  // appropriate subsets that each pixel should belong to.
+  Partition partition_;
+
+  // Dual plane data holds both the channel and the weights that describe
+  // the dual plane data for the given block. If a block has a dual plane, then
+  // we need to know both the channel and the weights associated with it.
+  struct DualPlaneData {
+    int channel;
+    std::vector<int> weights;
+  };
+
+  // The dual-plane data is optional from a logical representation of the block.
+  base::Optional<DualPlaneData> dual_plane_;
+
+  // Calculates the unquantized and interpolated weights from the encoded weight
+  // values and possibly dual-plane weights specified in the passed ASTC block.
+  void CalculateWeights(const Footprint& footprint,
+                        const IntermediateBlockData& block);
+
+  // Calculates the weights for a VoidExtentBlock.
+  void CalculateWeights(const Footprint& footprint,
+                        const VoidExtentData& block);
+};
+
+// Unpacks the physical ASTC block into a logical block. Returns false if the
+// physical block is an error encoded block.
+base::Optional<LogicalASTCBlock> UnpackLogicalBlock(
+    const Footprint& footprint, const PhysicalASTCBlock& pb);
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_LOGICAL_ASTC_BLOCK_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/partition.cc b/src/decoder/partition.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90d39fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/partition.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/partition.h"
+#include "src/base/bottom_n.h"
+#include "src/decoder/footprint.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <queue>
+#include <set>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+// The maximum number of partitions supported by ASTC is four.
+constexpr int kMaxNumSubsets = 4;
+
+// Partition selection function based on the ASTC specification.
+// See section C.2.21
+int SelectASTCPartition(int seed, int x, int y, int z, int partitioncount,
+                        int num_pixels) {
+  if (partitioncount <= 1) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (num_pixels < 31) {
+    x <<= 1;
+    y <<= 1;
+    z <<= 1;
+  }
+
+  seed += (partitioncount - 1) * 1024;
+
+  uint32_t rnum = seed;
+  rnum ^= rnum >> 15;
+  rnum -= rnum << 17;
+  rnum += rnum << 7;
+  rnum += rnum << 4;
+  rnum ^= rnum >> 5;
+  rnum += rnum << 16;
+  rnum ^= rnum >> 7;
+  rnum ^= rnum >> 3;
+  rnum ^= rnum << 6;
+  rnum ^= rnum >> 17;
+
+  uint8_t seed1 = rnum & 0xF;
+  uint8_t seed2 = (rnum >> 4) & 0xF;
+  uint8_t seed3 = (rnum >> 8) & 0xF;
+  uint8_t seed4 = (rnum >> 12) & 0xF;
+  uint8_t seed5 = (rnum >> 16) & 0xF;
+  uint8_t seed6 = (rnum >> 20) & 0xF;
+  uint8_t seed7 = (rnum >> 24) & 0xF;
+  uint8_t seed8 = (rnum >> 28) & 0xF;
+  uint8_t seed9 = (rnum >> 18) & 0xF;
+  uint8_t seed10 = (rnum >> 22) & 0xF;
+  uint8_t seed11 = (rnum >> 26) & 0xF;
+  uint8_t seed12 = ((rnum >> 30) | (rnum << 2)) & 0xF;
+
+  seed1 *= seed1;
+  seed2 *= seed2;
+  seed3 *= seed3;
+  seed4 *= seed4;
+  seed5 *= seed5;
+  seed6 *= seed6;
+  seed7 *= seed7;
+  seed8 *= seed8;
+  seed9 *= seed9;
+  seed10 *= seed10;
+  seed11 *= seed11;
+  seed12 *= seed12;
+
+  int sh1, sh2, sh3;
+  if (seed & 1) {
+    sh1 = (seed & 2 ? 4 : 5);
+    sh2 = (partitioncount == 3 ? 6 : 5);
+  } else {
+    sh1 = (partitioncount == 3 ? 6 : 5);
+    sh2 = (seed & 2 ? 4 : 5);
+  }
+  sh3 = (seed & 0x10) ? sh1 : sh2;
+
+  seed1 >>= sh1;
+  seed2 >>= sh2;
+  seed3 >>= sh1;
+  seed4 >>= sh2;
+  seed5 >>= sh1;
+  seed6 >>= sh2;
+  seed7 >>= sh1;
+  seed8 >>= sh2;
+
+  seed9 >>= sh3;
+  seed10 >>= sh3;
+  seed11 >>= sh3;
+  seed12 >>= sh3;
+
+  int a = seed1 * x + seed2 * y + seed11 * z + (rnum >> 14);
+  int b = seed3 * x + seed4 * y + seed12 * z + (rnum >> 10);
+  int c = seed5 * x + seed6 * y + seed9  * z + (rnum >> 06);
+  int d = seed7 * x + seed8 * y + seed10 * z + (rnum >> 02);
+
+  a &= 0x3F;
+  b &= 0x3F;
+  c &= 0x3F;
+  d &= 0x3F;
+
+  if (partitioncount <= 3) {
+    d = 0;
+  }
+  if (partitioncount <= 2) {
+    c = 0;
+  }
+
+  if (a >= b && a >= c && a >= d) {
+    return 0;
+  } else if (b >= c && b >= d) {
+    return 1;
+  } else if (c >= d) {
+    return 2;
+  } else {
+    return 3;
+  }
+}
+
+// A partition hash that we can pass to containers like std::unordered_set
+struct PartitionHasher {
+  size_t operator()(const Partition& part) const {
+    // The issue here is that if we have two different partitions, A and B, then
+    // their hash should be equal if A and B are equal. We define the distance
+    // between A and B using PartitionMetric, but internally that finds a 1-1
+    // mapping from labels in A to labels in B.
+    //
+    // With that in mind, when we define a hash for partitions, we need to find
+    // a 1-1 mapping to a 'universal' labeling scheme. Here we define that as
+    // the heuristic: the first encountered label will be 0, the second will be
+    // 1, etc. This creates a unique 1-1 mapping scheme from any partition.
+    //
+    // Note, we can't use this heuristic for the PartitionMetric, as it will
+    // generate very large discrepancies between similar labellings (for example
+    // 000...001 vs 011...111). We are just looking for a boolean distinction
+    // whether or not two partitions are different and don't care how different
+    // they are.
+    std::array<int, kMaxNumSubsets> mapping {{ -1, -1, -1, -1 }};
+    int next_subset = 0;
+    for (int subset : part.assignment) {
+      if (mapping[subset] < 0) {
+        mapping[subset] = next_subset++;
+      }
+    }
+    assert(next_subset <= kMaxNumSubsets);
+
+    // The return value will be the hash of the assignment according to this
+    // mapping
+    const auto seed = 0;
+    return std::accumulate(part.assignment.begin(), part.assignment.end(), seed,
+                           [&mapping](size_t seed, const int& subset) {
+                             std::hash<size_t> hasher;
+                             const int s = mapping[subset];
+                             return hasher(seed) ^ hasher(static_cast<size_t>(s));
+                           });
+  }
+};
+
+// Construct a VP-Tree of partitions. Since our PartitionMetric satisfies
+// the triangle inequality, we can use this general higher-dimensional space
+// partitioning tree to organize our partitions.
+//
+// TODO(google): !SPEED! Right now this tree stores an actual linked
+// structure of pointers which is likely very slow during construction and
+// very not cache-coherent during traversal, so it'd probably be good to
+// switch to a flattened binary tree structure if performance becomes an
+// issue.
+class PartitionTree {
+ public:
+  // Unclear what it means to have an uninitialized tree, so delete default
+  // constructors, but allow the tree to be moved
+  PartitionTree() = delete;
+  PartitionTree(const PartitionTree&) = delete;
+  PartitionTree(PartitionTree&& t) = default;
+
+  // Generate a PartitionTree from iterators over |Partition|s
+  template<typename Itr>
+  PartitionTree(Itr begin, Itr end) : parts_(begin, end) {
+    std::vector<int> part_indices(parts_.size());
+    std::iota(part_indices.begin(), part_indices.end(), 0);
+    root_ = std::unique_ptr<PartitionTreeNode>(
+        new PartitionTreeNode(parts_, part_indices));
+  }
+
+  // Search for the k-nearest partitions that are closest to part based on
+  // the result of PartitionMetric
+  void Search(const Partition& part, int k,
+              std::vector<const Partition*>* const results,
+              std::vector<int>* const distances) const {
+    ResultHeap heap(k);
+    SearchNode(root_, part, &heap);
+
+    results->clear();
+    if (nullptr != distances) {
+      distances->clear();
+    }
+
+    std::vector<ResultNode> search_results = heap.Pop();
+    for (const auto& result : search_results) {
+      results->push_back(&parts_[result.part_idx]);
+      if (nullptr != distances) {
+        distances->push_back(result.distance);
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert(results->size() == k);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Heap elements to be stored while searching the tree. The two relevant
+  // pieces of information are the partition index and it's distance from the
+  // queried partition.
+  struct ResultNode {
+    int part_idx;
+    int distance;
+
+    // Heap based on distance from query point.
+    bool operator<(const ResultNode& other) const {
+      return distance < other.distance;
+    }
+  };
+
+  using ResultHeap = base::BottomN<ResultNode>;
+
+  struct PartitionTreeNode {
+    int part_idx;
+    int split_dist;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<PartitionTreeNode> left;
+    std::unique_ptr<PartitionTreeNode> right;
+
+    PartitionTreeNode(const std::vector<Partition> &parts,
+                      const std::vector<int> &part_indices)
+        : split_dist(-1) {
+      assert(part_indices.size() > 0);
+
+      right.reset(nullptr);
+      left.reset(nullptr);
+
+      // Store the first node as our vantage point
+      part_idx = part_indices[0];
+      const Partition& vantage_point = parts[part_indices[0]];
+
+      // Calculate the distances of the remaining nodes against the vantage
+      // point.
+      std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> part_dists;
+      for (int i = 1; i < part_indices.size(); ++i) {
+        const int idx = part_indices[i];
+        const int dist = PartitionMetric(vantage_point, parts[idx]);
+        if (dist > 0) {
+          part_dists.push_back(std::make_pair(idx, dist));
+        }
+      }
+
+      // If there are no more different parts, then this is a leaf node
+      if (part_dists.empty()) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      struct OrderBySecond {
+        typedef std::pair<int, int> PairType;
+          bool operator()(const PairType& lhs, const PairType& rhs) {
+            return lhs.second < rhs.second;
+          }
+      };
+
+      // We want to partition the set such that the points are ordered
+      // based on their distances from the vantage point. We can do this
+      // using the partial sort of nth element.
+      std::nth_element(
+          part_dists.begin(), part_dists.begin() + part_dists.size() / 2,
+          part_dists.end(), OrderBySecond());
+
+      // Once that's done, our split position is in the middle
+      const auto split_iter = part_dists.begin() + part_dists.size() / 2;
+      split_dist = split_iter->second;
+
+      // Recurse down the right and left sub-trees with the indices of the
+      // parts that are farther and closer respectively
+      std::vector<int> right_indices;
+      for (auto itr = split_iter; itr != part_dists.end(); ++itr) {
+        right_indices.push_back(itr->first);
+      }
+
+      if (!right_indices.empty()) {
+        right.reset(new PartitionTreeNode(parts, right_indices));
+      }
+
+      std::vector<int> left_indices;
+      for (auto itr = part_dists.begin(); itr != split_iter; ++itr) {
+        left_indices.push_back(itr->first);
+      }
+
+      if (!left_indices.empty()) {
+        left.reset(new PartitionTreeNode(parts, left_indices));
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+  void SearchNode(const std::unique_ptr<PartitionTreeNode>& node,
+                  const Partition& p, ResultHeap* const heap) const {
+    if (nullptr == node) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Calculate distance against current node
+    const int dist = PartitionMetric(parts_[node->part_idx], p);
+
+    // Push it onto the heap and remove the top-most nodes to maintain
+    // closest k indices.
+    ResultNode result;
+    result.part_idx = node->part_idx;
+    result.distance = dist;
+    heap->Push(result);
+
+    // If the split distance is uninitialized, it means we have no children.
+    if (node->split_dist < 0) {
+      assert(nullptr == node->left);
+      assert(nullptr == node->right);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Next we need to check the left and right trees if their distance
+    // is closer/farther than the farthest element on the heap
+    const int tau = heap->Top().distance;
+    if (dist + tau < node->split_dist || dist - tau < node->split_dist) {
+      SearchNode(node->left, p, heap);
+    }
+
+    if (dist + tau > node->split_dist || dist - tau > node->split_dist) {
+      SearchNode(node->right, p, heap);
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::vector<Partition> parts_;
+  std::unique_ptr<PartitionTreeNode> root_;
+};
+
+// A helper function that generates all of the partitions for each number of
+// subsets in ASTC blocks and stores them in a PartitionTree for fast retrieval.
+const int kNumASTCPartitionIDBits = 10;
+PartitionTree GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint footprint) {
+  std::unordered_set<Partition, PartitionHasher> parts;
+  for (int num_parts = 2; num_parts <= kMaxNumSubsets; ++num_parts) {
+    for (int id = 0; id < (1 << kNumASTCPartitionIDBits); ++id) {
+      Partition part = GetASTCPartition(footprint, num_parts, id);
+
+      // Make sure we're not using a degenerate partition assignment that wastes
+      // an endpoint pair...
+      bool valid_part = true;
+      for (int i = 0; i < num_parts; ++i) {
+        if (std::find(part.assignment.begin(), part.assignment.end(), i) ==
+            part.assignment.end()) {
+          valid_part = false;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (valid_part) {
+        parts.insert(std::move(part));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return PartitionTree(parts.begin(), parts.end());
+}
+
+// To avoid needing any fancy boilerplate for mapping from a width, height
+// tuple, we can define a simple encoding for the block mode:
+constexpr int EncodeDims(int width, int height) {
+  return (width << 16) | height;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+int PartitionMetric(const Partition& a, const Partition& b) {
+  // Make sure that one partition is at least a subset of the other...
+  assert(a.footprint == b.footprint);
+
+  // Make sure that the number of parts is within our limits. ASTC has a maximum
+  // of four subsets per block according to the specification.
+  assert(a.num_parts <= kMaxNumSubsets);
+  assert(b.num_parts <= kMaxNumSubsets);
+
+  const int w = a.footprint.Width();
+  const int h = b.footprint.Height();
+
+  struct PairCount {
+    int a;
+    int b;
+    int count;
+
+    // Comparison needed for sort below.
+    bool operator>(const PairCount& other) const {
+      return count > other.count;
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Since we need to find the smallest mapping from labels in A to labels in B,
+  // we need to store each label pair in a structure that can later be sorted.
+  // The maximum number of subsets in an ASTC block is four, meaning that
+  // between the two partitions, we can have up to sixteen different pairs.
+  std::array<PairCount, 16> pair_counts;
+  for (int y = 0; y < 4; ++y) {
+    for (int x = 0; x < 4; ++x) {
+      const int idx = y * 4 + x;
+      pair_counts[idx].a = x;
+      pair_counts[idx].b = y;
+      pair_counts[idx].count = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Count how many times we see each pair of assigned values (order matters!)
+  for (int y = 0; y < h; ++y) {
+    for (int x = 0; x < w; ++x) {
+      const int idx = y * w + x;
+
+      const int a_val = a.assignment[idx];
+      const int b_val = b.assignment[idx];
+
+      assert(a_val >= 0);
+      assert(b_val >= 0);
+
+      assert(a_val < 4);
+      assert(b_val < 4);
+
+      ++(pair_counts[b_val * 4 + a_val].count);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Sort the pairs in descending order based on their count
+  std::sort(pair_counts.begin(), pair_counts.end(), std::greater<PairCount>());
+
+  // Now assign pairs one by one until we have no more pairs to assign. Once
+  // a value from A is assigned to a value in B, it can no longer be reassigned,
+  // so we can keep track of this in a matrix. Similarly, to keep the assignment
+  // one-to-one, once a value in B has been assigned to, it cannot be assigned
+  // to again.
+  std::array<std::array<bool, kMaxNumSubsets>, kMaxNumSubsets> assigned { };
+
+  int pixels_matched = 0;
+  for (const auto& pair_count : pair_counts) {
+    bool is_assigned = false;
+    for (int i = 0; i < kMaxNumSubsets; ++i) {
+      is_assigned |= assigned.at(pair_count.a).at(i);
+      is_assigned |= assigned.at(i).at(pair_count.b);
+    }
+
+    if (!is_assigned) {
+      assigned.at(pair_count.a).at(pair_count.b) = true;
+      pixels_matched += pair_count.count;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The difference is the number of pixels that had an assignment versus the
+  // total number of pixels.
+  return w * h - pixels_matched;
+}
+
+// Generates the partition assignment for the given block attributes.
+Partition GetASTCPartition(const Footprint& footprint, int num_parts,
+                           int partition_id) {
+  // Partitions must have at least one subset but may have at most four
+  assert(num_parts >= 0);
+  assert(num_parts <= kMaxNumSubsets);
+
+  // Partition ID can be no more than 10 bits.
+  assert(partition_id >= 0);
+  assert(partition_id < 1 << 10);
+
+  Partition part = {footprint, num_parts, partition_id, /* assignment = */ {}};
+  part.assignment.reserve(footprint.NumPixels());
+
+  // Maintain column-major order so that we match all of the image processing
+  // algorithms that depend on this class.
+  for (int y = 0; y < footprint.Height(); ++y) {
+    for (int x = 0; x < footprint.Width(); ++x) {
+      const int p = SelectASTCPartition(partition_id, x, y, 0, num_parts,
+                                        footprint.NumPixels());
+      part.assignment.push_back(p);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return part;
+}
+
+const std::vector<const Partition*> FindKClosestASTCPartitions(
+    const Partition& candidate, int k) {
+  const int encoded_dims = EncodeDims(candidate.footprint.Width(),
+                                      candidate.footprint.Height());
+
+  int index = 0;
+  switch (encoded_dims) {
+    case EncodeDims(4, 4): index = 0; break;
+    case EncodeDims(5, 4): index = 1; break;
+    case EncodeDims(5, 5): index = 2; break;
+    case EncodeDims(6, 5): index = 3; break;
+    case EncodeDims(6, 6): index = 4; break;
+    case EncodeDims(8, 5): index = 5; break;
+    case EncodeDims(8, 6): index = 6; break;
+    case EncodeDims(8, 8): index = 7; break;
+    case EncodeDims(10, 5): index = 8; break;
+    case EncodeDims(10, 6): index = 9; break;
+    case EncodeDims(10, 8): index = 10; break;
+    case EncodeDims(10, 10): index = 11; break;
+    case EncodeDims(12, 10): index = 12; break;
+    case EncodeDims(12, 12): index = 13; break;
+    default:
+      assert(false && "Unknown footprint dimensions. This should have been caught sooner.");
+      break;
+  }
+
+  static const auto* const kASTCPartitionTrees =
+      new std::array<PartitionTree, Footprint::NumValidFootprints()> {{
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get4x4()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get5x4()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get5x5()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get6x5()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get6x6()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get8x5()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get8x6()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get8x8()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get10x5()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get10x6()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get10x8()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get10x10()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get12x10()),
+      GenerateASTCPartitionTree(Footprint::Get12x12()),
+    }};
+
+  const PartitionTree& parts_vptree = kASTCPartitionTrees->at(index);
+  std::vector<const Partition*> results;
+  parts_vptree.Search(candidate, k, &results, nullptr);
+  return results;
+}
+
+// Returns the valid ASTC partition that is closest to the candidate based on
+// the PartitionMetric defined above.
+const Partition& FindClosestASTCPartition(const Partition& candidate) {
+  // Given a candidate, the closest valid partition will likely not be an exact
+  // match. Consider all of the texels for which this valid partition differs
+  // with the candidate.
+  //
+  // If the valid partition has more subsets than the candidate, then all of the
+  // highest subset will be included in the mismatched texels. Since the number
+  // of possible partitions with increasing subsets grows exponentially, the
+  // chance that a valid partition with fewer subsets appears within the first
+  // few closest partitions is relatively high. Empirically, we can usually find
+  // a partition with at most |candidate.num_parts| number of subsets within the
+  // first four closest partitions.
+  constexpr int kSearchItems = 4;
+
+  const std::vector<const Partition*> results =
+      FindKClosestASTCPartitions(candidate, kSearchItems);
+
+  // Optimistically, look for result with the same number of subsets.
+  for (const auto& result : results) {
+    if (result->num_parts == candidate.num_parts) {
+      return *result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If all else fails, then at least find the result with fewer subsets than
+  // we asked for.
+  for (const auto& result : results) {
+    if (result->num_parts < candidate.num_parts) {
+      return *result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert(false &&
+         "Could not find partition with acceptable number of subsets!");
+  return *(results[0]);
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/partition.h b/src/decoder/partition.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f64acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/partition.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_PARTITION_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_PARTITION_H_
+
+#include "src/base/optional.h"
+#include "src/decoder/footprint.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+struct Partition;
+
+// Determines the "difference" between any two partitions of the same size.
+// This metric attempts to find the best one to one mapping from the labels in
+// partition a against the labels in partition b. Once that mapping is found, it
+// returns the number of pixels that are mismatched between the two. Each
+// partition is expected to start in the upper left corner of the block and
+// proceed in raster-scan order. Two partitions are equal if the mapping is
+// bijective. This metric is a metric in the mathematical sense. In other words
+// it has the following properties:
+//
+// 1) PartitionMetric(a, b) >= 0
+// 2) PartitionMetric(a, b) == PartitionMetric(b, a)
+// 3) PartitionMetric(a, b) == 0 iff a == b
+// 4) PartitionMetric(a, b) + PartitionMetric(b, c) >= PartitionMetric(a, c)
+//
+// Throws an error if one partition's footprint is not equal to the other.
+int PartitionMetric(const Partition& a, const Partition& b);
+
+// A partition is a way to divide up an ASTC block into disjoint subsets such
+// that each subset uses a different set of endpoints. This is used to increase
+// the compression quality of blocks. One way to store such a partition is to
+// assign an ID to use with a predetermined decoding method. Here we store the
+// logical representation of partitions by keeping a per-pixel label. All pixels
+// that share a label belong to the same subset.
+struct Partition {
+  // The footprint width and height of this partition. This determines the size
+  // of the assignment array.
+  Footprint footprint;
+
+  // The number of subsets in this partition. The values in the partition
+  // assignment fall within the range [0, num_parts). The maximum number of
+  // parts supported is four.
+  int num_parts;
+
+  // The 10-bit partition ID as stored in bits 13-22 of multi-part ASTC blocks.
+  // (See Section C.2.9) If there is no guarantee that this partition is a valid
+  // ASTC partition, this should be set to absl::nullopt.
+  base::Optional<int> partition_id;
+
+  // A value in the range [0, num_parts) corresponding to the label for
+  // the given texel (x, y) in [0, footprint_width) x [0, footprint_height)
+  // using a raster-order layout.
+  std::vector<int> assignment;
+
+  // Returns true only if their "distance" is zero, i.e. if they have compatible
+  // subset assignments.
+  bool operator==(const Partition& other) const {
+    return PartitionMetric(*this, other) == 0;
+  }
+};
+
+// Generates the ASTC partition assignment for the given block attributes.
+Partition GetASTCPartition(const Footprint& footprint, int num_parts,
+                           int partition_id);
+
+// Returns the |k| valid ASTC partitions that are closest to the candidate based
+// on the PartitionMetric defined above.
+const std::vector<const Partition*> FindKClosestASTCPartitions(
+    const Partition& candidate, int k);
+
+// Returns the valid ASTC partition closest to the candidate with at most as
+// many subsets as the |candidate|. Note: this is not a deterministic function,
+// as the underlying valid partitions are sorted using a hash map and a distance
+// function whose range is the natural numbers. The chances that two or more
+// partitions are equally 'closest' is possible, in which case this function
+// makes no guarantees about which one it will return. For more control, use
+// FindKClosestASTCPartitions above.
+const Partition& FindClosestASTCPartition(const Partition& candidate);
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_PARTITION_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/physical_astc_block.cc b/src/decoder/physical_astc_block.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cc4d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/physical_astc_block.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,761 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/physical_astc_block.h"
+#include "src/base/math_utils.h"
+#include "src/base/optional.h"
+#include "src/base/uint128.h"
+#include "src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+static_assert(static_cast<int>(ColorEndpointMode::kNumColorEndpointModes) == 16,
+              "There are only sixteen color endpoint modes defined in the "
+              "ASTC specification. If this is false, then the enum may be "
+              "incorrect.");
+
+constexpr int kASTCBlockSizeBits = 128;
+constexpr int kASTCBlockSizeBytes = kASTCBlockSizeBits / 8;
+constexpr uint32_t kVoidExtentMaskBits = 9;
+constexpr uint32_t kVoidExtentMask = 0x1FC;
+constexpr int kWeightGridMinBitLength = 24;
+constexpr int kWeightGridMaxBitLength = 96;
+constexpr int kMaxNumPartitions = 4;
+constexpr int kMaxNumWeights = 64;
+
+// These are the overall block modes defined in table C.2.8.  There are 10
+// weight grid encoding schemes + void extent.
+enum class BlockMode {
+  kB4_A2,
+  kB8_A2,
+  kA2_B8,
+  kA2_B6,
+  kB2_A2,
+  k12_A2,
+  kA2_12,
+  k6_10,
+  k10_6,
+  kA6_B6,
+  kVoidExtent,
+};
+
+struct WeightGridProperties {
+  int width;
+  int height;
+  int range;
+};
+
+// Local function prototypes
+base::Optional<BlockMode> DecodeBlockMode(const base::UInt128 astc_bits);
+base::Optional<WeightGridProperties> DecodeWeightProps(
+    const base::UInt128 astc_bits, std::string* error);
+std::array<int, 4> DecodeVoidExtentCoords(const base::UInt128 astc_bits);
+bool DecodeDualPlaneBit(const base::UInt128 astc_bits);
+int DecodeNumPartitions(const base::UInt128 astc_bits);
+int DecodeNumWeightBits(const base::UInt128 astc_bits);
+int DecodeDualPlaneBitStartPos(const base::UInt128 astc_bits);
+ColorEndpointMode DecodeEndpointMode(const base::UInt128 astc_bits,
+                                     int partition);
+int DecodeNumColorValues(const base::UInt128 astc_bits);
+
+// Returns the block mode, if it's valid.
+base::Optional<BlockMode> DecodeBlockMode(const base::UInt128 astc_bits) {
+  using Result = base::Optional<BlockMode>;
+  const uint64_t low_bits = astc_bits.LowBits();
+  if (base::GetBits(low_bits, 0, kVoidExtentMaskBits) == kVoidExtentMask) {
+    return Result(BlockMode::kVoidExtent);
+  }
+
+  if (base::GetBits(low_bits, 0, 2) != 0) {
+    const uint64_t mode_bits = base::GetBits(low_bits, 2, 2);
+    switch (mode_bits) {
+      case 0: return Result(BlockMode::kB4_A2);
+      case 1: return Result(BlockMode::kB8_A2);
+      case 2: return Result(BlockMode::kA2_B8);
+      case 3: return base::GetBits(low_bits, 8, 1) ?
+          Result(BlockMode::kB2_A2) : Result(BlockMode::kA2_B6);
+    }
+  } else {
+    const uint64_t mode_bits = base::GetBits(low_bits, 5, 4);
+    if ((mode_bits & 0xC) == 0x0) {
+      if (base::GetBits(low_bits, 0, 4) == 0) {
+        // Reserved.
+        return Result();
+      } else {
+        return Result(BlockMode::k12_A2);
+      }
+    } else if ((mode_bits & 0xC) == 0x4) {
+      return Result(BlockMode::kA2_12);
+    } else if (mode_bits == 0xC) {
+      return Result(BlockMode::k6_10);
+    } else if (mode_bits == 0xD) {
+      return Result(BlockMode::k10_6);
+    } else if ((mode_bits & 0xC) == 0x8) {
+      return Result(BlockMode::kA6_B6);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return Result();
+}
+
+base::Optional<WeightGridProperties> DecodeWeightProps(
+    const base::UInt128 astc_bits, std::string* error) {
+  auto block_mode = DecodeBlockMode(astc_bits);
+  if (!block_mode) {
+    *error = "Reserved block mode";
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // The dimensions of the weight grid and their range
+  WeightGridProperties props;
+
+  // Determine the weight extents based on the block mode
+  const uint32_t low_bits =
+      static_cast<uint32_t>(astc_bits.LowBits() & 0xFFFFFFFF);
+  switch (block_mode.value()) {
+    case BlockMode::kB4_A2: {
+      int a = base::GetBits(low_bits, 5, 2);
+      int b = base::GetBits(low_bits, 7, 2);
+      props.width = b + 4;
+      props.height = a + 2;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case BlockMode::kB8_A2: {
+      int a = base::GetBits(low_bits, 5, 2);
+      int b = base::GetBits(low_bits, 7, 2);
+      props.width = b + 8;
+      props.height = a + 2;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case BlockMode::kA2_B8: {
+      int a = base::GetBits(low_bits, 5, 2);
+      int b = base::GetBits(low_bits, 7, 2);
+      props.width = a + 2;
+      props.height = b + 8;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case BlockMode::kA2_B6: {
+      int a = base::GetBits(low_bits, 5, 2);
+      int b = base::GetBits(low_bits, 7, 1);
+      props.width = a + 2;
+      props.height = b + 6;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case BlockMode::kB2_A2: {
+      int a = base::GetBits(low_bits, 5, 2);
+      int b = base::GetBits(low_bits, 7, 1);
+      props.width = b + 2;
+      props.height = a + 2;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case BlockMode::k12_A2: {
+      int a = base::GetBits(low_bits, 5, 2);
+      props.width = 12;
+      props.height = a + 2;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case BlockMode::kA2_12: {
+      int a = base::GetBits(low_bits, 5, 2);
+      props.width = a + 2;
+      props.height = 12;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case BlockMode::k6_10: {
+      props.width = 6;
+      props.height = 10;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case BlockMode::k10_6: {
+      props.width = 10;
+      props.height = 6;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case BlockMode::kA6_B6: {
+      int a = base::GetBits(low_bits, 5, 2);
+      int b = base::GetBits(low_bits, 9, 2);
+      props.width = a + 6;
+      props.height = b + 6;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    // Void extent blocks have no weight grid.
+    case BlockMode::kVoidExtent:
+      *error = "Void extent block has no weight grid";
+      return {};
+
+    // We have a valid block mode which isn't a void extent? We
+    // should be able to decode the weight grid dimensions.
+    default:
+      assert(false && "Error decoding weight grid");
+      *error = "Internal error";
+      return {};
+  }
+
+  // Determine the weight range based on the block mode
+  uint32_t r = base::GetBits(low_bits, 4, 1);
+  switch (block_mode.value()) {
+    case BlockMode::kB4_A2:
+    case BlockMode::kB8_A2:
+    case BlockMode::kA2_B8:
+    case BlockMode::kA2_B6:
+    case BlockMode::kB2_A2: {
+      r |= base::GetBits(low_bits, 0, 2) << 1;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case BlockMode::k12_A2:
+    case BlockMode::kA2_12:
+    case BlockMode::k6_10:
+    case BlockMode::k10_6:
+    case BlockMode::kA6_B6:  {
+      r |= base::GetBits(low_bits, 2, 2) << 1;
+    }
+    break;
+
+    // We have a valid block mode which doesn't have weights? We
+    // should have caught this earlier.
+    case BlockMode::kVoidExtent:
+    default:
+      assert(false && "Error decoding weight grid");
+      *error = "Internal error";
+      return {};
+  }
+
+  // Decode the range...
+  // High bit is in bit 9 unless we're using a particular block mode
+  uint32_t h = base::GetBits(low_bits, 9, 1);
+  if (block_mode == BlockMode::kA6_B6) {
+    h = 0;
+  }
+
+  // Figure out the range of the weights (Table C.2.7)
+  constexpr std::array<int, 16> kWeightRanges = {{
+      -1, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, -1, -1, 9, 11, 15, 19, 23, 31
+    }};
+
+  assert(((h << 3) | r) < kWeightRanges.size());
+
+  props.range = kWeightRanges.at((h << 3) | r);
+  if (props.range < 0) {
+    *error = "Reserved range for weight bits";
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // Error checking -- do we have too many weights?
+  int num_weights = props.width * props.height;
+  if (DecodeDualPlaneBit(astc_bits)) {
+    num_weights *= 2;
+  }
+
+  if (kMaxNumWeights < num_weights) {
+    *error = "Too many weights specified";
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // Do we have too many weight bits?
+  const int bit_count =
+      IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(num_weights, props.range);
+
+  if (bit_count < kWeightGridMinBitLength) {
+    *error = "Too few bits required for weight grid";
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  if (kWeightGridMaxBitLength < bit_count) {
+    *error = "Too many bits required for weight grid";
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  return props;
+}
+
+// Returns the four 13-bit integers that define the range of texture
+// coordinates present in a void extent block as defined in Section
+// C.2.23 of the specification. The coordinates returned are of
+// the form (min_s, max_s, min_t, max_t)
+std::array<int, 4> DecodeVoidExtentCoords(const base::UInt128 astc_bits) {
+  const uint64_t low_bits = astc_bits.LowBits();
+
+  std::array<int, 4> coords;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+    coords[i] = static_cast<int>(base::GetBits(low_bits, 12 + 13 * i, 13));
+  }
+
+  return coords;
+}
+
+bool DecodeDualPlaneBit(const base::UInt128 astc_bits) {
+  base::Optional<BlockMode> block_mode = DecodeBlockMode(astc_bits);
+
+  // Void extent blocks certainly aren't dual-plane.
+  if (block_mode == BlockMode::kVoidExtent) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // One special block mode doesn't have any dual plane bit
+  if (block_mode == BlockMode::kA6_B6) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Otherwise, dual plane is determined by the 10th bit.
+  constexpr int kDualPlaneBitPosition = 10;
+  return base::GetBits(astc_bits, kDualPlaneBitPosition, 1) != 0;
+}
+
+int DecodeNumPartitions(const base::UInt128 astc_bits) {
+  constexpr int kNumPartitionsBitPosition = 11;
+  constexpr int kNumPartitionsBitLength = 2;
+
+  // Non-void extent blocks
+  const uint64_t low_bits = astc_bits.LowBits();
+  const int num_partitions = 1 + static_cast<int>(
+      base::GetBits(low_bits,
+                    kNumPartitionsBitPosition,
+                    kNumPartitionsBitLength));
+  assert(num_partitions > 0);
+  assert(num_partitions <= kMaxNumPartitions);
+
+  return num_partitions;
+}
+
+int DecodeNumWeightBits(const base::UInt128 astc_bits) {
+  std::string error;
+  auto maybe_weight_props = DecodeWeightProps(astc_bits, &error);
+  if (!maybe_weight_props.hasValue()) {
+    return 0;  // No weights? No weight bits...
+  }
+
+  const auto weight_props = maybe_weight_props.value();
+
+  // Figure out the number of weights
+  int num_weights = weight_props.width * weight_props.height;
+  if (DecodeDualPlaneBit(astc_bits)) {
+    num_weights *= 2;
+  }
+
+  // The number of bits is determined by the number of values
+  // that are going to be encoded using the given ise_counts.
+  return IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(
+      num_weights, weight_props.range);
+}
+
+// Returns the number of bits after the weight data used to
+// store additional CEM bits.
+int DecodeNumExtraCEMBits(const base::UInt128 astc_bits) {
+  const int num_partitions = DecodeNumPartitions(astc_bits);
+
+  // Do we only have one partition?
+  if (num_partitions == 1) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Do we have a shared CEM?
+  constexpr int kSharedCEMBitPosition = 23;
+  constexpr int kSharedCEMBitLength = 2;
+  const base::UInt128 shared_cem =
+      base::GetBits(astc_bits, kSharedCEMBitPosition, kSharedCEMBitLength);
+  if (shared_cem == 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  const std::array<int, 4> extra_cem_bits_for_partition = {{ 0, 2, 5, 8 }};
+  return extra_cem_bits_for_partition[num_partitions - 1];
+}
+
+// Returns the starting position of the dual plane channel. This comes
+// before the weight data and extra CEM bits.
+int DecodeDualPlaneBitStartPos(const base::UInt128 astc_bits) {
+  const int start_pos = kASTCBlockSizeBits
+      - DecodeNumWeightBits(astc_bits)
+      - DecodeNumExtraCEMBits(astc_bits);
+
+  if (DecodeDualPlaneBit(astc_bits)) {
+    return start_pos - 2;
+  } else {
+    return start_pos;
+  }
+}
+
+// Decodes a CEM mode based on the partition number.
+ColorEndpointMode DecodeEndpointMode(const base::UInt128 astc_bits,
+                                     int partition) {
+  int num_partitions = DecodeNumPartitions(astc_bits);
+  assert(partition >= 0);
+  assert(partition < num_partitions);
+
+  // Do we only have one partition?
+  uint64_t low_bits = astc_bits.LowBits();
+  if (num_partitions == 1) {
+    uint64_t cem = base::GetBits(low_bits, 13, 4);
+    return static_cast<ColorEndpointMode>(cem);
+  }
+
+  // More than one partition ... do we have a shared CEM?
+  if (DecodeNumExtraCEMBits(astc_bits) == 0) {
+    const uint64_t shared_cem = base::GetBits(low_bits, 25, 4);
+    return static_cast<ColorEndpointMode>(shared_cem);
+  }
+
+  // More than one partition and no shared CEM...
+  uint64_t cem = base::GetBits(low_bits, 23, 6);
+  const int base_cem = static_cast<int>(((cem & 0x3) - 1) * 4);
+  cem >>= 2;  // Skip the base CEM bits
+
+  // The number of extra CEM bits at the end of the weight grid is
+  // determined by the number of partitions and what the base cem mode is...
+  const int num_extra_cem_bits = DecodeNumExtraCEMBits(astc_bits);
+  const int extra_cem_start_pos = kASTCBlockSizeBits
+      - num_extra_cem_bits
+      - DecodeNumWeightBits(astc_bits);
+
+  base::UInt128 extra_cem =
+      base::GetBits(astc_bits, extra_cem_start_pos, num_extra_cem_bits);
+  cem |= extra_cem.LowBits() << 4;
+
+  // Decode C and M per Figure C.4
+  int c = -1, m = -1;
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_partitions; ++i) {
+    if (i == partition) {
+      c = cem & 0x1;
+    }
+    cem >>= 1;
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_partitions; ++i) {
+    if (i == partition) {
+      m = cem & 0x3;
+    }
+    cem >>= 2;
+  }
+
+  assert(c >= 0);
+  assert(m >= 0);
+
+  // Compute the mode based on C and M
+  const int mode = base_cem + 4 * c + m;
+  assert(mode < static_cast<int>(ColorEndpointMode::kNumColorEndpointModes));
+  return static_cast<ColorEndpointMode>(mode);
+}
+
+int DecodeNumColorValues(const base::UInt128 astc_bits) {
+  int num_color_values = 0;
+  auto num_partitions = DecodeNumPartitions(astc_bits);
+  for (int i = 0; i < num_partitions; ++i) {
+    ColorEndpointMode endpoint_mode = DecodeEndpointMode(astc_bits, i);
+    num_color_values += NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(endpoint_mode);
+  }
+
+  return num_color_values;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+static_assert(sizeof(PhysicalASTCBlock) == PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes,
+              "The size of the struct should be the size of the block so that"
+              "we can effectively use them contiguously in memory.");
+
+PhysicalASTCBlock::PhysicalASTCBlock(const base::UInt128 astc_block)
+    : astc_bits_(astc_block) {}
+
+PhysicalASTCBlock::PhysicalASTCBlock(const std::string& encoded_block)
+    : astc_bits_([&encoded_block]() {
+        assert(encoded_block.size() == PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes);
+        base::UInt128 astc_bits = 0;
+        int shift = 0;
+        for (const unsigned char c : encoded_block) {
+          astc_bits |= base::UInt128(static_cast<uint64_t>(c)) << shift;
+          shift += 8;
+        }
+        return astc_bits;
+      }())
+{ }
+
+base::Optional<std::string> PhysicalASTCBlock::IsIllegalEncoding() const {
+  // If the block is not a void extent block, then it must have
+  // weights specified. DecodeWeightProps will return the weight specifications
+  // if they exist and are legal according to C.2.24, and will otherwise be
+  // empty.
+  base::Optional<BlockMode> block_mode = DecodeBlockMode(astc_bits_);
+  if (block_mode != BlockMode::kVoidExtent) {
+    std::string error;
+    auto maybe_weight_props = DecodeWeightProps(astc_bits_, &error);
+    if (!maybe_weight_props.hasValue()) {
+      return error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Check void extent blocks...
+  if (block_mode == BlockMode::kVoidExtent) {
+    // ... for reserved bits incorrectly set
+    if (base::GetBits(astc_bits_, 10, 2) != 0x3) {
+      return std::string("Reserved bits set for void extent block");
+    }
+
+    // ... for incorrectly defined texture coordinates
+    std::array<int, 4> coords = DecodeVoidExtentCoords(astc_bits_);
+
+    bool coords_all_1s = true;
+    for (const auto coord : coords) {
+      coords_all_1s &= coord == ((1 << 13) - 1);
+    }
+
+    if (!coords_all_1s && (coords[0] >= coords[1] || coords[2] >= coords[3])) {
+      return std::string("Void extent texture coordinates are invalid");
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If the number of color values exceeds a threshold and it isn't a void
+  // extent block then we've run into an error
+  if (block_mode != BlockMode::kVoidExtent) {
+    int num_color_vals = DecodeNumColorValues(astc_bits_);
+    if (num_color_vals > 18) {
+      return std::string("Too many color values");
+    }
+
+    // The maximum number of available color bits is the number of
+    // bits between the dual plane bits and the base CEM. This must
+    // be larger than a threshold defined in C.2.24.
+
+    // Dual plane bit starts after weight bits and CEM
+    const int num_partitions = DecodeNumPartitions(astc_bits_);
+    const int dual_plane_start_pos = DecodeDualPlaneBitStartPos(astc_bits_);
+    const int color_start_bit = (num_partitions == 1) ? 17 : 29;
+
+    const int required_color_bits = ((13 * num_color_vals) + 4) / 5;
+    const int available_color_bits = dual_plane_start_pos - color_start_bit;
+    if (available_color_bits < required_color_bits) {
+      return std::string("Not enough color bits");
+    }
+
+    // If we have four partitions and a dual plane then we have a problem.
+    if (num_partitions == 4 && DecodeDualPlaneBit(astc_bits_)) {
+      return std::string("Both four partitions and dual plane specified");
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Otherwise we're OK
+  return { };
+}
+
+bool PhysicalASTCBlock::IsVoidExtent() const {
+  // If it's an error block, it's not a void extent block.
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return DecodeBlockMode(astc_bits_) == BlockMode::kVoidExtent;
+}
+
+base::Optional<std::array<int, 4>> PhysicalASTCBlock::VoidExtentCoords() const {
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding() || !IsVoidExtent()) {
+    return { };
+  }
+
+  // If void extent coords are all 1's then these are not valid void extent
+  // coords
+  const uint64_t ve_mask = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFDFFULL;
+  const uint64_t const_blk_mode = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFDFCULL;
+  if ((ve_mask & astc_bits_.LowBits()) == const_blk_mode) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  return DecodeVoidExtentCoords(astc_bits_);
+}
+
+bool PhysicalASTCBlock::IsDualPlane() const {
+  // If it's an error block, then we aren't a dual plane block
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return DecodeDualPlaneBit(astc_bits_);
+}
+
+// Returns the number of weight bits present in this block
+base::Optional<int> PhysicalASTCBlock::NumWeightBits() const {
+  // If it's an error block, then we have no weight bits.
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding()) return { };
+
+  // If it's a void extent block, we have no weight bits
+  if (IsVoidExtent()) return { };
+
+  return DecodeNumWeightBits(astc_bits_);
+}
+
+base::Optional<int> PhysicalASTCBlock::WeightStartBit() const {
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding()) return { };
+  if (IsVoidExtent()) return { };
+
+  return kASTCBlockSizeBits - DecodeNumWeightBits(astc_bits_);
+}
+
+base::Optional<std::array<int, 2>> PhysicalASTCBlock::WeightGridDims() const {
+  std::string error;
+  auto weight_props = DecodeWeightProps(astc_bits_, &error);
+
+  if (!weight_props.hasValue()) return { };
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding()) return { };
+
+  const auto props = weight_props.value();
+  return {{{ props.width, props.height }}};
+}
+
+base::Optional<int> PhysicalASTCBlock::WeightRange() const {
+  std::string error;
+  auto weight_props = DecodeWeightProps(astc_bits_, &error);
+
+  if (!weight_props.hasValue()) return { };
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding()) return { };
+
+  return weight_props.value().range;
+}
+
+base::Optional<int> PhysicalASTCBlock::DualPlaneChannel() const {
+  if (!IsDualPlane()) return { };
+
+  int dual_plane_start_pos = DecodeDualPlaneBitStartPos(astc_bits_);
+  auto plane_bits = base::GetBits(astc_bits_, dual_plane_start_pos, 2);
+  return base::Optional<int>(static_cast<int>(plane_bits.LowBits()));
+}
+
+base::Optional<int> PhysicalASTCBlock::ColorStartBit() const {
+  if (IsVoidExtent()) {
+    return 64;
+  }
+
+  auto num_partitions = NumPartitions();
+  if (!num_partitions) return { };
+
+  return (num_partitions == 1) ? 17 : 29;
+}
+
+base::Optional<int> PhysicalASTCBlock::NumColorValues() const {
+  // If we have a void extent block, then we have four color values
+  if (IsVoidExtent()) {
+    return 4;
+  }
+
+  // If we have an illegal encoding, then we have no color values
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding()) return { };
+
+  return DecodeNumColorValues(astc_bits_);
+}
+
+void PhysicalASTCBlock::GetColorValuesInfo(int* const color_bits,
+                                           int* const color_range) const {
+  // Figure out the range possible for the number of values we have...
+  const int dual_plane_start_pos = DecodeDualPlaneBitStartPos(astc_bits_);
+  const int max_color_bits = dual_plane_start_pos - ColorStartBit().value();
+  const int num_color_values = NumColorValues().value();
+  for (int range = 255; range > 0; --range) {
+    const int bitcount =
+        IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(num_color_values, range);
+    if (bitcount <= max_color_bits) {
+      if (color_bits != nullptr) {
+        *color_bits = bitcount;
+      }
+
+      if (color_range != nullptr) {
+        *color_range = range;
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert(false &&
+         "This means that even if we have a range of one there aren't "
+         "enough bits to store the color values, and our encoding is "
+         "illegal.");
+}
+
+base::Optional<int> PhysicalASTCBlock::NumColorBits() const {
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding()) return { };
+
+  if (IsVoidExtent()) {
+    return 64;
+  }
+
+  int color_bits;
+  GetColorValuesInfo(&color_bits, nullptr);
+  return color_bits;
+}
+
+base::Optional<int> PhysicalASTCBlock::ColorValuesRange() const {
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding()) return { };
+
+  if (IsVoidExtent()) {
+    return (1 << 16) - 1;
+  }
+
+  int color_range;
+  GetColorValuesInfo(nullptr, &color_range);
+  return color_range;
+}
+
+base::Optional<int> PhysicalASTCBlock::NumPartitions() const {
+  // Error blocks have no partitions
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding()) return { };
+
+  // Void extent blocks have no partitions either
+  if (DecodeBlockMode(astc_bits_) == BlockMode::kVoidExtent) {
+    return { };
+  }
+
+  // All others have some number of partitions
+  return DecodeNumPartitions(astc_bits_);
+}
+
+base::Optional<int> PhysicalASTCBlock::PartitionID() const {
+  auto num_partitions = NumPartitions();
+  if (!num_partitions || num_partitions == 1) return { };
+
+  const uint64_t low_bits = astc_bits_.LowBits();
+  return static_cast<int>(base::GetBits(low_bits, 13, 10));
+}
+
+base::Optional<ColorEndpointMode> PhysicalASTCBlock::GetEndpointMode(
+    int partition) const {
+  // Error block?
+  if (IsIllegalEncoding()) return { };
+
+  // Void extent blocks have no endpoint modes
+  if (DecodeBlockMode(astc_bits_) == BlockMode::kVoidExtent) {
+    return { };
+  }
+
+  // Do we even have a CEM for this partition?
+  if (partition < 0 || DecodeNumPartitions(astc_bits_) <= partition) {
+    return { };
+  }
+
+  return DecodeEndpointMode(astc_bits_, partition);
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/physical_astc_block.h b/src/decoder/physical_astc_block.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b04bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/physical_astc_block.h
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_PHYSICAL_ASTC_BLOCK_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_PHYSICAL_ASTC_BLOCK_H_
+
+// The logic in this file is based on the ASTC specification, which can be
+// found here:
+// https://www.opengl.org/registry/specs/KHR/texture_compression_astc_hdr.txt
+
+#include "src/base/optional.h"
+#include "src/base/uint128.h"
+#include "src/decoder/types.h"
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// A PhysicalASTCBlock contains all 128 bits and the logic for decoding the
+// various internals of an ASTC block.
+class PhysicalASTCBlock {
+ public:
+  // The physical size in bytes of an ASTC block
+  static const size_t kSizeInBytes = 16;
+
+  // Initializes an ASTC block based on the encoded string.
+  explicit PhysicalASTCBlock(const std::string& encoded_block);
+  explicit PhysicalASTCBlock(const base::UInt128 astc_block);
+
+  // Returns the 128 bits of this ASTC block.
+  base::UInt128 GetBlockBits() const { return astc_bits_; }
+
+  // Weights are stored in a grid that may not have the same dimensions
+  // as the block dimensions. This allows us to see what the physical
+  // dimensions are of the grid.
+  base::Optional<std::array<int, 2>> WeightGridDims() const;
+
+  // The weight range is the maximum value a weight can take in the
+  // weight grid.
+  base::Optional<int> WeightRange() const;
+
+  // Returns true if the block encoding specifies a void-extent block. This
+  // kind of block stores a single color to be used for every pixel in the
+  // block.
+  bool IsVoidExtent() const;
+
+  // Returns the values (min_s, max_s, min_t, max_t) as defined in the void
+  // extent block as the range of texture coordinates for which this block is
+  // defined. (See Section C.2.23)
+  base::Optional<std::array<int, 4>> VoidExtentCoords() const;
+
+  // Returns true if the block contains two separate weight grids. One used
+  // for the channel returned by DualPlaneChannel() and one used by the other
+  // channels.
+  bool IsDualPlane() const;
+
+  // Returns the channel used as the "dual plane". The return value is only
+  // meaningful if IsDualPlane() returns true...
+  base::Optional<int> DualPlaneChannel() const;
+
+  // Returns a reason that the encoding doesn't adhere to the specification.
+  // If the encoding is legal, then this returns a nullptr. This allows us to
+  // still use code of the form:
+  //
+  //     if (IsIllegalEncoding()) {
+  //       ... error ...
+  //     }
+  //     ... no error ...
+  //
+  // However, it also helps with debugging since we can find problems with
+  // encodings a lot faster.
+  base::Optional<std::string> IsIllegalEncoding() const;
+
+  // Returns the number of weight bits present in this block.
+  base::Optional<int> NumWeightBits() const;
+
+  // Returns the starting position within the range [0, 127] of the
+  // weight data within the block.
+  base::Optional<int> WeightStartBit() const;
+
+  // Returns the number of endpoint pairs used in this block.
+  base::Optional<int> NumPartitions() const;
+
+  // Returns the seed used to determine the partition for a given
+  // (x, y) coordinate within the block. Determined using the
+  // block size and the function as described in the specification.
+  base::Optional<int> PartitionID() const;
+
+  // Returns the color endpoint mode for the given partition index.
+  base::Optional<ColorEndpointMode> GetEndpointMode(int partition) const;
+
+  // Returns the starting position within the range [0, 127] of the
+  // color data within the block.
+  base::Optional<int> ColorStartBit() const;
+
+  // Returns the number of integers used to represent the color endpoints.
+  base::Optional<int> NumColorValues() const;
+
+  // Returns the number of bits used to represent the color endpoints.
+  base::Optional<int> NumColorBits() const;
+
+  // Returns the maximum value that each of the encoded integers used to
+  // represent the color endpoints can take.
+  base::Optional<int> ColorValuesRange() const;
+
+ private:
+  const base::UInt128 astc_bits_;
+
+  // The logic to return the number of color bits and the color values range
+  // is very similar, so it's probably best to abstract it away into its own
+  // function.
+  void GetColorValuesInfo(int* color_bits, int* color_range) const;
+};
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_PHYSICAL_ASTC_BLOCK_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/quantization.cc b/src/decoder/quantization.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db99682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/quantization.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,462 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/quantization.h"
+#include "src/base/math_utils.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+// Trit unquantization procedure as described in Section C.2.13
+int GetUnquantizedTritValue(int trit, int bits, int range) {
+  int a = (bits & 1) ? 0x1FF : 0;
+  int b = 0, c = 0;
+  switch (range) {
+    case 5: {
+      b = 0;
+      c = 204;
+    }
+      break;
+
+    case 11: {
+      int x = (bits >> 1) & 0x1;
+      b = (x << 1) | (x << 2) | (x << 4) | (x << 8);
+      c = 93;
+    }
+      break;
+
+    case 23: {
+      int x = (bits >> 1) & 0x3;
+      b = x | (x << 2) | (x << 7);
+      c = 44;
+    }
+      break;
+
+    case 47: {
+      int x = (bits >> 1) & 0x7;
+      b = x | (x << 6);
+      c = 22;
+    }
+      break;
+
+    case 95: {
+      int x = (bits >> 1) & 0xF;
+      b = (x >> 2) | (x << 5);
+      c = 11;
+    }
+      break;
+
+    case 191: {
+      int x = (bits >> 1) & 0x1F;
+      b = (x >> 4) | (x << 4);
+      c = 5;
+    }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      assert(false && "Illegal trit encoding");
+      break;
+  }
+
+  int t = trit * c + b;
+  t ^= a;
+  t = (a & 0x80) | (t >> 2);
+  return t;
+}
+
+// Quint unquantization procedure as described in Section C.2.13
+int GetUnquantizedQuintValue(int quint, int bits, int range) {
+  int a = (bits & 1) ? 0x1FF : 0;
+  int b = 0, c = 0;
+  switch (range) {
+    case 9: {
+      b = 0;
+      c = 113;
+    }
+      break;
+
+    case 19: {
+      int x = (bits >> 1) & 0x1;
+      b = (x << 2) | (x << 3) | (x << 8);
+      c = 54;
+    }
+      break;
+
+    case 39: {
+      int x = (bits >> 1) & 0x3;
+      b = (x >> 1) | (x << 1) | (x << 7);
+      c = 26;
+    }
+      break;
+
+    case 79: {
+      int x = (bits >> 1) & 0x7;
+      b = (x >> 1) | (x << 6);
+      c = 13;
+    }
+      break;
+
+    case 159: {
+      int x = (bits >> 1) & 0xF;
+      b = (x >> 3) | (x << 5);
+      c = 6;
+    }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      assert(false && "Illegal quint encoding");
+      break;
+  }
+
+  int t = quint * c + b;
+  t ^= a;
+  t = (a & 0x80) | (t >> 2);
+  return t;
+}
+
+// Trit unquantization procedure as described in Section C.2.17. In the code
+// below, the variables a, b, and c correspond to the columns A, B, and C in
+// the specification.
+int GetUnquantizedTritWeight(int trit, int bits, int range) {
+  int a = (bits & 1) ? 0x7F : 0;
+  int b = 0, c = 0;
+  switch (range) {
+    case 2:
+      return (std::array<int, 3> {{ 0, 32, 63 }})[trit];
+
+    case 5:
+      c = 50;
+      b = 0;
+      break;
+
+    case 11: {
+      c = 23;
+      b = (bits >> 1) & 1;
+      b |= (b << 2) | (b << 6);
+    }
+    break;
+
+    case 23: {
+      c = 11;
+      b = (bits >> 1) & 0x3;
+      b |= (b << 5);
+    }
+    break;
+
+    default:
+      assert(false && "Illegal trit encoding");
+      break;
+  }
+
+  int t = trit * c + b;
+  t ^= a;
+  t = (a & 0x20) | (t >> 2);
+  return t;
+}
+
+// Quint unquantization procedure as described in Section C.2.17. In the code
+// below, the variables a, b, and c correspond to the columns A, B, and C in
+// the specification.
+int GetUnquantizedQuintWeight(int quint, int bits, int range) {
+  int a = (bits & 1) ? 0x7F : 0;
+  int b = 0, c = 0;
+  switch (range) {
+    case 4:
+      return (std::array<int, 5> {{ 0, 16, 32, 47, 63 }})[quint];
+
+    case 9:
+      c = 28;
+      b = 0;
+      break;
+
+    case 19: {
+      c = 13;
+      b = (bits >> 1) & 0x1;
+      b = (b << 1) | (b << 6);
+    }
+    break;
+
+    default:
+      assert(false && "Illegal quint encoding");
+      break;
+  }
+
+  int t = quint * c + b;
+  t ^= a;
+  t = (a & 0x20) | (t >> 2);
+  return t;
+}
+
+// A Quantization map allows us to convert to/from values that are quantized
+// according to the ASTC spec.
+class QuantizationMap {
+ public:
+  int Quantize(int x) const {
+    return x < quantization_map_.size() ? quantization_map_.at(x) : 0;
+  }
+
+  int Unquantize(int x) const {
+    return x < unquantization_map_.size() ? unquantization_map_.at(x) : 0;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  QuantizationMap() { }
+  std::vector<int> quantization_map_;
+  std::vector<int> unquantization_map_;
+
+  void GenerateQuantizationMap() {
+    assert(unquantization_map_.size() > 1);
+    quantization_map_.clear();
+
+    // TODO(google) For weights, we don't need quantization values all the
+    // way up to 256, but it doesn't hurt -- just wastes memory, but the code
+    // is much cleaner this way
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+      int best_idx = 0;
+      int best_idx_score = 256;
+      int idx = 0;
+      for (int unquantized_val : unquantization_map_) {
+        const int diff = i - unquantized_val;
+        const int idx_score = diff * diff;
+        if (idx_score < best_idx_score) {
+          best_idx = idx;
+          best_idx_score = idx_score;
+        }
+        idx++;
+      }
+
+      quantization_map_.push_back(best_idx);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+template<int (*UnquantizationFunc)(int, int, int)>
+class TritQuantizationMap : public QuantizationMap {
+ public:
+  explicit TritQuantizationMap(int range) : QuantizationMap() {
+    assert((range + 1) % 3 == 0);
+    const int num_bits_pow_2 = (range + 1) / 3;
+    const int num_bits =
+        num_bits_pow_2 == 0 ? 0 : base::Log2Floor(num_bits_pow_2);
+
+    for (int trit = 0; trit < 3; ++trit) {
+      for (int bits = 0; bits < (1 << num_bits); ++bits) {
+        unquantization_map_.push_back(UnquantizationFunc(trit, bits, range));
+      }
+    }
+
+    GenerateQuantizationMap();
+  }
+};
+
+template<int (*UnquantizationFunc)(int, int, int)>
+class QuintQuantizationMap : public QuantizationMap {
+ public:
+  explicit QuintQuantizationMap(int range) : QuantizationMap() {
+    assert((range + 1) % 5 == 0);
+    const int num_bits_pow_2 = (range + 1) / 5;
+    const int num_bits =
+        num_bits_pow_2 == 0 ? 0 : base::Log2Floor(num_bits_pow_2);
+
+    for (int quint = 0; quint < 5; ++quint) {
+      for (int bits = 0; bits < (1 << num_bits); ++bits) {
+        unquantization_map_.push_back(UnquantizationFunc(quint, bits, range));
+      }
+    }
+
+    GenerateQuantizationMap();
+  }
+};
+
+template<int TotalUnquantizedBits>
+class BitQuantizationMap : public QuantizationMap {
+ public:
+  explicit BitQuantizationMap<TotalUnquantizedBits>(int range)
+      : QuantizationMap() {
+    // Make sure that if we're using bits then we have a positive power of two.
+    assert(base::CountOnes(range + 1) == 1);
+
+    const int num_bits = base::Log2Floor(range + 1);
+    for (int bits = 0; bits <= range; ++bits) {
+      // Need to replicate bits until we fill up the bits
+      int unquantized = bits;
+      int num_unquantized_bits = num_bits;
+      while (num_unquantized_bits < TotalUnquantizedBits) {
+        const int num_dst_bits_to_shift_up =
+            std::min(num_bits, TotalUnquantizedBits - num_unquantized_bits);
+        const int num_src_bits_to_shift_down =
+            num_bits - num_dst_bits_to_shift_up;
+        unquantized <<= num_dst_bits_to_shift_up;
+        unquantized |= bits >> num_src_bits_to_shift_down;
+        num_unquantized_bits += num_dst_bits_to_shift_up;
+      }
+      assert(num_unquantized_bits == TotalUnquantizedBits);
+
+      unquantization_map_.push_back(unquantized);
+
+      // Fill half of the quantization map with the previous value for bits
+      // and the other half with the current value for bits
+      if (bits > 0) {
+        const int prev_unquant = unquantization_map_.at(bits - 1);
+        while (quantization_map_.size() <= (prev_unquant + unquantized) / 2) {
+          quantization_map_.push_back(bits - 1);
+        }
+      }
+      while (quantization_map_.size() <= unquantized) {
+        quantization_map_.push_back(bits);
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert(quantization_map_.size() == 1 << TotalUnquantizedBits);
+  }
+};
+
+using QMap = std::shared_ptr<QuantizationMap>;
+
+// Returns the quantization map for quantizing color values in [0, 255] with the
+// smallest range that can accommodate |r|
+static const QuantizationMap* GetQuantMapForValueRange(int r) {
+  // Endpoint values can be quantized using bits, trits, or quints. Here we
+  // store the quantization maps for each of the ranges that are supported by
+  // such an encoding. That way we can choose the proper quantization procedure
+  // based on the range of values rather than by having complicated switches and
+  // logic. We must use a std::map here instead of a std::unordered_map because
+  // of the assumption made in std::upper_bound about the iterators being from a
+  // poset.
+  static const auto* const kASTCEndpointQuantization = new std::map<int, QMap> {
+    { 5, QMap(new TritQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedTritValue>(5)) },
+    { 7, QMap(new BitQuantizationMap<8>(7)) },
+    { 9, QMap(new QuintQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedQuintValue>(9)) },
+    { 11, QMap(new TritQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedTritValue>(11)) },
+    { 15, QMap(new BitQuantizationMap<8>(15)) },
+    { 19, QMap(new QuintQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedQuintValue>(19)) },
+    { 23, QMap(new TritQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedTritValue>(23)) },
+    { 31, QMap(new BitQuantizationMap<8>(31)) },
+    { 39, QMap(new QuintQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedQuintValue>(39)) },
+    { 47, QMap(new TritQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedTritValue>(47)) },
+    { 63, QMap(new BitQuantizationMap<8>(63)) },
+    { 79, QMap(new QuintQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedQuintValue>(79)) },
+    { 95, QMap(new TritQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedTritValue>(95)) },
+    { 127, QMap(new BitQuantizationMap<8>(127)) },
+    { 159, QMap(new QuintQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedQuintValue>(159)) },
+    { 191, QMap(new TritQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedTritValue>(191)) },
+    { 255, QMap(new BitQuantizationMap<8>(255)) },
+  };
+
+  assert(r < 256);
+  auto itr = kASTCEndpointQuantization->upper_bound(r);
+  if (itr != kASTCEndpointQuantization->begin()) {
+    return (--itr)->second.get();
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+// Returns the quantization map for weight values in [0, 63] with the smallest
+// range that can accommodate |r|
+static const QuantizationMap* GetQuantMapForWeightRange(int r) {
+  // Similar to endpoint quantization, weights can also be stored using trits,
+  // quints, or bits. Here we store the quantization maps for each of the ranges
+  // that are supported by such an encoding.
+  static const auto* const kASTCWeightQuantization = new std::map<int, QMap> {
+    { 1, QMap(new BitQuantizationMap<6>(1)) },
+    { 2, QMap(new TritQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedTritWeight>(2)) },
+    { 3, QMap(new BitQuantizationMap<6>(3)) },
+    { 4, QMap(new QuintQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedQuintWeight>(4)) },
+    { 5, QMap(new TritQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedTritWeight>(5)) },
+    { 7, QMap(new BitQuantizationMap<6>(7)) },
+    { 9, QMap(new QuintQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedQuintWeight>(9)) },
+    { 11, QMap(new TritQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedTritWeight>(11)) },
+    { 15, QMap(new BitQuantizationMap<6>(15)) },
+    { 19, QMap(new QuintQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedQuintWeight>(19)) },
+    { 23, QMap(new TritQuantizationMap<GetUnquantizedTritWeight>(23)) },
+    { 31, QMap(new BitQuantizationMap<6>(31)) },
+  };
+
+  assert(r < 32);
+  auto itr = kASTCWeightQuantization->upper_bound(r);
+  if (itr != kASTCWeightQuantization->begin()) {
+    return (--itr)->second.get();
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+int QuantizeCEValueToRange(int value, int range_max_value) {
+  assert(range_max_value >= kEndpointRangeMinValue);
+  assert(range_max_value <= 255);
+  assert(value >= 0);
+  assert(value <= 255);
+
+  const QuantizationMap* map = GetQuantMapForValueRange(range_max_value);
+  return map ? map->Quantize(value) : 0;
+}
+
+int UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(int value, int range_max_value) {
+  assert(range_max_value >= kEndpointRangeMinValue);
+  assert(range_max_value <= 255);
+  assert(value >= 0);
+  assert(value <= range_max_value);
+
+  const QuantizationMap* map = GetQuantMapForValueRange(range_max_value);
+  return map ? map->Unquantize(value) : 0;
+}
+
+int QuantizeWeightToRange(int weight, int range_max_value) {
+  assert(range_max_value >= 1);
+  assert(range_max_value <= kWeightRangeMaxValue);
+  assert(weight >= 0);
+  assert(weight <= 64);
+
+  // The quantization maps that define weight unquantization expect values in
+  // the range [0, 64), but the specification quantizes them to the range
+  // [0, 64] according to C.2.17. This is a slight hack similar to the one in
+  // the unquantization procedure to return the passed in unquantized value to
+  // [0, 64) prior to running it through the quantization procedure.
+  if (weight > 33) {
+    weight -= 1;
+  }
+  const QuantizationMap* map = GetQuantMapForWeightRange(range_max_value);
+  return map ? map->Quantize(weight) : 0;
+}
+
+int UnquantizeWeightFromRange(int weight, int range_max_value) {
+  assert(range_max_value >= 1);
+  assert(range_max_value <= kWeightRangeMaxValue);
+  assert(weight >= 0);
+  assert(weight <= range_max_value);
+  const QuantizationMap* map = GetQuantMapForWeightRange(range_max_value);
+  int dq = map ? map->Unquantize(weight) : 0;
+
+  // Quantized weights are returned in the range [0, 64), but they should be
+  // returned in the range [0, 64], so according to C.2.17 we need to add one
+  // to the result.
+  assert(dq < 64);
+  if (dq > 32) {
+    dq += 1;
+  }
+  return dq;
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/quantization.h b/src/decoder/quantization.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f7239f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/quantization.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_QUANTIZATION_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_QUANTIZATION_H_
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// ASTC Quantization procedures.
+//
+// The values stored in ASTC blocks tend to be stored in a range much more
+// restricted than the logical range used. For example, sometimes weights are
+// stored in the range from [0, 3] but are used in the range [0, 64]. The
+// process of translating a value to or from this range is known as quantization
+// and dequantization. The ranges to which these values can be (de)quantized
+// are defined by ISERange[Begin|End]() in integer_sequence_codec.h
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// The minimum possible range for a pair of endpoints. If endpoints are
+// quantized to something smaller than this, then it would constitute an
+// illegal ASTC encoding.
+constexpr int kEndpointRangeMinValue = 5;
+
+// The maximum possible range for a weight value. If weights are quantized to
+// something larger than this, then it would constitute an illegal ASTC
+// encoding.
+constexpr int kWeightRangeMaxValue = 31;
+
+// Quantizes a value in the range [0, 255] to [0, |range|]. The quantized values
+// have no correlation to the input values, and there should be no implicit
+// assumptions made about their ordering. Valid values of |range_max_value| are
+// in the interval [5, 255]
+int QuantizeCEValueToRange(int value, int range_max_value);
+
+// Unquantizes a value in the range [0, |range|] to [0, 255]. Performs the
+// inverse procedure of QuantizeValueToRange. Valid values of |range_max_value|
+// are in the interval [5, 255]
+int UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(int value, int range_max_value);
+
+// Quantizes a weight in the range [0, 64] to [0, |range_max_value|]. The
+// quantized values have no correlation to the input values, and there should
+// be no implicit assumptions made about their ordering. Valid values of
+// |range_max_value| are in the interval [1, 31]
+int QuantizeWeightToRange(int weight, int range_max_value);
+
+// Unquantizes a weight in the range [0, |range_max_value|] to [0, 64]. Performs
+// the inverse procedure of QuantizeWeightToRange. Valid values of
+// |range_max_value| are in the interval [1, 31]
+int UnquantizeWeightFromRange(int weight, int range_max_value);
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_QUANTIZATION_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/astc_fuzzer.cc b/src/decoder/test/astc_fuzzer.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f152675
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/astc_fuzzer.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// ASTC fuzzing wrapper to help with fuzz testing.
+
+#include "src/decoder/codec.h"
+
+#include <benchmark/benchmark.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+  std::string error;
+  std::unique_ptr<astc_codec::ASTCFile> file =
+      astc_codec::ASTCFile::LoadFromMemory(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data),
+                                           size, &error);
+  if (file) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> out_buffer(file->GetWidth() * file->GetHeight() * 4);
+    bool result = astc_codec::DecompressToImage(
+        *file, out_buffer.data(), out_buffer.size(), file->GetWidth() * 4);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(result);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/codec_test.cc b/src/decoder/test/codec_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..936eed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/codec_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/codec.h"
+#include "include/astc-codec/astc-codec.h"
+#include "src/decoder/test/image_utils.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+static void PrintTo(FootprintType footprint, std::ostream* os) {
+    switch (footprint) {
+        case FootprintType::k4x4:   *os << "FootprintType::k4x4";   break;
+        case FootprintType::k5x4:   *os << "FootprintType::k5x4";   break;
+        case FootprintType::k5x5:   *os << "FootprintType::k5x5";   break;
+        case FootprintType::k6x5:   *os << "FootprintType::k6x5";   break;
+        case FootprintType::k6x6:   *os << "FootprintType::k6x6";   break;
+        case FootprintType::k8x5:   *os << "FootprintType::k8x5";   break;
+        case FootprintType::k8x6:   *os << "FootprintType::k8x6";   break;
+        case FootprintType::k10x5:  *os << "FootprintType::k10x5";  break;
+        case FootprintType::k10x6:  *os << "FootprintType::k10x6";  break;
+        case FootprintType::k8x8:   *os << "FootprintType::k8x8";   break;
+        case FootprintType::k10x8:  *os << "FootprintType::k10x8";  break;
+        case FootprintType::k10x10: *os << "FootprintType::k10x10"; break;
+        case FootprintType::k12x10: *os << "FootprintType::k12x10"; break;
+        case FootprintType::k12x12: *os << "FootprintType::k12x12"; break;
+        default:
+          *os << "<Unexpected FootprintType "
+              << static_cast<uint32_t>(footprint) << ">";
+    }
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::TestWithParam;
+using ::testing::ValuesIn;
+
+ImageBuffer LoadGoldenImageWithAlpha(std::string basename) {
+  const std::string filename =
+      std::string("src/decoder/testdata/") + basename + ".bmp";
+  ImageBuffer result;
+  LoadGoldenBmp(filename, &result);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result.BytesPerPixel(), 4);
+  return result;
+}
+
+struct ImageTestParams {
+  std::string image_name;
+  FootprintType footprint;
+  size_t width;
+  size_t height;
+};
+
+static void PrintTo(const ImageTestParams& params, std::ostream* os) {
+  *os << "ImageTestParams(" << params.image_name << ", " << params.width << "x"
+      << params.height << ", ";
+  PrintTo(params.footprint, os);
+  *os << ")";
+}
+
+TEST(CodecTest, InvalidInput) {
+  const size_t valid_width = 16;
+  const size_t valid_height = 16;
+  const size_t valid_stride = valid_width * 4;
+
+  const std::vector<uint8_t> data(256);
+  std::vector<uint8_t> output(valid_width * valid_height * 4);
+
+  // Invalid footprint.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ASTCDecompressToRGBA(
+      data.data(), data.size(), valid_width, valid_height,
+      FootprintType::kCount, output.data(), output.size(), valid_stride));
+
+  // Fail for 0 width or height.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ASTCDecompressToRGBA(data.data(), data.size(), 0, valid_height,
+                                    FootprintType::k4x4, output.data(),
+                                    output.size(), valid_stride));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ASTCDecompressToRGBA(data.data(), data.size(), valid_width, 0,
+                                    FootprintType::k4x4, output.data(),
+                                    output.size(), valid_stride));
+
+  // Fail for data size that's not a multiple of block size.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ASTCDecompressToRGBA(
+      data.data(), data.size() - 1, valid_width, valid_height,
+      FootprintType::k4x4, output.data(), output.size(), valid_stride));
+  // Fail for data size that doesn't match the block count.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ASTCDecompressToRGBA(
+      data.data(), data.size() - 16, valid_width, valid_height,
+      FootprintType::k4x4, output.data(), output.size(), valid_stride));
+
+  // Fail for invalid stride.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ASTCDecompressToRGBA(
+      data.data(), data.size(), valid_width, valid_height, FootprintType::k4x4,
+      output.data(), output.size(), valid_stride - 1));
+
+  // Fail for invalid output size.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ASTCDecompressToRGBA(
+      data.data(), data.size(), valid_width, valid_height, FootprintType::k4x4,
+      output.data(), output.size() - 1, valid_stride));
+}
+
+class CodecTest : public TestWithParam<ImageTestParams> {};
+
+TEST_P(CodecTest, PublicAPI) {
+  const auto& params = GetParam();
+  const std::string astc = LoadASTCFile(params.image_name);
+
+  ImageBuffer our_decoded_image;
+  our_decoded_image.Allocate(params.width, params.height, 4);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(ASTCDecompressToRGBA(
+      reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(astc.data()), astc.size(), params.width,
+      params.height, params.footprint, our_decoded_image.Data().data(),
+      our_decoded_image.DataSize(), our_decoded_image.Stride()));
+
+  // Check that the decoded image is *very* similar to the library decoding
+  // of an ASTC texture. They may not be exact due to differences in how we
+  // convert a 16-bit float to an 8-bit integer.
+  ImageBuffer decoded_image = LoadGoldenImageWithAlpha(params.image_name);
+  CompareSumOfSquaredDifferences(decoded_image, our_decoded_image, 1.0);
+}
+
+TEST_P(CodecTest, DecompressToImage) {
+  const auto& params = GetParam();
+
+  std::string error;
+  std::unique_ptr<ASTCFile> image_file = ASTCFile::LoadFile(
+      std::string("src/decoder/testdata/") + params.image_name + ".astc",
+      &error);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(image_file) << "Failed to load " << params.image_name << ": "
+                          << error;
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(image_file->GetFootprint());
+  EXPECT_EQ(params.footprint, image_file->GetFootprint().value().Type());
+
+  ImageBuffer our_decoded_image;
+  our_decoded_image.Allocate(image_file->GetWidth(), image_file->GetHeight(),
+                             4);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(DecompressToImage(*image_file, our_decoded_image.Data().data(),
+                                our_decoded_image.DataSize(),
+                                our_decoded_image.Stride()));
+
+  // Check that the decoded image is *very* similar to the library decoding
+  // of an ASTC texture. They may not be exact due to differences in how we
+  // convert a 16-bit float to an 8-bit integer.
+  ImageBuffer decoded_image = LoadGoldenImageWithAlpha(params.image_name);
+  CompareSumOfSquaredDifferences(decoded_image, our_decoded_image, 1.0);
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that reading out color values from blocks in a real-world
+// image isn't terribly wrong, either.
+std::vector<ImageTestParams> GetTransparentImageTestParams() {
+  return {
+    // image_name         astc footprint        width    height
+    { "atlas_small_4x4",  FootprintType::k4x4,  256,     256 },
+    { "atlas_small_5x5",  FootprintType::k5x5,  256,     256 },
+    { "atlas_small_6x6",  FootprintType::k6x6,  256,     256 },
+    { "atlas_small_8x8",  FootprintType::k8x8,  256,     256 },
+  };
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(Transparent, CodecTest,
+                        ValuesIn(GetTransparentImageTestParams()));
+
+}  // namespace
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/endpoint_codec_test.cc b/src/decoder/test/endpoint_codec_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2fef54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/endpoint_codec_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/endpoint_codec.h"
+#include "src/decoder/intermediate_astc_block.h"
+#include "src/decoder/test/image_utils.h"
+
+#include <random>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::AllOf;
+using ::testing::AnyOf;
+using ::testing::Each;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::Ge;
+using ::testing::Le;
+using ::testing::Ne;
+using ::testing::Optional;
+using ::testing::Pointwise;
+using ::testing::SizeIs;
+using ::testing::Pair;
+
+constexpr std::array<EndpointEncodingMode, 6> kEndpointEncodingModes = {{
+    EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectLuma,
+    EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectLumaAlpha,
+    EndpointEncodingMode::kBaseScaleRGB,
+    EndpointEncodingMode::kBaseScaleRGBA,
+    EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectRGB,
+    EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectRGBA }};
+
+const std::array<std::pair<RgbaColor, RgbaColor>, 3> kBlueContractPairs = {{
+    std::make_pair(RgbaColor{{ 22, 18, 30, 59 }},
+                   RgbaColor{{ 162, 148, 155, 59 }}),
+    std::make_pair(RgbaColor{{ 22, 30, 27, 36 }},
+                   RgbaColor{{ 228, 221, 207, 36 }}),
+    std::make_pair(RgbaColor{{ 54, 60, 55, 255 }},
+                   RgbaColor{{ 23, 30, 27, 255 }})
+  }};
+
+// Used to directly initialize std::pairs of colors with initializer lists
+//   e.g. MakeColors({{ r, g, b, a }}, {{ r, g, b, a }});
+std::pair<RgbaColor, RgbaColor> MakeColors(RgbaColor&& a, RgbaColor&& b) {
+  return std::make_pair(a, b);
+}
+
+// Returns |high| and |low| as they would be decoded using the quantization
+// factor |quant| for the ColorEndpointMode |mode|.
+std::pair<RgbaColor, RgbaColor> TestColors(
+    RgbaColor low, RgbaColor high, int quant, EndpointEncodingMode mode) {
+  ColorEndpointMode astc_mode;
+  std::vector<int> encoded;
+  const bool needs_swap =
+      EncodeColorsForMode(low, high, quant, mode, &astc_mode, &encoded);
+
+  RgbaColor decoded_low, decoded_high;
+  DecodeColorsForMode(encoded, quant, astc_mode, &decoded_low, &decoded_high);
+
+  if (needs_swap) {
+    return std::make_pair(decoded_high, decoded_low);
+  } else {
+    return std::make_pair(decoded_low, decoded_high);
+  }
+}
+
+// Returns true if the argument tuple entries only differ by at most x.
+MATCHER_P(IsCloseTo, x, "") {
+  const auto& a = ::testing::get<0>(arg);
+  const auto& b = ::testing::get<1>(arg);
+  return (a > b) ? ((a - b) <= x) : ((b - a) <= x);
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that the range of values that we get as they are
+// quantized remains within what we pass as |quant|.
+TEST(EndpointCodecTest, QuantRanges) {
+  const RgbaColor low {{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }};
+  const RgbaColor high {{ 255, 255, 255, 255 }};
+
+  std::vector<int> result;
+  for (const auto& mode : kEndpointEncodingModes) {
+    for (int i = 5; i < 256; ++i) {
+      ColorEndpointMode astc_mode;
+      const bool needs_swap =
+          EncodeColorsForMode(low, high, i, mode, &astc_mode, &result);
+      EXPECT_EQ(result.size(), NumValuesForEncodingMode(mode)) << i;
+      EXPECT_EQ(result.size(), NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(astc_mode)) << i;
+
+      // ASTC mode shouldn't use base/offset when endpoints are so far apart.
+      EXPECT_THAT(astc_mode, Ne(ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseOffset));
+      EXPECT_THAT(astc_mode, Ne(ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBABaseOffset));
+
+      EXPECT_THAT(result, Each(AllOf(Ge(0), Le(i))))
+          << "Mode: " << static_cast<int>(mode);
+      // We don't care if we need to swap the weights in this test
+      EXPECT_TRUE(needs_swap || !needs_swap);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that each mode that directly encodes colors can effectively
+// encode both black and white
+TEST(EndpointCodecTest, ExtremeDirectEncodings) {
+  const RgbaColor kWhite {{ 255, 255, 255, 255 }};
+  const RgbaColor kBlack {{ 0, 0, 0, 255 }};
+
+  std::vector<int> encoded;
+  for (const auto& mode : kEndpointEncodingModes) {
+    for (int i = 5; i < 256; ++i) {
+      const auto expected = std::make_pair(kWhite, kBlack);
+      EXPECT_EQ(TestColors(kWhite, kBlack, i, mode), expected)
+          << "Range: " << i << ", Mode: " << static_cast<int>(mode);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// According to the spec, this is used for colors close to gray. The values
+// chosen here were according to the spec.
+TEST(EndpointCodecTest, UsesBlueContract) {
+  std::vector<int> vals = { 132, 127, 116, 112, 183, 180, 31, 22 };
+  EXPECT_TRUE(UsesBlueContract(255, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBDirect, vals));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(UsesBlueContract(255, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBADirect, vals));
+
+  // For the offset modes the only way to trigger the blue contract mode is if
+  // we force the subtraction in the decoding procedure (See section C.2.14 of
+  // the spec), so we need to set the 7th bit to 1 for all of the odd-numbered
+  // values
+  vals[1] &= 0xBF;
+  vals[3] &= 0xBF;
+  vals[5] &= 0xBF;
+  vals[7] &= 0xBF;
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(
+      UsesBlueContract(255, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseOffset, vals));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(
+      UsesBlueContract(255, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBABaseOffset, vals));
+
+  vals[1] |= 0x40;
+  vals[3] |= 0x40;
+  vals[5] |= 0x40;
+  vals[7] |= 0x40;
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(
+      UsesBlueContract(255, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseOffset, vals));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(
+      UsesBlueContract(255, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBABaseOffset, vals));
+
+  // All other LDR endpoint modes should return no blue contract
+  for (int max_val : { 255, 127, 11 }) {
+    for (auto mode : { ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaDirect,
+            ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaBaseOffset,
+            ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaAlphaDirect,
+            ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaAlphaBaseOffset,
+            ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseScale,
+            ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseScaleTwoA }) {
+      EXPECT_FALSE(UsesBlueContract(max_val, mode, vals));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Make sure that encoding and decoding for the direct luminance mode works.
+TEST(EndpointCodecTest, LumaDirect) {
+  const auto mode = EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectLuma;
+
+  // With a 255 quantizer, all greys should be exact.
+  for (int i = 0; i < 255; ++i) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < 255; ++j) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ i, i, i, 255 }}, {{ j, j, j, 255 }}, 255, mode),
+                MakeColors({{ i, i, i, 255 }}, {{ j, j, j, 255 }}));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If we have almost grey, then they should encode to grey.
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 247, 248, 246, 255 }}, {{ 2, 3, 1, 255 }}, 255, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 247, 247, 247, 255 }}, {{ 2, 2, 2, 255 }}));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 80, 80, 50, 255 }}, {{ 99, 255, 6, 255 }}, 255, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 70, 70, 70, 255 }}, {{ 120, 120, 120, 255 }}));
+
+  // If we have almost greys and a really small quantizer, it should be white
+  // and black (literally).
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 247, 248, 246, 255 }}, {{ 2, 3, 1, 255 }}, 15, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 255, 255, 255, 255 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 255 }}));
+
+  // The average of 64, 127, and 192 is 127.666..., so it should round to
+  // 130 instead of 125.
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 64, 127, 192, 255 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 255 }}, 63, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 130, 130, 130, 255 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 255 }}));
+
+  // If we have almost grey, then they should encode to grey -- similar to
+  // direct encoding since the encoded colors differ by < 63.
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 80, 80, 50, 255 }}, {{ 99, 255, 6, 255 }}, 255, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 70, 70, 70, 255 }}, {{ 120, 120, 120, 255 }}));
+
+  // Low precision colors should still encode pretty well with base/offset.
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 35, 36, 38, 255 }}, {{ 42, 43, 40, 255 }}, 47, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 38, 38, 38, 255 }}, {{ 43, 43, 43, 255 }}));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 39, 42, 40, 255 }}, {{ 18, 20, 21, 255 }}, 39, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 39, 39, 39, 255 }}, {{ 19, 19, 19, 255 }}));
+}
+
+// Test encoding and decoding for the base-offset luminance mode.
+TEST(EndpointCodecTest, LumaAlphaDirect) {
+  const auto mode = EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectLumaAlpha;
+
+  // With a 255 quantizer, all greys should be exact.
+  for (int i = 0; i < 255; ++i) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < 255; ++j) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ i, i, i, j }}, {{ j, j, j, i }}, 255, mode),
+                MakeColors({{ i, i, i, j }}, {{ j, j, j, i }}));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If we have almost grey, then they should encode to grey.
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 247, 248, 246, 250 }}, {{ 2, 3, 1, 172 }}, 255, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 247, 247, 247, 250 }}, {{ 2, 2, 2, 172 }}));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 80, 80, 50, 0 }}, {{ 99, 255, 6, 255 }}, 255, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 70, 70, 70, 0 }}, {{ 120, 120, 120, 255 }}));
+
+  // If we have almost greys and a really small quantizer, it should be white
+  // and black (literally).
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 247, 248, 246, 253 }}, {{ 2, 3, 1, 3 }}, 15, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 255, 255, 255, 255 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }}));
+
+  // The average of 64, 127, and 192 is 127.666..., so it should round to
+  // 130 instead of 125. The alpha in this case is independent.
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 64, 127, 192, 127 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 20 }}, 63, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 130, 130, 130, 125 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 20 }}));
+}
+
+// Test encoding for the direct RGB mode.
+TEST(EndpointCodecTest, RGBDirect) {
+  const auto mode = EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectRGB;
+
+  // Colors should be encoded exactly with a 255 quantizer.
+  std::mt19937 random(0xdeadbeef);
+  std::uniform_int_distribution<int> byte_distribution(0, 255);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+    RgbaColor low, high;
+    for (auto& x : high) { x = byte_distribution(random); }
+    for (auto& x : low) { x = byte_distribution(random); }
+    high[3] = low[3] = 255;  // RGB Direct mode has opaque alpha.
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(TestColors(low, high, 255, mode), std::make_pair(low, high))
+        << "Random iter: " << i;
+  }
+
+  // For each of the following tests, order of endpoints shouldn't have any
+  // bearing on the quantization properties, so we should be able to switch
+  // endpoints as we see fit and have them generate the same flipped encoded
+  // pairs.
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 64, 127, 192, 255 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 255 }}, 63, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 65, 125, 190, 255 }}, {{ 0, 0, 0, 255 }}));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 0, 0, 0, 255 }}, {{ 64, 127, 192, 255 }}, 63, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 0, 0, 0, 255 }}, {{ 65, 125, 190, 255 }}));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 1, 2, 94, 255 }}, {{ 168, 255, 13, 255 }}, 7, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 0, 0, 109, 255 }}, {{ 182, 255, 0, 255 }}));
+
+  // Colors close to grey will likely need a blue contract.
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors(kBlueContractPairs[0].first,
+                       kBlueContractPairs[0].second, 31, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 24, 20, 33, 255 }}, {{ 160, 148, 156, 255 }}));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors(kBlueContractPairs[0].second,
+                       kBlueContractPairs[0].first, 31, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 160, 148, 156, 255 }}, {{ 24, 20, 33, 255 }}));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors(kBlueContractPairs[1].first,
+                       kBlueContractPairs[1].second, 7, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 18, 36, 36, 255 }}, {{ 237, 219, 219, 255 }}));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors(kBlueContractPairs[1].second,
+                       kBlueContractPairs[1].first, 7, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 237, 219, 219, 255 }}, {{ 18, 36, 36, 255 }}));
+
+  // Colors close to grey (and each other) will likely need a blue contract AND
+  // use the offset mode for encoding
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors(kBlueContractPairs[2].first,
+                       kBlueContractPairs[2].second, 31, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 53, 59, 53, 255 }}, {{ 24, 30, 26, 255 }}));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors(kBlueContractPairs[2].second,
+                       kBlueContractPairs[2].first, 31, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 24, 30, 26, 255 }}, {{ 53, 59, 53, 255 }}));
+
+  // Colors close to each other, but not to grey will likely only use the offset
+  // mode and not the blue-contract modes.
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 22, 148, 30, 59 }}, {{ 162, 18, 155, 59 }}, 31, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 24, 148, 33, 255 }}, {{ 165, 16, 156, 255 }}));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(TestColors({{ 162, 18, 155, 59 }}, {{ 22, 148, 30, 59 }}, 31, mode),
+            MakeColors({{ 165, 16, 156, 255 }}, {{ 24, 148, 33, 255 }}));
+}
+
+// Make sure that certain endpoint pairs result in the blue-contract path as
+// we'd expect, such that we can make sure that we're hitting all of the encode
+// paths.
+TEST(EndpointCodecTest, RGBDirectMakesBlueContract) {
+  constexpr int kEndpointRange = 31;
+  for (const auto& endpoint_pair : kBlueContractPairs) {
+    ColorEndpointMode astc_mode;
+    std::vector<int> vals;
+    bool needs_swap = EncodeColorsForMode(
+        endpoint_pair.first, endpoint_pair.second,
+        kEndpointRange, EndpointEncodingMode::kDirectRGB, &astc_mode, &vals);
+    (void)(needs_swap);  // Don't really care.
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(UsesBlueContract(kEndpointRange, astc_mode, vals));
+  }
+}
+
+// Make sure that encoding and decoding for the RGB base-scale mode works.
+TEST(EndpointCodecTest, RGBBaseScale) {
+  const auto mode = EndpointEncodingMode::kBaseScaleRGB;
+  const auto close_to = [](RgbaColor c, int x) {
+    return Pointwise(IsCloseTo(x), c);
+  };
+
+  // Identical colors should be encoded with a 255 scale factor. Since ASTC
+  // decodes the scaled color by doing (x * s) >> 8, the decoded color will be
+  // multiplied by 255/256. This might cause rounding errors sometimes, so we
+  // check that every channel only deviates by 1.
+  std::mt19937 random(0xdeadbeef);
+  std::uniform_int_distribution<int> byte_distribution(0, 255);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+    RgbaColor color{{byte_distribution(random), byte_distribution(random),
+                     byte_distribution(random), 255}};
+    const auto test_result = TestColors(color, color, 255, mode);
+    EXPECT_THAT(test_result, Pair(close_to(color, 1), close_to(color, 1)));
+  }
+
+  // Make sure that if we want to scale by e.g. 1/4 then we can do that exactly:
+  const RgbaColor low = {{ 20, 4, 40, 255 }};
+  const RgbaColor high = {{ 80, 16, 160, 255 }};
+  EXPECT_THAT(TestColors(low, high, 255, mode),
+              Pair(close_to(low, 0), close_to(high, 0)));
+
+  // And if we quantize it, then we get roughly the same thing. The scale factor
+  // should be representable with most quantization levels. The problem is that
+  // if we're off on the 'high' color, then we will be off on the 'low' color.
+  EXPECT_THAT(TestColors(low, high, 127, mode),
+              Pair(close_to(low, 1), close_to(high, 1)));
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(TestColors(low, high, 63, mode),
+              Pair(close_to(low, 1), close_to(high, 2)));
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(TestColors(low, high, 31, mode),
+              Pair(close_to(low, 1), close_to(high, 4)));
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(TestColors(low, high, 15, mode),
+              Pair(close_to(low, 2), close_to(high, 8)));
+}
+
+// Make sure that encoding and decoding for the RGB base-offset mode works.
+// Since we don't have a decoder, this is currently only a test that should work
+// based on reasoning about what's written in the spec.
+// TODO(krajcevski): Write an encoder.
+TEST(EndpointCodecTest, RGBBaseOffset) {
+  const auto test_colors = [](const RgbaColor& low, const RgbaColor& high) {
+    const RgbaColor diff = {{ high[0] - low[0], high[1] - low[1],
+                              high[2] - low[2], high[3] - low[3] }};
+
+    std::vector<int> vals;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+      // If the base is "large", then it grabs it's most significant bit from
+      // the offset value. Hence, we need to save it here.
+      const bool is_large = low[i] >= 128;
+      vals.push_back((low[i] * 2) & 0xFF);
+      vals.push_back(diff[i] * 2);
+
+      // Give the "large" bases their bits back.
+      if (is_large) {
+        vals.back() |= 0x80;
+      }
+    }
+
+    RgbaColor dec_low, dec_high;
+    DecodeColorsForMode(vals, 255, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBBaseOffset,
+                        &dec_low, &dec_high);
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(std::make_pair(dec_low, dec_high), Pair(Eq(low), Eq(high)));
+  };
+
+  // Test the "direct encoding" path.
+  test_colors({{ 80, 16, 112, 255 }}, {{ 87, 18, 132, 255 }});
+  test_colors({{ 80, 74, 82, 255 }}, {{ 90, 92, 110, 255 }});
+  test_colors({{ 0, 0, 0, 255 }}, {{ 2, 2, 2, 255 }});
+
+  // Identical endpoints should always encode exactly, provided they satisfy the
+  // requirements for the base encoding.
+  std::mt19937 random(0xdeadbeef);
+  std::uniform_int_distribution<int> byte_distribution(0, 255);
+  for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+    RgbaColor color{{byte_distribution(random), byte_distribution(random),
+                     byte_distribution(random), 255}};
+    if ((color[0] | color[1] | color[2]) & 1) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    test_colors(color, color);
+  }
+
+  // TODO(google): Test the "blue contract" path.
+}
+
+// Make sure that we can decode colors that are given to us straight out of the
+// ASTC codec.
+TEST(EndpointCodecTest, DecodeCheckerboard) {
+  const RgbaColor kWhite {{ 255, 255, 255, 255 }};
+  const RgbaColor kBlack {{ 0, 0, 0, 255 }};
+
+  const std::string astc = LoadASTCFile("checkerboard");
+  for (int i = 0; i < astc.size(); i += 16) {
+    base::UInt128 block;
+    memcpy(&block, &astc[i], sizeof(block));
+
+    const auto intermediate = UnpackIntermediateBlock(PhysicalASTCBlock(block));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(intermediate) << "Block is void extent???";
+
+    const auto block_data = &intermediate.value();
+    ASSERT_THAT(block_data->endpoints, SizeIs(Eq(1)));
+
+    const int color_range = EndpointRangeForBlock(*block_data);
+    const auto& endpoints = block_data->endpoints[0];
+
+    RgbaColor low, high;
+    DecodeColorsForMode(endpoints.colors, color_range, endpoints.mode,
+                        &low, &high);
+
+    // Expect that the endpoints are black and white, but either order.
+    EXPECT_THAT(std::make_pair(low, high),
+                AnyOf(
+                    Pair(Eq(kWhite), Eq(kBlack)),
+                    Pair(Eq(kBlack), Eq(kWhite))));
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/footprint_test.cc b/src/decoder/test/footprint_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6aef98a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/footprint_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/footprint.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+TEST(FootprintTest, ParseAstcFootprintString) {
+  using ASTCTestPair = std::pair<std::string, Footprint>;
+  const std::array<ASTCTestPair, Footprint::NumValidFootprints()>
+      valid_footprints {{
+      std::make_pair("4x4", Footprint::Get4x4()),
+      std::make_pair("5x4", Footprint::Get5x4()),
+      std::make_pair("5x5", Footprint::Get5x5()),
+      std::make_pair("6x5", Footprint::Get6x5()),
+      std::make_pair("6x6", Footprint::Get6x6()),
+      std::make_pair("8x5", Footprint::Get8x5()),
+      std::make_pair("8x6", Footprint::Get8x6()),
+      std::make_pair("8x8", Footprint::Get8x8()),
+      std::make_pair("10x5", Footprint::Get10x5()),
+      std::make_pair("10x6", Footprint::Get10x6()),
+      std::make_pair("10x8", Footprint::Get10x8()),
+      std::make_pair("10x10", Footprint::Get10x10()),
+      std::make_pair("12x10", Footprint::Get12x10()),
+      std::make_pair("12x12", Footprint::Get12x12())
+  }};
+
+  for (const auto& test : valid_footprints) {
+    base::Optional<Footprint> footprint = Footprint::Parse(test.first.c_str());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(footprint);
+    EXPECT_EQ(test.second, footprint.value());
+  }
+
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(EXPECT_FALSE(Footprint::Parse("")), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(EXPECT_FALSE(Footprint::Parse("3")), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(EXPECT_FALSE(Footprint::Parse("x")), "");
+  // Validly formed but out-of-bounds dimensions do not assert, otherwise
+  // malformed ASTC files could crash the decoder in debug builds.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(Footprint::Parse("9999999999x10"));
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(EXPECT_FALSE(Footprint::Parse("ax8")), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(EXPECT_FALSE(Footprint::Parse("2x3x4")), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(EXPECT_FALSE(Footprint::Parse("-3x4")), "");
+  EXPECT_FALSE(Footprint::Parse("10x4"));
+}
+
+TEST(FootprintTest, Bitrates) {
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get4x4().Bitrate(), 8.f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get5x4().Bitrate(), 6.4f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get5x5().Bitrate(), 5.12f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get6x5().Bitrate(), 4.27f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get6x6().Bitrate(), 3.56f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get8x5().Bitrate(), 3.20f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get8x6().Bitrate(), 2.67f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get8x8().Bitrate(), 2.00f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get10x5().Bitrate(), 2.56f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get10x6().Bitrate(), 2.13f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get10x8().Bitrate(), 1.60f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get10x10().Bitrate(), 1.28f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get12x10().Bitrate(), 1.07f, 0.01f);
+  EXPECT_NEAR(Footprint::Get12x12().Bitrate(), 0.89f, 0.01f);
+}
+
+TEST(FootprintTest, StorageRequirements) {
+  auto footprint = Footprint::Get10x8();
+  EXPECT_EQ(footprint.Width(), 10);
+  EXPECT_EQ(footprint.Height(), 8);
+
+  // If we have 8x8 blocks, then we have 64*16 = 1024 bytes.
+  EXPECT_EQ(footprint.StorageRequirements(80, 64), 1024);
+
+  // If our block is a little smaller this still counts because we need to
+  // cover a partial block with a fully encoded one.
+  EXPECT_EQ(footprint.StorageRequirements(79, 63), 1024);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/image_utils.h b/src/decoder/test/image_utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..718696e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/image_utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <fstream>
+#include <vector>
+
+static constexpr size_t kMaxVectorOutput = 128;
+
+class ImageBuffer {
+ public:
+  static constexpr size_t Align = 4;
+
+  void Allocate(size_t width, size_t height, size_t bytes_per_pixel) {
+    width_ = width;
+    height_ = height;
+    bytes_per_pixel_ = bytes_per_pixel;
+    stride_ = AlignBytes(width * bytes_per_pixel);
+    data_.resize(stride_ * height);
+  }
+
+  uint8_t* operator()(size_t x, size_t y) {
+    assert(x < width_ && y < height_);
+    return &data_[y * Stride() + x * bytes_per_pixel_];
+  }
+
+  size_t Stride() const { return stride_; }
+  size_t BytesPerPixel() const { return bytes_per_pixel_; }
+
+  std::vector<uint8_t>& Data() { return data_; }
+  const std::vector<uint8_t>& Data() const { return data_; }
+  size_t DataSize() const { return data_.size(); }
+
+ private:
+  size_t AlignBytes(size_t bytes) const {
+    return (bytes + (Align - 1)) / Align * Align;
+  }
+
+  size_t width_ = 0;
+  size_t height_ = 0;
+  size_t stride_ = 0;
+  size_t bytes_per_pixel_ = 0;
+  std::vector<uint8_t> data_;
+};
+
+namespace std {
+static void PrintTo(const vector<uint8_t>& vec, ostream* os) {
+  ios::fmtflags origFlags(os->flags());
+
+  *os << '{';
+  size_t count = 0;
+  for (vector<uint8_t>::const_iterator it = vec.begin(); it != vec.end();
+       ++it, ++count) {
+    if (count > 0) {
+      *os << ", ";
+    }
+
+    if (count == kMaxVectorOutput) {
+      *os << "... ";
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if ((count % 16) == 0) {
+      *os << "\n";
+    }
+
+    if (*it == 0) {
+      *os << "    ";
+    } else {
+      *os << "0x" << std::hex << std::uppercase << std::setw(2)
+          << std::setfill('0') << int(*it) << std::dec;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *os << '}';
+
+  os->flags(origFlags);
+}
+}  // namespace std
+
+static std::string LoadFile(const std::string& path) {
+  std::ifstream is(path, std::ios::binary);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(is) << "Failed to load file " << path;
+  if (!is) {
+    return "";
+  }
+
+  std::ostringstream ss;
+  ss << is.rdbuf();
+  return ss.str();
+}
+
+static std::string LoadASTCFile(const std::string& basename) {
+  const std::string filename =
+      std::string("src/decoder/testdata/") + basename + ".astc";
+
+  std::string result = LoadFile(filename);
+  // Don't parse the header here, we already know what kind of astc encoding it
+  // is.
+  if (result.size() < 16) {
+    return "";
+  } else {
+    return result.substr(16);
+  }
+}
+
+void LoadGoldenBmp(const std::string& path, ImageBuffer* result) {
+  constexpr size_t kBmpHeaderSize = 54;
+
+  SCOPED_TRACE(testing::Message() << "LoadGoldenBmp " << path);
+
+  const std::string data = LoadFile(path);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(data.empty()) << "Failed to open golden image: " << path;
+
+  ASSERT_GE(data.size(), kBmpHeaderSize);
+  ASSERT_EQ('B', data[0]);
+  ASSERT_EQ('M', data[1]);
+
+  uint32_t dataPos = *reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(&data[0x0A]);
+  uint32_t imageSize = *reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(&data[0x22]);
+  const uint16_t bitsPerPixel = *reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(&data[0x1C]);
+  int width = *reinterpret_cast<const int*>(&data[0x12]);
+  int height = *reinterpret_cast<const int*>(&data[0x16]);
+
+  SCOPED_TRACE(testing::Message()
+               << "dataPos=" << dataPos << ", imageSize=" << imageSize
+               << ", bitsPerPixel=" << bitsPerPixel << ", width=" << width
+               << ", height=" << height);
+
+  if (height < 0) {
+    height = -height;
+  }
+
+  if (imageSize == 0) {
+    imageSize = width * height * 3;
+  }
+
+  if (dataPos < kBmpHeaderSize) {
+    dataPos = kBmpHeaderSize;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(bitsPerPixel == 24 || bitsPerPixel == 32)
+      << "BMP bits per pixel mismatch, expected 24 or 32";
+
+  result->Allocate(width, height, bitsPerPixel == 24 ? 3 : 4);
+  ASSERT_LE(imageSize, result->DataSize());
+
+  std::vector<uint8_t>& resultData = result->Data();
+  const size_t stride = result->Stride();
+
+  // Copy the data row-by-row to make sure that stride is right.
+  for (size_t row = 0; row < static_cast<size_t>(height); ++row) {
+    memcpy(&resultData[row * stride], &data[dataPos + row * stride],
+           width * bitsPerPixel / 8);
+  }
+
+  if (bitsPerPixel == 32) {
+    // Swizzle the data from ABGR to ARGB.
+    for (size_t row = 0; row < static_cast<size_t>(height); ++row) {
+      uint8_t* rowData = resultData.data() + row * stride;
+
+      for (size_t i = 3; i < stride; i += 4) {
+        const uint8_t b = rowData[i - 3];
+        rowData[i - 3] = rowData[i - 1];
+        rowData[i - 1] = b;
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Swizzle the data from BGR to RGB.
+    for (size_t row = 0; row < static_cast<size_t>(height); ++row) {
+      uint8_t* rowData = resultData.data() + row * stride;
+
+      for (size_t i = 2; i < stride; i += 3) {
+        const uint8_t tmp = rowData[i - 2];
+        rowData[i - 2] = rowData[i];
+        rowData[i] = tmp;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void CompareSumOfSquaredDifferences(const ImageBuffer& golden,
+                                           const ImageBuffer& image,
+                                           double threshold) {
+  ASSERT_EQ(golden.DataSize(), image.DataSize());
+  ASSERT_EQ(golden.Stride(), image.Stride());
+  ASSERT_EQ(golden.BytesPerPixel(), image.BytesPerPixel());
+
+  const std::vector<uint8_t>& image_data = image.Data();
+  const std::vector<uint8_t>& golden_data = golden.Data();
+
+  double sum = 0.0;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < image_data.size(); ++i) {
+    const double diff = static_cast<double>(image_data[i]) - golden_data[i];
+    sum += diff * diff;
+  }
+
+  EXPECT_LE(sum, threshold * image_data.size())
+      << "Per pixel " << (sum / image_data.size())
+      << ", expected <= " << threshold;
+  if (sum > threshold * image_data.size()) {
+    // Fall back to comparison which will dump first chunk of vector.
+    EXPECT_EQ(golden_data, image_data);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/integer_sequence_codec_test.cc b/src/decoder/test/integer_sequence_codec_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b66ff2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/integer_sequence_codec_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.h"
+#include "src/base/uint128.h"
+
+#include <random>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+using astc_codec::base::UInt128;
+using astc_codec::base::BitStream;
+using astc_codec::IntegerSequenceCodec;
+using astc_codec::IntegerSequenceEncoder;
+using astc_codec::IntegerSequenceDecoder;
+
+namespace {
+
+// Make sure that the counts returned for a specific range match what's
+// expected. In particular, make sure that it fits with Table C.2.7
+TEST(ASTCIntegerSequenceCodecTest, TestGetCountsForRange) {
+  std::array<int, 3> kExpectedCounts[31] = {
+    {{ 0, 0, 1 }},  // 1
+    {{ 1, 0, 0 }},  // 2
+    {{ 0, 0, 2 }},  // 3
+    {{ 0, 1, 0 }},  // 4
+    {{ 1, 0, 1 }},  // 5
+    {{ 0, 0, 3 }},  // 6
+    {{ 0, 0, 3 }},  // 7
+    {{ 0, 1, 1 }},  // 8
+    {{ 0, 1, 1 }},  // 9
+    {{ 1, 0, 2 }},  // 10
+    {{ 1, 0, 2 }},  // 11
+    {{ 0, 0, 4 }},  // 12
+    {{ 0, 0, 4 }},  // 13
+    {{ 0, 0, 4 }},  // 14
+    {{ 0, 0, 4 }},  // 15
+    {{ 0, 1, 2 }},  // 16
+    {{ 0, 1, 2 }},  // 17
+    {{ 0, 1, 2 }},  // 18
+    {{ 0, 1, 2 }},  // 19
+    {{ 1, 0, 3 }},  // 20
+    {{ 1, 0, 3 }},  // 21
+    {{ 1, 0, 3 }},  // 22
+    {{ 1, 0, 3 }},  // 23
+    {{ 0, 0, 5 }},  // 24
+    {{ 0, 0, 5 }},  // 25
+    {{ 0, 0, 5 }},  // 26
+    {{ 0, 0, 5 }},  // 27
+    {{ 0, 0, 5 }},  // 28
+    {{ 0, 0, 5 }},  // 29
+    {{ 0, 0, 5 }},  // 30
+    {{ 0, 0, 5 }},  // 31
+  };
+
+  int t, q, b;
+  for (int i = 1; i < 32; ++i) {
+    IntegerSequenceCodec::GetCountsForRange(i, &t, &q, &b);
+    EXPECT_EQ(t, kExpectedCounts[i - 1][0]);
+    EXPECT_EQ(q, kExpectedCounts[i - 1][1]);
+    EXPECT_EQ(b, kExpectedCounts[i - 1][2]);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_DEBUG_DEATH(IntegerSequenceCodec::GetCountsForRange(0, &t, &q, &b), "");
+  ASSERT_DEBUG_DEATH(
+      IntegerSequenceCodec::GetCountsForRange(256, &t, &q, &b), "");
+
+  IntegerSequenceCodec::GetCountsForRange(1, &t, &q, &b);
+  EXPECT_EQ(t, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(q, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b, 1);
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that we're calculating the number of bits needed to
+// encode a given number of values based on the range of the values.
+TEST(ASTCIntegerSequenceCodecTest, TestNumBitsForCounts) {
+  int trits = 0;
+  int quints = 0;
+  int bits = 0;
+
+  // A range of one should have single bits, so n 1-bit values should be n bits.
+  trits = 0;
+  quints = 0;
+  bits = 1;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 64; ++i) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCount(i, trits, quints, bits), i);
+    EXPECT_EQ(IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(i, 1), i);
+  }
+
+  // Similarly, N two-bit values should be 2n bits...
+  trits = 0;
+  quints = 0;
+  bits = 2;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 64; ++i) {
+    int bit_counts = IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCount(i, trits, quints, bits);
+    EXPECT_EQ(bit_counts, 2 * i);
+    EXPECT_EQ(IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(i, 3), 2 * i);
+  }
+
+  // Trits are a bit more complicated -- there are five trits in a block, so
+  // if we encode 15 values with 3 bits each in trits, we'd get three blocks,
+  // each with eight bits of trits.
+  trits = 1;
+  quints = 0;
+  bits = 3;
+  EXPECT_EQ(IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCount(15, trits, quints, bits),
+            8 * 3 + 15 * 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(15, 23),
+            IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCount(15, trits, quints, bits));
+
+  // However, if instead we encode 13 values, we don't need to use the remaining
+  // two values, so we only need bits as they will be encoded. As it turns out,
+  // this means we can avoid three bits in the final block (one for the high
+  // order trit encoding and two for one of the values), resulting in 47 bits.
+  trits = 1;
+  quints = 0;
+  bits = 2;
+  EXPECT_EQ(IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCount(13, trits, quints, bits), 47);
+  EXPECT_EQ(IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(13, 11),
+            IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCount(13, trits, quints, bits));
+
+  // Quints have a similar property -- if we encode six values using a quint and
+  // four bits, then we have two quint blocks each with three values and a seven
+  // bit encoded quint triplet...
+  trits = 0;
+  quints = 1;
+  bits = 4;
+  EXPECT_EQ(IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCount(6, trits, quints, bits),
+            7 * 2 + 6 * 4);
+  EXPECT_EQ(IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(6, 79),
+            IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCount(6, trits, quints, bits));
+
+  // If we have fewer values than blocks we can again avoid about 2 + nbits
+  // bits...
+  trits = 0;
+  quints = 1;
+  bits = 3;
+  EXPECT_EQ(IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCount(7, trits, quints, bits),
+            /* first two quint blocks */ 7 * 2 +
+            /* first two blocks of bits */ 6 * 3 +
+            /* last quint block without the high order four bits */ 3 +
+            /* last block with one set of three bits */ 3);
+}
+
+// Tests that the encoder knows how to encode values of the form 5*2^k.
+TEST(ASTCIntegerSequenceCodecTest, TestQuintCodec) {
+  // In this case, k = 4
+
+  // Setup bit src/sink
+  BitStream<UInt128> bit_sink;
+
+  const int kValueRange = 79;
+  IntegerSequenceEncoder enc(kValueRange);
+  enc.AddValue(3);
+  enc.AddValue(79);
+  enc.AddValue(37);
+  enc.Encode(&bit_sink);
+
+  // quint: 1000101 m0: 0011 m1: 1111 m2: 0101
+  // 100 0100 0111 1101 0010
+  // interleaved 10m200m1101m0
+  // should be 100 1010 0111 1101 0011 = 0x4A7D3
+  EXPECT_EQ(bit_sink.Bits(), 19);
+
+  uint64_t encoded = 0;
+  bit_sink.GetBits(19, &encoded);
+  EXPECT_EQ(encoded, 0x4A7D3);
+
+  // Now check that decoding it works as well
+  BitStream<UInt128> bit_src(encoded, 19);
+
+  IntegerSequenceDecoder dec(kValueRange);
+  auto decoded_vals = dec.Decode(3, &bit_src);
+  ASSERT_EQ(decoded_vals.size(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(decoded_vals[0], 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(decoded_vals[1], 79);
+  EXPECT_EQ(decoded_vals[2], 37);
+}
+
+// Tests that the encoder knows how to encode values of the form 3*2^k.
+TEST(ASTCIntegerSequenceCodecTest, TestTritCodec) {
+  uint64_t encoded = 0;
+
+  // Setup bit src/sink
+  BitStream<UInt128> bit_sink(encoded, 0);
+
+  const int kValueRange = 11;
+  IntegerSequenceEncoder enc(kValueRange);
+  enc.AddValue(7);
+  enc.AddValue(5);
+  enc.AddValue(3);
+  enc.AddValue(6);
+  enc.AddValue(10);
+  enc.Encode(&bit_sink);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(bit_sink.Bits(), 18);
+
+  bit_sink.GetBits(18, &encoded);
+  EXPECT_EQ(encoded, 0x37357);
+
+  // Now check that decoding it works as well
+  BitStream<UInt128> bit_src(encoded, 19);
+
+  IntegerSequenceDecoder dec(kValueRange);
+  auto decoded_vals = dec.Decode(5, &bit_src);
+  ASSERT_EQ(decoded_vals.size(), 5);
+  EXPECT_EQ(decoded_vals[0], 7);
+  EXPECT_EQ(decoded_vals[1], 5);
+  EXPECT_EQ(decoded_vals[2], 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(decoded_vals[3], 6);
+  EXPECT_EQ(decoded_vals[4], 10);
+}
+
+// Test a specific quint encoding/decoding. This test makes sure that the way we
+// encode and decode integer sequences matches what we should expect out of the
+// reference ASTC encoder.
+TEST(ASTCIntegerSequenceCodecTest, TestDecodeThenEncode) {
+  std::vector<int> vals = {{ 16, 18, 17, 4, 7, 14, 10, 0 }};
+  const uint64_t kValEncoding = 0x2b9c83dc;
+
+  BitStream<UInt128> bit_src(kValEncoding, 64);
+  IntegerSequenceDecoder dec(19);
+  auto decoded_vals = dec.Decode(8, &bit_src);
+  ASSERT_EQ(decoded_vals.size(), vals.size());
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < decoded_vals.size(); ++i) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(decoded_vals[i], vals[i]);
+  }
+
+  // Setup bit src/sink
+  BitStream<UInt128> bit_sink;
+  IntegerSequenceEncoder enc(19);
+  for (const auto& v : vals) {
+    enc.AddValue(v);
+  }
+  enc.Encode(&bit_sink);
+  EXPECT_EQ(bit_sink.Bits(), 35);
+
+  uint64_t encoded = 0;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(bit_sink.GetBits(35, &encoded));
+  EXPECT_EQ(encoded, kValEncoding)
+      << std::hex << encoded << " -- " << kValEncoding;
+}
+
+// Same as the previous test, except it uses a trit encoding rather than a
+// quint encoding.
+TEST(ASTCIntegerSequenceCodecTest, TestDecodeThenEncodeTrits) {
+  std::vector<int> vals = {{ 6, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 8, 0 }};
+  const uint64_t kValEncoding = 0x0004c0100001006ULL;
+
+  BitStream<UInt128> bit_src(kValEncoding, 64);
+  IntegerSequenceDecoder dec(11);
+  auto decoded_vals = dec.Decode(vals.size(), &bit_src);
+  ASSERT_EQ(decoded_vals.size(), vals.size());
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < decoded_vals.size(); ++i) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(decoded_vals[i], vals[i]);
+  }
+
+  // Setup bit src/sink
+  BitStream<UInt128> bit_sink;
+  IntegerSequenceEncoder enc(11);
+  for (const auto& v : vals) {
+    enc.AddValue(v);
+  }
+  enc.Encode(&bit_sink);
+  EXPECT_EQ(bit_sink.Bits(), 58);
+
+  uint64_t encoded = 0;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(bit_sink.GetBits(58, &encoded));
+  EXPECT_EQ(encoded, kValEncoding)
+      << std::hex << encoded << " -- " << kValEncoding;
+}
+
+// Generate a random sequence of integer codings with different ranges to test
+// the reciprocability of our codec (encoded sequences should be able to
+// decoded)
+TEST(ASTCIntegerSequenceCodecTest, TestRandomReciprocation) {
+  std::mt19937 mt(0xbad7357);
+  std::uniform_int_distribution<int> rand(0, 255);
+
+  for (int test = 0; test < 1600; ++test) {
+    // Generate a random number of values and a random range
+    int num_vals = 4 + rand(mt) % 44;  // Up to 48 weights in a grid
+    int range = 1 + rand(mt) % 63;
+
+    // If this produces a bit pattern larger than our buffer, then ignore
+    // it... we already know what our bounds are for the integer sequences
+    int num_bits = IntegerSequenceCodec::GetBitCountForRange(num_vals, range);
+    if (num_bits >= 64) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    std::vector<int> generated_vals(num_vals);
+    for (auto& val : generated_vals) {
+      val = rand(mt) % (range + 1);
+    }
+
+    // Encode the values using the
+    BitStream<UInt128> bit_sink;
+
+    // Add them to the encoder
+    IntegerSequenceEncoder enc(range);
+    for (int v : generated_vals) {
+      enc.AddValue(v);
+    }
+    enc.Encode(&bit_sink);
+
+    uint64_t encoded = 0;
+    bit_sink.GetBits(bit_sink.Bits(), &encoded);
+    ASSERT_GE(encoded, 0);
+    EXPECT_LT(encoded, 1ULL << num_bits);
+
+    BitStream<UInt128> bit_src(encoded, 64);
+
+    IntegerSequenceDecoder dec(range);
+    auto decoded_vals = dec.Decode(num_vals, &bit_src);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(decoded_vals.size(), generated_vals.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < decoded_vals.size(); ++i) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(decoded_vals[i], generated_vals[i]);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/intermediate_astc_block_test.cc b/src/decoder/test/intermediate_astc_block_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69935ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/intermediate_astc_block_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/intermediate_astc_block.h"
+#include "src/decoder/test/image_utils.h"
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::ElementsAre;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+using ::testing::Optional;
+using ::testing::SizeIs;
+using ::testing::TestWithParam;
+using ::testing::ValuesIn;
+
+// Test to make sure that unpacking an error block returns false.
+TEST(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestUnpackError) {
+  const PhysicalASTCBlock kErrorBlock(base::UInt128(0));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(UnpackVoidExtent(kErrorBlock));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(UnpackIntermediateBlock(kErrorBlock));
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that if we don't populate our weight data in the
+// intermediate block than the resulting color range should error due to the
+// mismatch.
+TEST(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestEndpointRangeErrorOnNotSettingWeights) {
+  IntermediateBlockData data;
+  data.weight_range = 15;
+  for (auto& ep : data.endpoints) {
+    ep.mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBDirect;
+  }
+  data.weight_grid_dim_x = 6;
+  data.weight_grid_dim_y = 6;
+  EXPECT_EQ(-1, EndpointRangeForBlock(data));
+
+  base::UInt128 dummy;
+  auto err_str = Pack(data, &dummy);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(err_str.hasValue());
+  EXPECT_THAT(err_str.value(), HasSubstr("Incorrect number of weights"));
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that if we run out of bits, then we should say so.
+TEST(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestEndpointRangeErrorOnNotEnoughBits) {
+  IntermediateBlockData data;
+  data.weight_range = 1;
+  data.partition_id = 0;
+  data.endpoints.resize(3);
+  for (auto& ep : data.endpoints) {
+    ep.mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBDirect;
+  }
+  data.weight_grid_dim_x = 8;
+  data.weight_grid_dim_y = 8;
+  EXPECT_EQ(-2, EndpointRangeForBlock(data));
+
+  // Resize the weights to get past the error that they do not match the grid
+  // dimensions.
+  data.weights.resize(64);
+
+  base::UInt128 dummy;
+  auto err_str = Pack(data, &dummy);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(err_str.hasValue());
+  EXPECT_THAT(err_str.value(), HasSubstr("illegal color range"));
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that as we increase the number of weights, we decrease the
+// allowable range of colors
+TEST(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestEndpointRangeForBlock) {
+  IntermediateBlockData data;
+  data.weight_range = 2;
+  data.endpoints.resize(2);
+  data.dual_plane_channel.clear();
+  for (auto& ep : data.endpoints) {
+    ep.mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRRGBDirect;
+  }
+
+  // Weight params control how many weights are present in a block
+  struct WeightParams {
+    int width;
+    int height;
+
+    // We should sort based on number of weights for these params
+    int NumWeights() const { return width * height; }
+    bool operator<(const WeightParams& other) const {
+      return NumWeights() < other.NumWeights();
+    }
+  };
+
+  std::vector<WeightParams> weight_params;
+  for (int y = 2; y < 8; ++y) {
+    for (int x = 2; x < 8; ++x) {
+      weight_params.emplace_back(WeightParams{x, y});
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Sort weights from fewest to largest such that the allowable color range
+  // should be monotonically decreasing
+  std::sort(weight_params.begin(), weight_params.end());
+
+  // Keep track of the largest available color range and measure that it
+  // decreases as we add more weights to our block
+  int last_color_range = 255;
+  for (const auto& params : weight_params) {
+    data.weight_grid_dim_x = params.width;
+    data.weight_grid_dim_y = params.height;
+
+    const int color_range = EndpointRangeForBlock(data);
+    EXPECT_LE(color_range, last_color_range);
+    last_color_range = std::min(color_range, last_color_range);
+  }
+
+  // Make sure that we actually changed it at some point.
+  EXPECT_LT(last_color_range, 255);
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that unpacking an legitimate ASTC block returns the encoded
+// values that we expect.
+TEST(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestUnpackNonVoidExtentBlock) {
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk(0x0000000001FE000173ULL);
+  auto b = UnpackIntermediateBlock(blk);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(b);
+
+  const auto& data = b.value();
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.weight_grid_dim_x, 6);
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.weight_grid_dim_y, 5);
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.weight_range, 7);
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(data.partition_id);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(data.dual_plane_channel);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(data.weights.size(), 30);
+  for (auto weight : data.weights) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(weight, 0);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(data.endpoints.size(), 1);
+  for (const auto& ep_data : data.endpoints) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(ep_data.mode, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaDirect);
+    ASSERT_EQ(ep_data.colors.size(), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ep_data.colors[0], 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ep_data.colors[1], 255);
+  }
+}
+
+// Make sure that we can pack blocks that aren't void extent blocks. (In other
+// words, can we actually deal with intermediate ASTC data).
+TEST(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestPackNonVoidExtentBlock) {
+  IntermediateBlockData data;
+
+  data.weight_grid_dim_x = 6;
+  data.weight_grid_dim_y = 5;
+  data.weight_range = 7;
+
+  data.partition_id = {};
+  data.dual_plane_channel = {};
+
+  data.weights.resize(30);
+  for (auto& weight : data.weights) {
+    weight = 0;
+  }
+
+  data.endpoints.resize(1);
+  for (auto& ep_data : data.endpoints) {
+    ep_data.mode = ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaDirect;
+    ep_data.colors.resize(2);
+    ep_data.colors[0] = 0;
+    ep_data.colors[1] = 255;
+  }
+
+  base::UInt128 packed;
+  auto error_str = Pack(data, &packed);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(error_str) << (error_str ? error_str.value() : std::string(""));
+  EXPECT_EQ(packed, 0x0000000001FE000173ULL);
+}
+
+// Make sure that we can unpack void extent blocks
+TEST(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestUnpackVoidExtentBlock) {
+  PhysicalASTCBlock void_extent_block(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFDFCULL);
+
+  auto b = UnpackVoidExtent(void_extent_block);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(b);
+
+  const auto& data = b.value();
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.r, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.g, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.b, 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.a, 0);
+  for (const auto& coord : data.coords) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(coord, (1 << 13) - 1);
+  }
+
+  base::UInt128 more_interesting(0xdeadbeefdeadbeefULL, 0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL);
+  b = UnpackVoidExtent(PhysicalASTCBlock(more_interesting));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(b);
+
+  const auto& other_data = b.value();
+  EXPECT_EQ(other_data.r, 0xbeef);
+  EXPECT_EQ(other_data.g, 0xdead);
+  EXPECT_EQ(other_data.b, 0xbeef);
+  EXPECT_EQ(other_data.a, 0xdead);
+  EXPECT_EQ(other_data.coords[0], 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(other_data.coords[1], 8191);
+  EXPECT_EQ(other_data.coords[2], 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(other_data.coords[3], 8191);
+}
+
+// Make sure that we can pack void extent blocks and void extent data.
+TEST(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestPackVoidExtentBlock) {
+  VoidExtentData data;
+  data.r = 0;
+  data.g = 0;
+  data.b = 0;
+  data.a = 0;
+  for (auto& coord : data.coords) {
+    coord = (1 << 13) - 1;
+  }
+
+  base::UInt128 packed;
+  auto error_str = Pack(data, &packed);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(error_str) << (error_str ? error_str.value() : std::string(""));
+  EXPECT_EQ(packed, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFDFCULL);
+
+  data.r = 0xbeef;
+  data.g = 0xdead;
+  data.b = 0xbeef;
+  data.a = 0xdead;
+  data.coords[0] = 0;
+  data.coords[1] = 8191;
+  data.coords[2] = 0;
+  data.coords[3] = 8191;
+
+  error_str = Pack(data, &packed);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(error_str) << (error_str ? error_str.value() : std::string(""));
+  EXPECT_EQ(packed,
+            base::UInt128(0xdeadbeefdeadbeefULL, 0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL));
+}
+
+// Make sure that the color endpoint mode is properly repacked. This test case
+// was created as a bug during testing.
+TEST(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestPackUnpackWithSameCEM) {
+  base::UInt128 orig(0xe8e8eaea20000980ULL, 0x20000200cb73f045ULL);
+
+  auto b = UnpackIntermediateBlock(PhysicalASTCBlock(orig));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(b);
+
+  base::UInt128 repacked;
+  auto err_str = Pack(b.value(), &repacked);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(err_str) << (err_str ? err_str.value() : std::string(""));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(repacked, orig);
+
+  // Test case #2
+  orig = base::UInt128(0x3300c30700cb01c5ULL, 0x0573907b8c0f6879ULL);
+  b = UnpackIntermediateBlock(PhysicalASTCBlock(orig));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(b);
+
+  err_str = Pack(b.value(), &repacked);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(err_str) << (err_str ? err_str.value() : std::string(""));
+  EXPECT_EQ(repacked, orig);
+}
+
+// Test that we can encode/decode a block that uses a very large gap
+// between weight and endpoint data.
+TEST(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestPackingWithLargeGap) {
+  // We can construct this block by doing the following:
+  //   -- choose a block mode that only gives 24 weight bits
+  //   -- choose the smallest endpoint mode: grayscale direct
+  //   -- make sure there are no partitions
+  const base::UInt128 orig(0xBEDEAD0000000000ULL, 0x0000000001FE032EULL);
+  const auto b = UnpackIntermediateBlock(PhysicalASTCBlock(orig));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(b);
+
+  const auto& data = b.value();
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.weight_grid_dim_x, 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.weight_grid_dim_y, 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.weight_range, 15);
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(data.partition_id);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(data.dual_plane_channel);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(data.endpoints.size(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.endpoints.at(0).mode, ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaDirect);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(data.endpoints.at(0).colors.size(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.endpoints.at(0).colors.at(0), 255);
+  EXPECT_EQ(data.endpoints.at(0).colors.at(1), 0);
+
+  // Now encode it again
+  base::UInt128 repacked;
+  const auto err_str = Pack(b.value(), &repacked);
+  EXPECT_EQ(orig, repacked) << (err_str ? err_str.value() : std::string(""));
+}
+
+// Take a block that is encoded using direct luma with full byte values and see
+// if we properly set the endpoint range.
+TEST(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestEndpointRange) {
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk(0x0000000001FE000173ULL);
+  EXPECT_THAT(blk.ColorValuesRange(), Optional(Eq(255)));
+
+  auto b = UnpackIntermediateBlock(blk);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(b);
+
+  const auto& data = b.value();
+  ASSERT_THAT(data.endpoints, SizeIs(1));
+  EXPECT_THAT(data.endpoints[0].mode, Eq(ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaDirect));
+  EXPECT_THAT(data.endpoints[0].colors, ElementsAre(0, 255));
+  EXPECT_THAT(data.endpoint_range, Optional(Eq(255)));
+}
+
+struct ImageTestParams {
+  std::string image_name;
+  int checkered_dim;
+};
+
+static void PrintTo(const ImageTestParams& params, std::ostream* os) {
+  *os << "ImageTestParams(" << params.image_name << ")";
+}
+
+class IntermediateASTCBlockTest : public TestWithParam<ImageTestParams> { };
+
+// Test whether or not a real-world ASTC implementation can be unpacked and
+// then repacked into the same implementation. In conjunction with the other
+// tests, we make sure that we can recreate ASTC blocks that we have previously
+// unpacked.
+TEST_P(IntermediateASTCBlockTest, TestPackUnpack) {
+  const auto& params = GetParam();
+  const int astc_dim = 8;
+  const int img_dim = params.checkered_dim * astc_dim;
+  const std::string astc = LoadASTCFile(params.image_name);
+
+  // Make sure that unpacking and repacking all of the blocks works...
+  const int kNumASTCBlocks = (img_dim / astc_dim) * (img_dim / astc_dim);
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumASTCBlocks; ++i) {
+    base::UInt128 block_bits;
+    memcpy(&block_bits, astc.data() + PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes * i,
+           PhysicalASTCBlock::kSizeInBytes);
+
+    const PhysicalASTCBlock block(block_bits);
+
+    base::UInt128 repacked;
+    if (block.IsVoidExtent()) {
+      auto b = UnpackVoidExtent(block);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(b);
+
+      auto err_str = Pack(b.value(), &repacked);
+      ASSERT_FALSE(err_str) << (err_str ? err_str.value() : std::string(""));
+    } else {
+      auto b = UnpackIntermediateBlock(block);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(b);
+
+      // Check to see that we properly set the endpoint range when we decoded
+      // the block.
+      auto& block_data = b.value();
+      EXPECT_EQ(block_data.endpoint_range, block.ColorValuesRange());
+
+      // Reset the endpoint range here to see if we correctly reconstruct it
+      // below
+      block_data.endpoint_range = {};
+
+      auto err_str = Pack(b.value(), &repacked);
+      ASSERT_FALSE(err_str) << (err_str ? err_str.value() : std::string(""));
+    }
+
+    // You would expect the following line to be enough:
+    //   EXPECT_EQ(repacked, block.GetBlockBits())
+    // ... except that the ASTC encoder makes some interesting decisions
+    // about how to encode the same logical bits. One example is that
+    // sometimes if all partitions share an endpoint mode, the encoded
+    // block will not use the shared CEM mode, and rather list each
+    // partition's mode explicitly. For that reason, we just need to make as
+    // close of an approximation as possible that we decode to the same
+    // physical values.
+
+    PhysicalASTCBlock pb(repacked);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(pb.IsIllegalEncoding());
+
+    base::UInt128 pb_color_mask =
+        (base::UInt128(1) << pb.NumColorBits().value()) - 1;
+    base::UInt128 pb_color_bits =
+        pb.GetBlockBits() >> pb.ColorStartBit().value();
+    pb_color_bits &= pb_color_mask;
+
+    base::UInt128 b_color_mask =
+        (base::UInt128(1) << pb.NumColorBits().value()) - 1;
+    base::UInt128 b_color_bits =
+        block.GetBlockBits() >> block.ColorStartBit().value();
+    b_color_bits &= b_color_mask;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb_color_mask, b_color_mask);
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb_color_bits, b_color_bits);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.IsVoidExtent(), block.IsVoidExtent());
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.VoidExtentCoords(), block.VoidExtentCoords());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.WeightGridDims(), block.WeightGridDims());
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.WeightRange(), block.WeightRange());
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.NumWeightBits(), block.NumWeightBits());
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.WeightStartBit(), block.WeightStartBit());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.IsDualPlane(), block.IsDualPlane());
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.DualPlaneChannel(), block.DualPlaneChannel());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.NumPartitions(), block.NumPartitions());
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.PartitionID(), block.PartitionID());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.NumColorValues(), block.NumColorValues());
+    EXPECT_EQ(pb.ColorValuesRange(), block.ColorValuesRange());
+
+    for (int j = 0; j < pb.NumPartitions().valueOr(0); ++j) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(pb.GetEndpointMode(j), block.GetEndpointMode(j));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+std::vector<ImageTestParams> GetImageTestParams() {
+  return {
+    // image_name       checkered_dim
+    { "checkered_4",    4  },
+    { "checkered_5",    5  },
+    { "checkered_6",    6  },
+    { "checkered_7",    7  },
+    { "checkered_8",    8  },
+    { "checkered_9",    9  },
+    { "checkered_10",   10 },
+    { "checkered_11",   11 },
+    { "checkered_12",   12 },
+  };
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(Checkered, IntermediateASTCBlockTest,
+                        ValuesIn(GetImageTestParams()));
+
+}  // namespace
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/logical_astc_block_test.cc b/src/decoder/test/logical_astc_block_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed85f3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/logical_astc_block_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/logical_astc_block.h"
+#include "src/decoder/test/image_utils.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+
+#include <fstream>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::ElementsAre;
+using ::testing::TestWithParam;
+using ::testing::ValuesIn;
+
+ImageBuffer LoadGoldenImageWithAlpha(std::string basename) {
+  const std::string filename = std::string("src/decoder/testdata/") + basename + ".bmp";
+  ImageBuffer result;
+  LoadGoldenBmp(filename, &result);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result.BytesPerPixel(), 4);
+  return result;
+}
+
+ImageBuffer LoadGoldenImage(std::string basename) {
+  const std::string filename = std::string("src/decoder/testdata/") + basename + ".bmp";
+  ImageBuffer result;
+  LoadGoldenBmp(filename, &result);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result.BytesPerPixel(), 3);
+  return result;
+}
+
+struct ImageTestParams {
+  std::string image_name;
+  bool has_alpha;
+  Footprint footprint;
+  int width;
+  int height;
+};
+
+static void PrintTo(const ImageTestParams& params, std::ostream* os) {
+    *os << "ImageTestParams(" << params.image_name << ", "
+        << params.width << "x" << params.height << ", "
+        << (params.has_alpha ? "RGBA" : "RGB") << ", "
+        << "footprint " << params.footprint.Width() << "x"
+        << params.footprint.Height() << ")";
+}
+
+class LogicalASTCBlockTest : public TestWithParam<ImageTestParams> { };
+
+// Test to make sure that reading out color values from blocks is not
+// terribly wrong. To do so, we compress an image and then decompress it
+// using our logical blocks and the library. The difference between the
+// decoded images should be minimal.
+TEST_P(LogicalASTCBlockTest, ImageWithFootprint) {
+  const auto& params = GetParam();
+  const std::string astc = LoadASTCFile(params.image_name);
+
+  ImageBuffer our_decoded_image;
+  our_decoded_image.Allocate(params.width, params.height, params.has_alpha ? 4 : 3);
+
+  const int block_width = params.footprint.Width();
+  const int block_height = params.footprint.Height();
+
+  base::UInt128 block;
+  for (int i = 0; i < astc.size(); i += 16) {
+    const int block_index = i / 16;
+    const int blocks_wide =
+        (params.width + block_width - 1) / block_width;
+    const int block_x = block_index % blocks_wide;
+    const int block_y = block_index / blocks_wide;
+    memcpy(&block, astc.data() + i, sizeof(block));
+
+    PhysicalASTCBlock physical_block(block);
+    if (physical_block.IsVoidExtent()) {
+      auto ve = UnpackVoidExtent(physical_block);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(ve) << "ASTC encoder produced invalid block!";
+    } else {
+      auto ib = UnpackIntermediateBlock(physical_block);
+      ASSERT_TRUE(ib) << "ASTC encoder produced invalid block!";
+    }
+
+    // Make sure that the library doesn't produce incorrect ASTC blocks.
+    // This is covered in more depth in other tests in
+    // intermediate_astc_block_test and physical_astc_block_test
+    auto lb = UnpackLogicalBlock(params.footprint, physical_block);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(lb) << "ASTC encoder produced invalid block!";
+
+    LogicalASTCBlock logical_block = lb.value();
+    const size_t color_size = params.has_alpha ? 4 : 3;
+
+    for (int y = 0; y < block_height; ++y) {
+      for (int x = 0; x < block_width; ++x) {
+        const int px = block_width * block_x + x;
+        const int py = block_height * block_y + y;
+
+        // Skip out of bounds.
+        if (px >= params.width || py >= params.height) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        uint8_t* pixel = our_decoded_image(px, py);
+        const RgbaColor decoded_color = logical_block.ColorAt(x, y);
+        ASSERT_LE(color_size, decoded_color.size());
+
+        for (int c = 0; c < color_size; ++c) {
+          // All of the pixels should also be 8-bit values.
+          ASSERT_GE(decoded_color[c], 0);
+          ASSERT_LT(decoded_color[c], 256);
+          pixel[c] = decoded_color[c];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Check that the decoded image is *very* similar to the library decoding
+  // of an ASTC texture. They may not be exact due to differences in how we
+  // convert a 16-bit float to an 8-bit integer.
+  ImageBuffer decoded_image = params.has_alpha ? LoadGoldenImageWithAlpha(params.image_name) : LoadGoldenImage(params.image_name);
+  CompareSumOfSquaredDifferences(decoded_image, our_decoded_image, 1.0);
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that a simple gradient image can be compressed and decoded
+// by our logical block representation. This should work with every footprint.
+std::vector<ImageTestParams> GetSyntheticImageTestParams() {
+  return {
+    // image_name         alpha    astc footprint          width  height
+    { "footprint_4x4",    false,   Footprint::Get4x4(),    32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_5x4",    false,   Footprint::Get5x4(),    32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_5x5",    false,   Footprint::Get5x5(),    32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_6x5",    false,   Footprint::Get6x5(),    32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_6x6",    false,   Footprint::Get6x6(),    32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_8x5",    false,   Footprint::Get8x5(),    32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_8x6",    false,   Footprint::Get8x6(),    32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_10x5",   false,   Footprint::Get10x5(),   32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_10x6",   false,   Footprint::Get10x6(),   32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_8x8",    false,   Footprint::Get8x8(),    32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_10x8",   false,   Footprint::Get10x8(),   32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_10x10",  false,   Footprint::Get10x10(),  32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_12x10",  false,   Footprint::Get12x10(),  32,    32 },
+    { "footprint_12x12",  false,   Footprint::Get12x12(),  32,    32 },
+  };
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(Synthetic, LogicalASTCBlockTest,
+                        ValuesIn(GetSyntheticImageTestParams()));
+
+// Test to make sure that reading out color values from blocks in a real-world
+// image isn't terribly wrong, either.
+std::vector<ImageTestParams> GetRealWorldImageTestParams() {
+  return {
+    // image_name   alpha  astc footprint         width   height
+    { "rgb_4x4",    false, Footprint::Get4x4(),   224,    288 },
+    { "rgb_6x6",    false, Footprint::Get6x6(),   224,    288 },
+    { "rgb_8x8",    false, Footprint::Get8x8(),   224,    288 },
+    { "rgb_12x12",  false, Footprint::Get12x12(), 224,    288 },
+    { "rgb_5x4",    false, Footprint::Get5x4(),   224,    288 }
+  };
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(RealWorld, LogicalASTCBlockTest,
+                        ValuesIn(GetRealWorldImageTestParams()));
+
+// Test to make sure that reading out color values from blocks in a real-world
+// image isn't terribly wrong, either.
+std::vector<ImageTestParams> GetTransparentImageTestParams() {
+  return {
+    // image_name          alpha  astc footprint       width    height
+    { "atlas_small_4x4",   true,  Footprint::Get4x4(), 256,     256 },
+    { "atlas_small_5x5",   true,  Footprint::Get5x5(), 256,     256 },
+    { "atlas_small_6x6",   true,  Footprint::Get6x6(), 256,     256 },
+    { "atlas_small_8x8",   true,  Footprint::Get8x8(), 256,     256 },
+  };
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(Transparent, LogicalASTCBlockTest,
+                        ValuesIn(GetTransparentImageTestParams()));
+
+// Test to make sure that if we set our endpoints then it's reflected in our
+// color selection
+TEST(LogicalASTCBlockTest, SetEndpoints) {
+  LogicalASTCBlock logical_block(Footprint::Get8x8());
+
+  // Setup a weight checkerboard
+  for (int j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+      if (((i ^ j) & 1) == 1) {
+        logical_block.SetWeightAt(i, j, 0);
+      } else {
+        logical_block.SetWeightAt(i, j, 64);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Now set the colors to something ridiculous
+  logical_block.SetEndpoints({{ 123, 45, 67, 89 }}, {{ 101, 121, 31, 41 }}, 0);
+
+  // For each pixel, we expect it to mirror the endpoints in a checkerboard
+  // pattern
+  for (int j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+      if (((i ^ j) & 1) == 1) {
+        EXPECT_THAT(logical_block.ColorAt(i, j), ElementsAre(123, 45, 67, 89));
+      } else {
+        EXPECT_THAT(logical_block.ColorAt(i, j), ElementsAre(101, 121, 31, 41));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Test whether or not setting weight values under different circumstances is
+// supported and reflected in the query functions.
+TEST(LogicalASTCBlockTest, SetWeightVals) {
+  LogicalASTCBlock logical_block(Footprint::Get4x4());
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(logical_block.GetFootprint(), Eq(Footprint::Get4x4()));
+
+  // Not a dual plane by default
+  EXPECT_FALSE(logical_block.IsDualPlane());
+  logical_block.SetWeightAt(2, 3, 2);
+
+  // Set the dual plane
+  logical_block.SetDualPlaneChannel(0);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(logical_block.IsDualPlane());
+
+  // This shouldn't have reset our weight
+  const LogicalASTCBlock other_block = logical_block;
+  EXPECT_THAT(other_block.WeightAt(2, 3), Eq(2));
+  EXPECT_THAT(other_block.DualPlaneWeightAt(0, 2, 3), Eq(2));
+
+  // If we set the dual plane weight, it shouldn't change the original weight
+  // value or the other channels
+  logical_block.SetDualPlaneWeightAt(0, 2, 3, 1);
+  EXPECT_THAT(logical_block.WeightAt(2, 3), Eq(2));
+  EXPECT_THAT(logical_block.DualPlaneWeightAt(0, 2, 3), Eq(1));
+  for (int i = 1; i < 4; ++i) {
+    EXPECT_THAT(logical_block.DualPlaneWeightAt(i, 2, 3), Eq(2));
+  }
+
+  // Remove the dual plane
+  logical_block.SetDualPlaneChannel(-1);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(logical_block.IsDualPlane());
+
+  // Now the original dual plane weight should be reset back to the others. Note
+  // that we have to call DualPlaneWeightAt from a const logical block since
+  // returning a reference to a weight that doesn't exist is illegal.
+  const LogicalASTCBlock other_block2 = logical_block;
+  EXPECT_THAT(logical_block.WeightAt(2, 3), Eq(2));
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(logical_block.WeightAt(2, 3),
+              other_block2.DualPlaneWeightAt(i, 2, 3));
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/partition_test.cc b/src/decoder/test/partition_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63adfb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/partition_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/partition.h"
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <random>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::ElementsAreArray;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::Le;
+using ::testing::Not;
+
+using astc_codec::Footprint;
+using astc_codec::Partition;
+using astc_codec::PartitionMetric;
+using astc_codec::GetASTCPartition;
+using astc_codec::FindClosestASTCPartition;
+
+// Test to make sure that a simple difference between two partitions where
+// most of the values are the same returns what we expect.
+TEST(PartitionTest, TestSimplePartitionMetric) {
+  Partition a = {Footprint::Get6x6(), /* num_parts = */ 2,
+                 /* partition_id = */ {}, /* assignment = */ {}};
+  Partition b = a;
+
+  a.assignment = {
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+    };
+
+  b.assignment = {
+      1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+    };
+
+  const int dist = PartitionMetric(a, b);
+  EXPECT_EQ(dist, 2);
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that if one partition is a subset of another that we still
+// return the proper difference against the subset of the larger one.
+TEST(PartitionDeathTest, TestPartitionMetric) {
+  Partition a = {Footprint::Get4x4(), /* num_parts = */ 2,
+                 /* partition_id = */ {}, /* assignment = */ {}};
+  Partition b = {Footprint::Get6x6(), /* num_parts = */ 2,
+                 /* partition_id = */ {}, /* assignment = */ {}};
+
+  a.assignment = {{
+      1, 1, 1, 1,
+      0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 1,
+    }};
+
+  b.assignment = {{
+      1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0,
+      0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0,
+    }};
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH(PartitionMetric(a, b), "");
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that even if we have different numbers of subsets for each
+// partition, that the returned value is what we'd expect.
+TEST(PartitionTest, TestDiffPartsPartitionMetric) {
+  Partition a = {Footprint::Get4x4(), /* num_parts = */ 2,
+                 /* partition_id = */ {}, /* assignment = */ {}};
+  Partition b = {Footprint::Get4x4(), /* num_parts = */ 3,
+                 /* partition_id = */ {}, /* assignment = */ {}};
+
+  a.assignment = {{
+      2, 2, 2, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 1,
+    }};
+
+  b.assignment = {{
+      1, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0
+    }};
+
+  const int dist = PartitionMetric(a, b);
+  EXPECT_EQ(dist, 3);
+}
+
+// An additional sanity check test that makes sure that we're not always mapping
+// zero to zero in our tests.
+TEST(PartitionTest, TestDiffMappingPartitionMetric) {
+  Partition a = {Footprint::Get4x4(), /* num_parts = */ 2,
+                 /* partition_id = */ {}, /* assignment = */ {}};
+  Partition b = {Footprint::Get4x4(), /* num_parts = */ 3,
+                 /* partition_id = */ {}, /* assignment = */ {}};
+
+  a.assignment = {{
+      0, 1, 2, 2,
+      2, 2, 2, 2,
+      2, 2, 2, 2,
+      2, 2, 2, 2,
+    }};
+
+  b.assignment = {{
+      1, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0,
+    }};
+
+  const int dist = PartitionMetric(a, b);
+  EXPECT_EQ(dist, 1);
+}
+
+// Finally, if we grab an ASTC partition and modify it a tad, the closest
+// partition should still be the same ASTC partition.
+TEST(PartitionTest, TestFindingASTCPartition) {
+  const Partition astc = GetASTCPartition(Footprint::Get12x12(), 3, 0x3CB);
+  Partition almost_astc = astc;
+  almost_astc.assignment[0]++;
+
+  const Partition& closest_astc = FindClosestASTCPartition(almost_astc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(astc, closest_astc);
+}
+
+// Test a partition that was obtained from the reference ASTC encoder. We should
+// be able to match it exactly
+TEST(PartitionTest, TestSpecificPartition) {
+  const Partition astc = GetASTCPartition(Footprint::Get10x6(), 3, 557);
+  EXPECT_THAT(astc.assignment, ElementsAreArray(std::array<int, 60> {{
+          0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2,
+          0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2,
+          0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2,
+          0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2,
+          0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2,
+          0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2 }}));
+}
+
+// Make sure that when we match against this specific partition, it'll return a
+// partition with the same number of subsets
+TEST(PartitionTest, EstimatedPartitionSubsets) {
+  Partition partition = {
+    /* footprint = */ Footprint::Get6x6(),
+    /* num_parts = */ 2,
+    /* partition_id = */ {},
+    /* assignment = */ {
+      0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+      0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+      1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
+    }};
+
+  const Partition astc = FindClosestASTCPartition(partition);
+  EXPECT_THAT(astc.num_parts, Eq(partition.num_parts));
+}
+
+// Make sure that regardless of what partition we match against, it'll return a
+// partition with at most a fewer number of subsets
+TEST(PartitionTest, EstimatedPartitionFewerSubsets) {
+  std::mt19937 random(0xdeadbeef);
+  auto randUniform = [&random](int max) {
+    std::uniform_int_distribution<> dist(0, max - 1);
+    return dist(random);
+  };
+
+  constexpr int kNumFootprints = Footprint::NumValidFootprints();
+  const auto kFootprints = std::array<Footprint, kNumFootprints> {{
+      Footprint::Get4x4(),
+      Footprint::Get5x4(),
+      Footprint::Get5x5(),
+      Footprint::Get6x5(),
+      Footprint::Get6x6(),
+      Footprint::Get8x5(),
+      Footprint::Get8x6(),
+      Footprint::Get8x8(),
+      Footprint::Get10x5(),
+      Footprint::Get10x6(),
+      Footprint::Get10x8(),
+      Footprint::Get10x10(),
+      Footprint::Get12x10(),
+      Footprint::Get12x12()
+    }};
+
+  constexpr int kNumTests = 200;
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumTests; ++i) {
+    const auto& footprint = kFootprints[randUniform(kNumFootprints)];
+    const int num_parts = 2 + randUniform(3);
+    Partition partition = {
+      footprint,
+      num_parts,
+      /* partition_id = */ {},
+      /* assignment = */ std::vector<int>(footprint.NumPixels(), 0)};
+
+    for (auto& p : partition.assignment) {
+      p = randUniform(num_parts);
+    }
+
+    const Partition astc = FindClosestASTCPartition(partition);
+    EXPECT_THAT(astc.num_parts, Le(partition.num_parts))
+        << "Test #" << i << ": "
+        << "Selected partition with ID " << astc.partition_id.value();
+  }
+}
+
+// Make sure that we generate unique partitions that are close to the
+// candidates.
+TEST(PartitionTest, UniquePartitionResults) {
+  Partition partition = {
+    /* footprint = */ Footprint::Get6x6(),
+    /* num_parts = */ 2,
+    /* partition_id = */ {},
+    /* assignment = */ {
+      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+      0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
+    }};
+
+  const auto parts = FindKClosestASTCPartitions(partition, 2);
+  EXPECT_THAT(*parts[0], Not(Eq(*parts[1])));
+}
+
+// TODO(google): Verify somehow that the assignment generated from
+// GetASTCPartition actually matches what's in the spec. The selection
+// function was more or less copy/pasted though so it's unclear how to
+// measure that against e.g. the ASTC encoder.
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/physical_astc_block_test.cc b/src/decoder/test/physical_astc_block_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8eafe46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/physical_astc_block_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/physical_astc_block.h"
+#include "src/base/uint128.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+using astc_codec::PhysicalASTCBlock;
+using astc_codec::ColorEndpointMode;
+using astc_codec::base::UInt128;
+
+namespace {
+
+static const PhysicalASTCBlock kErrorBlock(UInt128(0));
+
+// Test to make sure that each of the constructors work and that
+// they produce the same block encodings, since the ASTC blocks
+// are little-endian
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestConstructors) {
+  // Little-endian reading of bytes
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk1(0x0000000001FE000173ULL);
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk2(
+      std::string("\x73\x01\x00\xFE\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+                  "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00", 16));
+  EXPECT_EQ(blk1.GetBlockBits(), blk2.GetBlockBits());
+}
+
+// Test to see if we properly decode the maximum value that a weight
+// can take in an ASTC block based on the block mode encoding. We test
+// against a valid case and various error cases
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestWeightRange) {
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk1(0x0000000001FE000173ULL);
+  auto weight_range = blk1.WeightRange();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(weight_range);
+  EXPECT_EQ(weight_range.value(), 7);
+
+  // If we flip the high bit then we should have a range of 31,
+  // although then we have too many bits and this should error.
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk2(0x0000000001FE000373ULL);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(blk2.WeightRange());
+
+  // One bit per weight -- range of 1
+  PhysicalASTCBlock non_shared_cem(0x4000000000800D44ULL);
+  weight_range = non_shared_cem.WeightRange();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(weight_range);
+  EXPECT_EQ(weight_range.value(), 1);
+
+  // Error blocks have no weight range
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.WeightRange());
+}
+
+// Test to see if we properly decode the weight grid width and height
+// in an ASTC block based on the block mode encoding. We test against
+// a valid case and various error cases
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestWeightDims) {
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk1(0x0000000001FE000173ULL);
+  auto weight_dims = blk1.WeightGridDims();
+  EXPECT_TRUE(weight_dims);
+  EXPECT_EQ(weight_dims.value()[0], 6);
+  EXPECT_EQ(weight_dims.value()[1], 5);
+
+  // If we flip the high bit then we should have a range of 31,
+  // although then we have too many bits for the weight grid
+  // and this should error.
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk2(0x0000000001FE000373ULL);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(blk2.WeightGridDims());
+  EXPECT_EQ(blk2.IsIllegalEncoding().value(),
+            "Too many bits required for weight grid");
+
+  // Dual plane block with 3x5 weight dims
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk3(0x0000000001FE0005FFULL);
+  weight_dims = blk3.WeightGridDims();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(weight_dims);
+  EXPECT_EQ(weight_dims->at(0), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(weight_dims->at(1), 5);
+
+  // Error blocks shouldn't have any weight dims
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.WeightGridDims());
+
+  PhysicalASTCBlock non_shared_cem(0x4000000000800D44ULL);
+  weight_dims = non_shared_cem.WeightGridDims();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(weight_dims);
+  EXPECT_EQ(weight_dims->at(0), 8);
+  EXPECT_EQ(weight_dims->at(1), 8);
+}
+
+// Test to see whether or not the presence of a dual-plane bit
+// is decoded properly. Error encodings are tested to *not* return
+// that they have dual planes.
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestDualPlane) {
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk1(0x0000000001FE000173ULL);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(blk1.IsDualPlane());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.IsDualPlane());
+
+  // If we flip the dual plane bit, we will have too many bits
+  // for the weight grid and this should error
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk2(0x0000000001FE000573ULL);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(blk2.IsDualPlane());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(blk2.WeightGridDims());
+  EXPECT_EQ(blk2.IsIllegalEncoding().value(),
+            "Too many bits required for weight grid");
+
+  // A dual plane with 3x5 weight grid should be supported
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk3(0x0000000001FE0005FFULL);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(blk3.IsDualPlane());
+
+  // If we use the wrong block mode, then a valid block
+  // shouldn't have any dual plane
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk4(0x0000000001FE000108ULL);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(blk4.IsDualPlane());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(blk4.IsIllegalEncoding());
+}
+
+// Make sure that we properly calculate the number of bits used to encode
+// the weight grid. Given error encodings or void extent blocks, this number
+// should be zero
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestNumWeightBits) {
+  // 6x5 single-plane weight grid with 3-bit weights
+  // should have 90 bits for the weights.
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk1(0x0000000001FE000173ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(90, blk1.NumWeightBits());
+
+  // Error block has no weight bits
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.NumWeightBits());
+
+  // Void extent blocks have no weight bits
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL).NumWeightBits());
+
+  // If we flip the dual plane bit, we will have too many bits
+  // for the weight grid and this should error and return no bits
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk2(0x0000000001FE000573ULL);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(blk2.NumWeightBits());
+
+  // 3x5 dual-plane weight grid with 3-bit weights
+  // should have 90 bits for the weights.
+  PhysicalASTCBlock blk3(0x0000000001FE0005FFULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(90, blk3.NumWeightBits());
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that our weight bits start where we expect them to.
+// In other words, make sure that the calculation based on the block mode for
+// where the weight bits start is accurate.
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestStartWeightBit) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x4000000000800D44ULL).WeightStartBit(), 64);
+
+  // Error blocks have no weight start bit
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.WeightStartBit());
+
+  // Void extent blocks have no weight start bit
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL).WeightStartBit());
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that we catch various different reasons for error encoding
+// of ASTC blocks, but also that certain encodings aren't errors.
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestErrorBlocks) {
+  // Various valid block modes
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000173ULL).IsIllegalEncoding());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE0005FFULL).IsIllegalEncoding());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000108ULL).IsIllegalEncoding());
+
+  // This is an error because it uses an invalid block mode
+  EXPECT_EQ(kErrorBlock.IsIllegalEncoding().value(), "Reserved block mode");
+
+  // This is an error because we have too many weight bits
+  PhysicalASTCBlock err_blk(0x0000000001FE000573ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(err_blk.IsIllegalEncoding().value(),
+            "Too many bits required for weight grid");
+
+  // This is an error because we have too many weights
+  PhysicalASTCBlock err_blk2 = PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE0005A8ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(err_blk2.IsIllegalEncoding().value(), "Too many weights specified");
+
+  PhysicalASTCBlock err_blk3 = PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000588ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(err_blk3.IsIllegalEncoding().value(), "Too many weights specified");
+
+  // This is an error because we have too few weights
+  PhysicalASTCBlock err_blk4 = PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE00002ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(err_blk4.IsIllegalEncoding().value(),
+            "Too few bits required for weight grid");
+
+  // Four partitions, dual plane -- should be error
+  // 2x2 weight grid, 3 bits per weight
+  PhysicalASTCBlock dual_plane_four_parts(0x000000000000001D1FULL);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(dual_plane_four_parts.NumPartitions());
+  EXPECT_EQ(dual_plane_four_parts.IsIllegalEncoding().value(),
+            "Both four partitions and dual plane specified");
+}
+
+// Test to make sure that we properly identify and can manipulate void-extent
+// blocks. These are ASTC blocks that only define a single color for the entire
+// block.
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestVoidExtentBlocks) {
+  // Various valid block modes that aren't void extent blocks
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000173ULL).IsVoidExtent());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE0005FFULL).IsVoidExtent());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000108ULL).IsVoidExtent());
+
+  // Error block is not a void extent block
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.IsVoidExtent());
+
+  // Void extent block is void extent block...
+  UInt128 void_extent_encoding(0, 0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(void_extent_encoding).IsIllegalEncoding());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(PhysicalASTCBlock(void_extent_encoding).IsVoidExtent());
+
+  // If we modify the high 64 bits it shouldn't change anything
+  void_extent_encoding |= UInt128(0xdeadbeefdeadbeef, 0);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(void_extent_encoding).IsIllegalEncoding());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(PhysicalASTCBlock(void_extent_encoding).IsVoidExtent());
+}
+
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestVoidExtentCoordinates) {
+  // The void extent block should have texture coordinates from 0-8191
+  auto coords = PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL).VoidExtentCoords();
+  EXPECT_EQ(coords->at(0), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(coords->at(1), 8191);
+  EXPECT_EQ(coords->at(2), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(coords->at(3), 8191);
+
+  // If we set the coords to all 1's then it's still a void extent
+  // block, but there aren't any void extent coords.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFDFCULL).IsIllegalEncoding());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFDFCULL).IsVoidExtent());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFDFCULL).VoidExtentCoords());
+
+  // If we set the void extent coords to something where the coords are
+  // >= each other, then the encoding is illegal.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0008004002001DFCULL).IsIllegalEncoding());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0007FFC001FFFDFCULL).IsIllegalEncoding());
+}
+
+// Test to see if we can properly identify the number of partitions in a block
+// In particular -- we need to make sure we properly identify single and
+// multi-partition blocks, but also that void extent and error blocks don't
+// return valid numbers of partitions
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestNumPartitions) {
+  // Various valid block modes, but all single partition
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000173ULL).NumPartitions(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE0005FFULL).NumPartitions(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000108ULL).NumPartitions(), 1);
+
+  // Two to four partitions don't have enough bits for color.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x000000000000000973ULL).NumPartitions());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x000000000000001173ULL).NumPartitions());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x000000000000001973ULL).NumPartitions());
+
+  // Test against having more than one partition
+  PhysicalASTCBlock non_shared_cem(0x4000000000800D44ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(non_shared_cem.NumPartitions(), 2);
+}
+
+// Test the color endpoint modes specified for how the endpoints are encoded.
+// In particular, test that shared color endpoint modes work for multi-partition
+// blocks and that non-shared color endpoint modes also work.
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestColorEndpointModes) {
+  // Four partitions -- one shared CEM
+  const auto blk1 = PhysicalASTCBlock(0x000000000000001961ULL);
+  for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(blk1.GetEndpointMode(i), ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaDirect);
+  }
+
+  // Void extent blocks have no endpoint modes
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL).GetEndpointMode(0));
+
+  // Test out of range partitions
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000173ULL).GetEndpointMode(1));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000173ULL).GetEndpointMode(-1));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000173ULL).GetEndpointMode(100));
+
+  // Error blocks have no endpoint modes
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.GetEndpointMode(0));
+
+  // Test non-shared CEMs
+  PhysicalASTCBlock non_shared_cem(0x4000000000800D44ULL);
+  EXPECT_EQ(non_shared_cem.GetEndpointMode(0),
+            ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaDirect);
+  EXPECT_EQ(non_shared_cem.GetEndpointMode(1),
+            ColorEndpointMode::kLDRLumaBaseOffset);
+}
+
+// Make sure that if we have more than one partition then we have proper
+// partition IDs (these determine which pixels correspond to which partition)
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestPartitionID) {
+  // Valid partitions
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x4000000000FFED44ULL).PartitionID(), 0x3FF);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x4000000000AAAD44ULL).PartitionID(), 0x155);
+
+  // Error blocks have no partition IDs
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.PartitionID());
+
+  // Void extent blocks have no endpoint modes
+  EXPECT_FALSE(PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL).PartitionID());
+}
+
+// Make sure that we're properly attributing the number of bits associated with
+// the encoded color values.
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestNumColorBits) {
+  // If we're using a direct luma channel, then the number of color bits is 16
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000173ULL).NumColorValues(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000173ULL).NumColorBits(), 16);
+
+  // Error blocks have nothing
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.NumColorValues());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.NumColorBits());
+
+  // Void extent blocks have four color values and 64 bits of color
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL).NumColorValues(), 4);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL).NumColorBits(), 64);
+}
+
+// Make sure that we're properly decoding the range of values that each of the
+// encoded color values can take
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestColorValuesRange) {
+  // If we're using a direct luma channel, then we use two color values up to
+  // a full byte each.
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000173ULL).ColorValuesRange(), 255);
+
+  // Error blocks have nothing
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.ColorValuesRange());
+
+  // Void extent blocks have four color values and 64 bits of color, so the
+  // color range for each is sixteen bits.
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL).ColorValuesRange(),
+            (1 << 16) - 1);
+}
+
+// Test that we know where the color data starts. This is different mostly
+// depending on whether or not the block is single-partition or void extent.
+TEST(PhysicalASTCBlockTest, TestColorStartBits) {
+  // Void extent blocks start at bit 64
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0xFFF8003FFE000DFCULL).ColorStartBit(), 64);
+
+  // Error blocks don't start anywhere
+  EXPECT_FALSE(kErrorBlock.ColorStartBit());
+
+  // Single partition blocks start at bit 17
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000173ULL).ColorStartBit(), 17);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE0005FFULL).ColorStartBit(), 17);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x0000000001FE000108ULL).ColorStartBit(), 17);
+
+  // Multi-partition blocks start at bit 29
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x4000000000FFED44ULL).ColorStartBit(), 29);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PhysicalASTCBlock(0x4000000000AAAD44ULL).ColorStartBit(), 29);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/quantization_test.cc b/src/decoder/test/quantization_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f882876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/quantization_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/quantization.h"
+#include "src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+// Make sure that we never exceed the maximum range that we pass in.
+TEST(QuantizationTest, TestQuantizeMaxRange) {
+  for (int i = kEndpointRangeMinValue; i < 256; ++i) {
+    EXPECT_LE(QuantizeCEValueToRange(255, i), i);
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 1; i < kWeightRangeMaxValue; ++i) {
+    EXPECT_LE(QuantizeWeightToRange(64, i), i);
+  }
+}
+
+// Make sure that whenever we unquantize and requantize a value we get back
+// what we started with.
+TEST(QuantizationTest, TestReversibility) {
+  for (auto itr = ISERangeBegin(); itr != ISERangeEnd(); itr++) {
+    const int range = *itr;
+    if (range <= kWeightRangeMaxValue) {
+      for (int j = 0; j <= range; ++j) {
+        const int q = UnquantizeWeightFromRange(j, range);
+        EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeWeightToRange(q, range), j);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (range >= kEndpointRangeMinValue) {
+      for (int j = 0; j <= range; ++j) {
+        const int q = UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(j, range);
+        EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeCEValueToRange(q, range), j);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Make sure that whenever we quantize a non-maximal value it gets sent to the
+// proper range
+TEST(QuantizationTest, TestQuantizationRange) {
+  for (auto itr = ISERangeBegin(); itr != ISERangeEnd(); itr++) {
+    const int range = *itr;
+    if (range >= kEndpointRangeMinValue) {
+      EXPECT_LE(QuantizeCEValueToRange(0, range), range);
+      EXPECT_LE(QuantizeCEValueToRange(4, range), range);
+      EXPECT_LE(QuantizeCEValueToRange(15, range), range);
+      EXPECT_LE(QuantizeCEValueToRange(22, range), range);
+      EXPECT_LE(QuantizeCEValueToRange(66, range), range);
+      EXPECT_LE(QuantizeCEValueToRange(91, range), range);
+      EXPECT_LE(QuantizeCEValueToRange(126, range), range);
+    }
+
+    if (range <= kWeightRangeMaxValue) {
+      EXPECT_LE(QuantizeWeightToRange(0, range), range);
+      EXPECT_LE(QuantizeWeightToRange(4, range), range);
+      EXPECT_LE(QuantizeWeightToRange(15, range), range);
+      EXPECT_LE(QuantizeWeightToRange(22, range), range);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Make sure that whenever we unquantize a value it remains within [0, 255]
+TEST(QuantizationTest, TestUnquantizationRange) {
+  EXPECT_LT(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(2, 7), 256);
+  EXPECT_LT(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(7, 7), 256);
+  EXPECT_LT(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(39, 63), 256);
+  EXPECT_LT(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(66, 79), 256);
+  EXPECT_LT(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(91, 191), 256);
+  EXPECT_LT(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(126, 255), 256);
+  EXPECT_LT(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(255, 255), 256);
+
+  EXPECT_LE(UnquantizeWeightFromRange(0, 1), 64);
+  EXPECT_LE(UnquantizeWeightFromRange(2, 7), 64);
+  EXPECT_LE(UnquantizeWeightFromRange(7, 7), 64);
+  EXPECT_LE(UnquantizeWeightFromRange(29, 31), 64);
+}
+
+// When we quantize a value, it should use the largest quantization range that
+// does not exceed the desired range.
+TEST(QuantizationTest, TestUpperBoundRanges) {
+  auto expected_range_itr = ISERangeBegin();
+  for (int desired_range = 1; desired_range < 256; ++desired_range) {
+    if (desired_range == *(expected_range_itr + 1)) {
+      ++expected_range_itr;
+    }
+    const int expected_range = *expected_range_itr;
+    ASSERT_LE(expected_range, desired_range);
+
+    if (desired_range >= kEndpointRangeMinValue) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeCEValueToRange(0, desired_range),
+                QuantizeCEValueToRange(0, expected_range));
+
+      EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeCEValueToRange(208, desired_range),
+                QuantizeCEValueToRange(208, expected_range));
+
+      EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeCEValueToRange(173, desired_range),
+                QuantizeCEValueToRange(173, expected_range));
+
+      EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeCEValueToRange(13, desired_range),
+                QuantizeCEValueToRange(13, expected_range));
+
+      EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeCEValueToRange(255, desired_range),
+                QuantizeCEValueToRange(255, expected_range));
+    }
+
+    if (desired_range <= kWeightRangeMaxValue) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeWeightToRange(0, desired_range),
+                QuantizeWeightToRange(0, expected_range));
+
+      EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeWeightToRange(63, desired_range),
+                QuantizeWeightToRange(63, expected_range));
+
+      EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeWeightToRange(12, desired_range),
+                QuantizeWeightToRange(12, expected_range));
+
+      EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeWeightToRange(23, desired_range),
+                QuantizeWeightToRange(23, expected_range));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Make sure that we covered all the possible ranges
+  ASSERT_EQ(std::next(expected_range_itr), ISERangeEnd());
+}
+
+// Make sure that quantizing to the largest range is the identity function.
+TEST(QuantizationTest, TestIdentity) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeCEValueToRange(i, 255), i);
+  }
+
+  // Note: This doesn't apply to weights since there's a weird hack to convert
+  // values from [0, 31] to [0, 64].
+}
+
+// Make sure that bit quantization is monotonic with respect to the input,
+// since quantizing and dequantizing bits is a matter of truncation and bit
+// replication
+TEST(QuantizationTest, TestMonotonicBitPacking) {
+  for (int num_bits = 3; num_bits < 8; ++num_bits) {
+    const int range = (1 << num_bits) - 1;
+    int last_quant_val = -1;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+      const int quant_val = QuantizeCEValueToRange(i, range);
+      EXPECT_LE(last_quant_val, quant_val);
+      last_quant_val = quant_val;
+    }
+
+    // Also expect the last quantization val to be equal to the range
+    EXPECT_EQ(last_quant_val, range);
+
+    if (range <= kWeightRangeMaxValue) {
+      last_quant_val = -1;
+      for (int i = 0; i <= 64; ++i) {
+        const int quant_val = QuantizeWeightToRange(i, range);
+        EXPECT_LE(last_quant_val, quant_val);
+        last_quant_val = quant_val;
+      }
+      EXPECT_EQ(last_quant_val, range);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Make sure that bit quantization reflects that quantized values below the bit
+// replication threshold get mapped to zero
+TEST(QuantizationTest, TestSmallBitPacking) {
+  for (int num_bits = 1; num_bits <= 8; ++num_bits) {
+    const int range = (1 << num_bits) - 1;
+
+    // The largest number that should map to zero is one less than half of the
+    // smallest representation w.r.t. range. For example: if we have a range
+    // of 7, it means that we have 3 total bits abc for quantized values. If we
+    // unquantize to 8 bits, it means that our resulting value will be abcabcab.
+    // Hence, we map 000 to 0 and 001 to 0b00100100 = 36. The earliest value
+    // that should not map to zero with three bits is therefore 0b00001111 = 15.
+    // This ends up being (1 << (8 - 3 - 1)) - 1. We don't use 0b00011111 = 31
+    // because this would "round up" to 1 during quantization. This value is not
+    // necessarily the largest, but it is the largest that we can *guarantee*
+    // should map to zero.
+
+    if (range >= kEndpointRangeMinValue) {
+      constexpr int cev_bits = 8;
+      const int half_max_quant_bits = std::max(0, cev_bits - num_bits - 1);
+      const int largest_cev_to_zero = (1 << half_max_quant_bits) - 1;
+      EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeCEValueToRange(largest_cev_to_zero, range), 0)
+          << " Largest CEV to zero: " << largest_cev_to_zero
+          << " Range: " << range;
+    }
+
+    if (range <= kWeightRangeMaxValue) {
+      constexpr int weight_bits = 6;
+      const int half_max_quant_bits = std::max(0, weight_bits - num_bits - 1);
+      const int largest_weight_to_zero = (1 << half_max_quant_bits) - 1;
+      EXPECT_EQ(QuantizeWeightToRange(largest_weight_to_zero, range), 0)
+          << " Largest weight to zero: " << largest_weight_to_zero
+          << " Range: " << range;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Test specific quint and trit weight encodings with values that were obtained
+// using the reference ASTC codec.
+TEST(QuantizationTest, TestSpecificQuintTritPackings) {
+  std::vector<int> vals = { 4, 6, 4, 6, 7, 5, 7, 5 };
+  std::vector<int> quantized;
+
+  // Test a quint packing
+  std::transform(
+      vals.begin(), vals.end(), std::back_inserter(quantized),
+      std::bind(UnquantizeWeightFromRange, std::placeholders::_1, 9));
+  const std::vector<int> quintExpected = {14, 21, 14, 21, 43, 50, 43, 50 };
+  EXPECT_EQ(quantized, quintExpected);
+
+  // Test a trit packing
+  std::transform(
+      vals.begin(), vals.end(), quantized.begin(),
+      std::bind(UnquantizeWeightFromRange, std::placeholders::_1, 11));
+  const std::vector<int> tritExpected = { 5, 23, 5, 23, 41, 59, 41, 59 };
+  EXPECT_EQ(quantized, tritExpected);
+}
+
+// Make sure that we properly die when we pass in values below the minimum
+// allowed ranges for our quantization intervals.
+TEST(QuantizationDeathTest, TestInvalidMinRange) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < kEndpointRangeMinValue; ++i) {
+    EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeCEValueToRange(0, i), "");
+    EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(0, i), "");
+  }
+
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeWeightToRange(0, 0), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeWeightFromRange(0, 0), "");
+}
+
+// Make sure that we properly die when we pass in bogus values.
+TEST(QuantizationDeathTest, TestOutOfRange) {
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeCEValueToRange(-1, 10), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeCEValueToRange(256, 7), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeCEValueToRange(10000, 17), "");
+
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(-1, 10), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(8, 7), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(-1000, 17), "");
+
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeCEValueToRange(0, -7), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(0, -17), "");
+
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeCEValueToRange(0, 257), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeCEValueFromRange(0, 256), "");
+
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeWeightToRange(-1, 10), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeWeightToRange(256, 7), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeWeightToRange(10000, 17), "");
+
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeWeightFromRange(-1, 10), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeWeightFromRange(8, 7), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeWeightFromRange(-1000, 17), "");
+
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeWeightToRange(0, -7), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeWeightFromRange(0, -17), "");
+
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(QuantizeWeightToRange(0, 32), "");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(UnquantizeWeightFromRange(0, 64), "");
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/test/weight_infill_test.cc b/src/decoder/test/weight_infill_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79c7745
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/test/weight_infill_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/weight_infill.h"
+#include "src/decoder/footprint.h"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+// Make sure that the physical size of the bit representations for certain
+// dimensions of weight grids matches our expectations
+TEST(ASTCWeightInfillTest, TestGetBitCount) {
+  // Bit encodings
+  EXPECT_EQ(32, CountBitsForWeights(4, 4, 3));
+  EXPECT_EQ(48, CountBitsForWeights(4, 4, 7));
+  EXPECT_EQ(24, CountBitsForWeights(2, 4, 7));
+  EXPECT_EQ(8, CountBitsForWeights(2, 4, 1));
+
+  // Trit encodings
+  EXPECT_EQ(32, CountBitsForWeights(4, 5, 2));
+  EXPECT_EQ(26, CountBitsForWeights(4, 4, 2));
+  EXPECT_EQ(52, CountBitsForWeights(4, 5, 5));
+  EXPECT_EQ(42, CountBitsForWeights(4, 4, 5));
+
+  // Quint encodings
+  EXPECT_EQ(21, CountBitsForWeights(3, 3, 4));
+  EXPECT_EQ(38, CountBitsForWeights(4, 4, 4));
+  EXPECT_EQ(49, CountBitsForWeights(3, 7, 4));
+  EXPECT_EQ(52, CountBitsForWeights(4, 3, 19));
+  EXPECT_EQ(70, CountBitsForWeights(4, 4, 19));
+}
+
+// Make sure that we bilerp our weights properly
+TEST(ASTCWeightInfillTest, TestInfillBilerp) {
+  std::vector<int> weights = InfillWeights(
+      {{ 1, 3, 5, 3, 5, 7, 5, 7, 9 }}, Footprint::Get5x5(), 3, 3);
+
+  std::vector<int> expected_weights = {
+      1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
+      2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
+      3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+      4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
+      5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(weights.size(), expected_weights.size());
+  for (int i = 0; i < weights.size(); ++i) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(weights[i], expected_weights[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_4x4.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_4x4.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0dd080b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_4x4.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_4x4.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_4x4.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32412b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_4x4.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_5x5.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_5x5.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2831c90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_5x5.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_5x5.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_5x5.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95b0186
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_5x5.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_6x6.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_6x6.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2cc9c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_6x6.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_6x6.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_6x6.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..796812e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_6x6.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_8x8.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_8x8.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8805f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_8x8.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_8x8.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_8x8.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f92698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/atlas_small_8x8.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/checkerboard.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/checkerboard.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79acdca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/checkerboard.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_10.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_10.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3b1965
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_10.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_11.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_11.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c80c6a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_11.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_12.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_12.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a82583a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_12.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_4.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_4.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac60716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_4.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_5.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_5.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0389c53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_5.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_6.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_6.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..210dd34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_6.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_7.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_7.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ea10f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_7.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_8.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_8.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3708882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_8.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_9.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_9.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5c962a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/checkered_9.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x10.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x10.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6799cd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x10.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x10.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x10.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ded6ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x10.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x5.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x5.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbfe4f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x5.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x5.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x5.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68202f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x5.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x6.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x6.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53e37b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x6.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x6.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x6.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3dffe72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x6.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x8.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x8.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9613e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x8.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x8.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x8.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7d75f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_10x8.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x10.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x10.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54f5919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x10.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x10.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x10.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2007a3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x10.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x12.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x12.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d94d0a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x12.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x12.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x12.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57e24a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_12x12.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_4x4.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_4x4.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdf3cd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_4x4.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_4x4.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_4x4.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcb4e07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_4x4.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x4.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x4.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0683059
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x4.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x4.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x4.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cae5f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x4.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x5.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x5.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03c3395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x5.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x5.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x5.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5ddeec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_5x5.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x5.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x5.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0d455d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x5.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x5.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x5.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94a005d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x5.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x6.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x6.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47e038e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x6.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x6.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x6.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb1f41c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_6x6.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x5.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x5.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ef49d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x5.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x5.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x5.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d4f609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x5.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x6.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x6.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1135509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x6.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x6.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x6.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35e7121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x6.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x8.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x8.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdeb9c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x8.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x8.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x8.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b3a1c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/footprint_8x8.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_12x12.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_12x12.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc0fc3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_12x12.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_12x12.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_12x12.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50538de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_12x12.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_4x4.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_4x4.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84527d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_4x4.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_4x4.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_4x4.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fae4f91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_4x4.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_5x4.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_5x4.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..377938d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_5x4.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_5x4.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_5x4.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0c1fdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_5x4.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_6x6.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_6x6.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a70c0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_6x6.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_6x6.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_6x6.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1a5dcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_6x6.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_8x8.astc b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_8x8.astc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bca381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_8x8.astc
diff --git a/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_8x8.bmp b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_8x8.bmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12b6eb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/testdata/rgb_8x8.bmp
diff --git a/src/decoder/tools/astc_inspector_cli.cc b/src/decoder/tools/astc_inspector_cli.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..105f574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/tools/astc_inspector_cli.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,785 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// astc_inspector_cli collects the various statistics of a stream of ASTC data
+// stored in an ASTC file.
+//
+// Example usage:
+//   To dump statistics about an ASTC file, use:
+//     astc_inspector_cli <filename>
+//
+//   To dump statistics on a specific block in an ASTC file, use:
+//     astc_inspector_cli <filename> <number>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "src/base/string_utils.h"
+#include "src/decoder/astc_file.h"
+#include "src/decoder/endpoint_codec.h"
+#include "src/decoder/intermediate_astc_block.h"
+#include "src/decoder/partition.h"
+#include "src/decoder/quantization.h"
+#include "src/decoder/weight_infill.h"
+
+using astc_codec::ASTCFile;
+using astc_codec::ColorEndpointMode;
+using astc_codec::IntermediateBlockData;
+using astc_codec::PhysicalASTCBlock;
+using astc_codec::RgbaColor;
+using astc_codec::VoidExtentData;
+using astc_codec::base::Optional;
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr int kNumEndpointModes =
+    static_cast<int>(ColorEndpointMode::kNumColorEndpointModes);
+constexpr std::array<const char*, kNumEndpointModes> kModeStrings {{
+    "kLDRLumaDirect", "kLDRLumaBaseOffset", "kHDRLumaLargeRange",
+    "kHDRLumaSmallRange", "kLDRLumaAlphaDirect", "kLDRLumaAlphaBaseOffset",
+    "kLDRRGBBaseScale", "kHDRRGBBaseScale", "kLDRRGBDirect",
+    "kLDRRGBBaseOffset", "kLDRRGBBaseScaleTwoA", "kHDRRGBDirect",
+    "kLDRRGBADirect", "kLDRRGBABaseOffset", "kHDRRGBDirectLDRAlpha",
+    "kHDRRGBDirectHDRAlpha" }};
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// A generic stat that should be tracked via an instance of ASTCFileStats.
+class Stat {
+ public:
+  explicit Stat(const std::vector<IntermediateBlockData>* blocks, size_t total)
+      : blocks_(blocks), total_(total) { }
+  virtual ~Stat() { }
+
+  virtual std::ostream& PrintToStream(std::ostream& out) const = 0;
+
+ protected:
+  // Utility function to iterate over all of the blocks that are not void-extent
+  // blocks. FoldFn optionally allows a value to accumulate. It should be of the
+  // type:
+  //   (const IntermediateBlockData&, T x) -> T
+  template<typename T, typename FoldFn>
+  T IterateBlocks(T initial, FoldFn f) const {
+    T result = initial;
+    for (const auto& block : *blocks_) {
+      result = f(block, std::move(result));
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  size_t NumBlocks() const { return total_; }
+
+ private:
+  const std::vector<IntermediateBlockData>* const blocks_;
+  const size_t total_;
+};
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// Computes the number of void extent blocks.
+class VoidExtentCount : public Stat {
+ public:
+  VoidExtentCount(const std::vector<IntermediateBlockData>* blocks,
+                  size_t total, std::string description)
+      : Stat(blocks, total), description_(std::move(description)),
+        count_(total - blocks->size()) { }
+
+  std::ostream& PrintToStream(std::ostream& out) const override {
+    return out << description_ << ": " << count_
+               << " (" << (count_ * 100 / NumBlocks())  << "%)" << std::endl;
+  };
+
+ private:
+  const std::string description_;
+  const size_t count_;
+};
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// Computes a per-block stat and reports it as an average over all blocks.
+class PerBlockAverage : public Stat {
+ public:
+  PerBlockAverage(const std::vector<IntermediateBlockData>* blocks,
+                  size_t total, std::string description,
+                  const std::function<int(const IntermediateBlockData&)> &fn)
+      : Stat(blocks, total),
+        description_(std::move(description)) {
+    int sum = 0;
+    size_t count = 0;
+    for (const auto& block : *blocks) {
+      sum += fn(block);
+      ++count;
+    }
+    average_ = sum / count;
+  }
+
+  std::ostream& PrintToStream(std::ostream& out) const override {
+    return out << description_ << ": " << average_ << std::endl;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  size_t average_;
+  std::string description_;
+};
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// Computes a per-block true or false value and reports how many blocks return
+// true with a percentage of total blocks.
+class PerBlockPredicate : public Stat {
+ public:
+  PerBlockPredicate(const std::vector<IntermediateBlockData>* blocks,
+                    size_t total, std::string description,
+                    const std::function<bool(const IntermediateBlockData&)> &fn)
+      : Stat(blocks, total),
+        description_(std::move(description)),
+        count_(std::count_if(blocks->begin(), blocks->end(), fn)) { }
+
+  std::ostream& PrintToStream(std::ostream& out) const override {
+    return out << description_ << ": " << count_
+               << " (" << (count_ * 100 / NumBlocks())  << "%)" << std::endl;
+  };
+
+ private:
+  const std::string description_;
+  const size_t count_;
+};
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// Returns a histogram of the number of occurrences of each endpoint mode in
+// the list of blocks. Note, due to multi-subset blocks, the sum of these
+// values will not match the total number of blocks.
+class ModeCountsStat : public Stat {
+ public:
+  explicit ModeCountsStat(const std::vector<IntermediateBlockData>* blocks,
+                          size_t total)
+      : Stat(blocks, total),
+        mode_counts_(IterateBlocks<ModeArray>(
+            {}, [](const IntermediateBlockData& data, ModeArray&& m) {
+              auto result = m;
+              for (const auto& ep : data.endpoints) {
+                result[static_cast<int>(ep.mode)]++;
+              }
+              return result;
+            })) { }
+
+  std::ostream& PrintToStream(std::ostream& out) const override {
+    const size_t total_modes_used =
+        std::accumulate(mode_counts_.begin(), mode_counts_.end(), 0);
+
+    out << "Endpoint modes used: " << std::endl;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumEndpointModes; ++i) {
+      out << "  ";
+      out << std::setw(30) << std::left << std::setfill('.') << kModeStrings[i];
+      out << std::setw(8) << std::right << std::setfill('.') << mode_counts_[i];
+
+      std::stringstream pct;
+      pct << " (" << (mode_counts_[i] * 100 / total_modes_used) << "%)";
+
+      out << std::setw(6) << std::right << std::setfill(' ') << pct.str();
+      out << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    return out;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  using ModeArray = std::array<int, kNumEndpointModes>;
+  const ModeArray mode_counts_;
+};
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// Counts the number of unique endpoints used across all blocks.
+class UniqueEndpointsCount : public Stat {
+ public:
+  explicit UniqueEndpointsCount(
+      const std::vector<IntermediateBlockData>* blocks, size_t total)
+      : Stat(blocks, total),
+        unique_endpoints_(IterateBlocks<UniqueEndpointSet>(
+            UniqueEndpointSet(),
+            [](const IntermediateBlockData& data, UniqueEndpointSet&& eps) {
+              UniqueEndpointSet result(eps);
+              for (const auto& ep : data.endpoints) {
+                RgbaColor ep_one, ep_two;
+                DecodeColorsForMode(ep.colors, data.endpoint_range.value(),
+                                    ep.mode, &ep_one, &ep_two);
+                result.insert(PackEndpoint(ep_one));
+                result.insert(PackEndpoint(ep_two));
+              }
+              return result;
+            })) { }
+
+  std::ostream& PrintToStream(std::ostream& out) const override {
+    out << "Num unique endpoints: " << unique_endpoints_.size() << std::endl;
+    return out;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static uint32_t PackEndpoint(const RgbaColor& color) {
+    uint32_t result = 0;
+    for (const int& c : color) {
+      constexpr int kSaturatedChannelValue = 0xFF;
+      assert(c >= 0);
+      assert(c <= kSaturatedChannelValue);
+      result <<= 8;
+      result |= c;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  using UniqueEndpointSet = std::unordered_set<uint32_t>;
+  const UniqueEndpointSet unique_endpoints_;
+};
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// Computes a histogram of the number of occurrences of 1-4 subset partitions.
+class PartitionCountStat : public Stat {
+ public:
+  explicit PartitionCountStat(const std::vector<IntermediateBlockData>* blocks,
+                              size_t total)
+      : Stat(blocks, total)
+      , part_counts_(IterateBlocks<PartCount>(
+          {}, [](const IntermediateBlockData& data, PartCount&& m) {
+            PartCount result = m;
+            result[data.endpoints.size() - 1]++;
+            return result;
+          })) { }
+
+  std::ostream& PrintToStream(std::ostream& out) const override {
+    out << "Num partitions used: " << std::endl;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < part_counts_.size(); ++i) {
+      out << "  " << i + 1 << ": " << part_counts_[i] << std::endl;
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  using PartCount = std::array<int, 4>;
+  const PartCount part_counts_;
+};
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// For each block that uses dual-plane mode, computes and stores the dual-plane
+// channels in a vector. Outputs the number of each channel used across all
+// blocks
+class DualChannelStat : public Stat {
+ private:
+  static constexpr auto kNumDualPlaneChannels =
+    std::tuple_size<astc_codec::Endpoint>::value;
+  using CountsArray = std::array<int, kNumDualPlaneChannels>;
+
+ public:
+  explicit DualChannelStat(const std::vector<IntermediateBlockData>* blocks,
+                           size_t total)
+      : Stat(blocks, total),
+        dual_channels_(IterateBlocks(
+            std::vector<int>(),
+            [](const IntermediateBlockData& data, std::vector<int>&& input) {
+              auto result = input;
+              if (data.dual_plane_channel) {
+                result.push_back(data.dual_plane_channel.value());
+              }
+              return result;
+            })) { }
+
+  std::ostream& PrintToStream(std::ostream& out) const override {
+    // Similar to the number of partitions, the number of dual plane blocks
+    // can be determined by parsing the next four fields and summing them.
+    const int num_dual_plane_blocks = dual_channels_.size();
+    out << "Number of dual-plane blocks: " << num_dual_plane_blocks
+        << " (" << (num_dual_plane_blocks * 100) / NumBlocks() << "%)"
+        << std::endl;
+
+    CountsArray counts = GetCounts();
+    assert(counts.size() == kNumDualPlaneChannels);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < counts.size(); ++i) {
+      out << "  " << i << ": " << counts[i] << std::endl;
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  CountsArray GetCounts() const {
+    CountsArray counts;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumDualPlaneChannels; ++i) {
+      counts[i] =
+          std::count_if(dual_channels_.begin(), dual_channels_.end(),
+                        [i](int channel) { return i == channel; });
+    }
+    return counts;
+  }
+
+  const std::vector<int> dual_channels_;
+};
+
+
+// Stores the intermediate block representations of the blocks associated with
+// an ASTCFile. Also provides various facilities for extracting aggregate data
+// from these blocks.
+class ASTCFileStats {
+ public:
+  explicit ASTCFileStats(const std::unique_ptr<ASTCFile>& astc_file) {
+    const size_t total = astc_file->NumBlocks();
+
+    for (size_t block_idx = 0; block_idx < astc_file->NumBlocks(); ++block_idx) {
+      const PhysicalASTCBlock pb = astc_file->GetBlock(block_idx);
+      assert(!pb.IsIllegalEncoding());
+      if (pb.IsIllegalEncoding()) {
+        std::cerr << "WARNING: Block " << block_idx << " has illegal encoding." << std::endl;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (!pb.IsVoidExtent()) {
+        Optional<IntermediateBlockData> block = UnpackIntermediateBlock(pb);
+        if (!block) {
+          std::cerr << "WARNING: Block " << block_idx << " failed to unpack." << std::endl;
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        blocks_.push_back(block.value());
+      }
+    }
+
+    stats_.emplace_back(new UniqueEndpointsCount(&blocks_, total));
+    stats_.emplace_back(new VoidExtentCount(
+        &blocks_, total, "Num void extent blocks"));
+
+    stats_.emplace_back(new PerBlockAverage(
+        &blocks_, total, "Average weight range",
+        [](const IntermediateBlockData& b) { return b.weight_range; }));
+
+    stats_.emplace_back(new PerBlockAverage(
+        &blocks_, total, "Average number of weights",
+        [](const IntermediateBlockData& b) { return b.weights.size(); }));
+
+    stats_.emplace_back(new PerBlockPredicate(
+        &blocks_, total, "Num blocks that use blue contract mode",
+        [](const IntermediateBlockData& block) {
+          for (const auto& ep : block.endpoints) {
+            if (UsesBlueContract(
+                    block.endpoint_range.valueOr(255), ep.mode, ep.colors)) {
+              return true;
+            }
+          }
+
+          return false;
+        }));
+
+    stats_.emplace_back(new ModeCountsStat(&blocks_, total));
+
+    stats_.emplace_back(new PerBlockPredicate(
+        &blocks_, total, "Num multi-part blocks",
+        [](const IntermediateBlockData& block) {
+          return block.endpoints.size() > 1;
+        }));
+    stats_.emplace_back(new PartitionCountStat(&blocks_, total));
+
+    stats_.emplace_back(new DualChannelStat(&blocks_, total));
+  }
+
+  // Returns a sorted list of pairs of the form (part_id, count) where the
+  // |part_id| is the partition ID used for 2-subset blocks, and |count| is the
+  // number of times that particular ID was used.
+  std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> ComputePartIDHistogram() const {
+    std::vector<int> part_ids(1 << 11, 0);
+    std::iota(part_ids.begin(), part_ids.end(), 0);
+
+    // The histogram will then pair IDs with counts so that we can sort by
+    // the number of instances later on.
+    std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> part_id_histogram;
+    std::transform(part_ids.begin(), part_ids.end(),
+                   std::back_inserter(part_id_histogram),
+                   [](const int& x) { return std::make_pair(x, 0); });
+
+    // Actually count the IDs in the list of blocks.
+    for (const auto& block : blocks_) {
+      if (block.endpoints.size() == 2) {
+        const int id = block.partition_id.value();
+        assert(part_id_histogram[id].first == id);
+        part_id_histogram[id].second++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    struct OrderBySecondGreater {
+      typedef std::pair<int, int> PairType;
+        bool operator()(const PairType& lhs, const PairType& rhs) {
+          return lhs.second > rhs.second;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Sort by descending numbers of occurrence for each partition ID
+    std::sort(part_id_histogram.begin(), part_id_histogram.end(),
+              OrderBySecondGreater());
+
+    return part_id_histogram;
+  }
+
+  // Weights range from 2x2 - 12x12. For simplicity define buckets for every
+  // pair in [0, 12]^2.
+  constexpr static int kResolutionBuckets = 13;
+  // Returns a linear array of buckets over all pairs of grid resolutions,
+  // x-major in memory.
+  std::vector<int> ComputeWeightResolutionHistogram() const {
+    // Allocate one bucket for every grid resolution.
+    std::vector<int> resolution_histogram(
+        kResolutionBuckets * kResolutionBuckets, 0);
+
+    // Count the weight resolutions in the list of blocks.
+    for (const auto& block : blocks_) {
+      const int dim_x = block.weight_grid_dim_x;
+      const int dim_y = block.weight_grid_dim_y;
+      assert(dim_x > 0);
+      assert(dim_x < kResolutionBuckets);
+      assert(dim_y > 0);
+      assert(dim_y < kResolutionBuckets);
+      ++resolution_histogram[dim_x + dim_y * kResolutionBuckets];
+    }
+
+    return resolution_histogram;
+  }
+
+  // Runs through each defined statistic and prints it out to stdout. Also
+  // prints a histogram of partition ids used for the given blocks.
+  void PrintStats() const {
+    for (const auto& stat : stats_) {
+      stat->PrintToStream(std::cout);
+    }
+
+    // We also want to find if there are any 2-subset partition IDs that are
+    // used disproportionately often. Since partition IDs are 11 bits long, we
+    // can have as many as (1 << 11) used IDs in a given sequence of blocks.
+    const auto part_id_histogram = ComputePartIDHistogram();
+    const int total_part_ids = std::accumulate(
+        part_id_histogram.begin(), part_id_histogram.end(), 0,
+        [](const int& x, const std::pair<int, int>& hist) {
+          return x + hist.second;
+        });
+
+    if (total_part_ids > 0) {
+      // Display numbers until we either:
+      //   A. Display the top 90% of used partitions
+      //   B. Reach a point where the remaining partition IDs constitute < 1% of
+      //      the total number of IDs used.
+      const auto prepare_part_entry = []() -> std::ostream& {
+        return std::cout << std::setw(6) << std::left << std::setfill('.');
+      };
+      int part_accum = 0;
+      std::cout << "Two subset partition ID histogram: " << std::endl;
+      std::cout << "  ";
+      prepare_part_entry() << "ID" << "Count" << std::endl;
+      for (const auto& hist : part_id_histogram) {
+        part_accum += hist.second;
+        if ((hist.second * 100 / total_part_ids) < 1 ||
+            (100 * (total_part_ids - part_accum)) / total_part_ids < 10) {
+          const int num_to_display = (total_part_ids - part_accum);
+          std::cout << "  rest: " << num_to_display
+                    << " (" << (num_to_display * 100 / total_part_ids)
+                    << "%)" << std::endl;
+          break;
+        } else {
+          std::cout << "  ";
+          prepare_part_entry() << hist.first << hist.second
+                               << " (" << (hist.second * 100 / total_part_ids)
+                               << "%)" << std::endl;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Build the 2D histogram of resolutions.
+    std::vector<int> weight_histogram = ComputeWeightResolutionHistogram();
+    // Labels the weight resolution table.
+    std::cout << "Weight resolutions:" << std::endl;
+    const auto prepare_weight_entry = []() -> std::ostream& {
+      return std::cout << std::setw(6) << std::left << std::setfill(' ');
+    };
+    prepare_weight_entry() << "H W";
+    for (int resolution_x = 2; resolution_x < kResolutionBuckets;
+         ++resolution_x) {
+      prepare_weight_entry() << resolution_x;
+    }
+    std::cout << std::endl;
+
+    // Displays table; skips rows/cols {0, 1} since they will always be empty.
+    for (int resolution_y = 2; resolution_y < kResolutionBuckets;
+         ++resolution_y) {
+      prepare_weight_entry() << resolution_y;
+      for (int resolution_x = 2; resolution_x < kResolutionBuckets;
+           ++resolution_x) {
+        const int count =
+            weight_histogram[resolution_x + resolution_y * kResolutionBuckets];
+        prepare_weight_entry();
+        if (!count) {
+          std::cout << "*";
+        } else {
+          std::cout << count;
+        }
+      }
+      std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+  }
+
+  size_t NumBlocks() const { return blocks_.size(); }
+
+ private:
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Stat>> stats_;
+  std::vector<IntermediateBlockData> blocks_;
+};
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& stream, const RgbaColor& color) {
+  stream << "{";
+  constexpr int kNumChannels = std::tuple_size<RgbaColor>::value;
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+    stream << color[i];
+    if (i < (kNumChannels - 1)) {
+      stream << ", ";
+    }
+  }
+  return stream << "}";
+}
+
+void PrintStatsForBlock(const PhysicalASTCBlock& pb,
+                        astc_codec::Footprint footprint) {
+  const auto print_void_extent = [&pb](const VoidExtentData& void_extent_data) {
+    std::cout << "Void extent block:" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "  16-bit RGBA: {"
+              << void_extent_data.r << ", "
+              << void_extent_data.g << ", "
+              << void_extent_data.b << ", "
+              << void_extent_data.a << "}" << std::endl;
+    if (pb.VoidExtentCoords()) {
+      std::cout << "  Extent (S): {"
+                << void_extent_data.coords[0] << ", "
+                << void_extent_data.coords[1] << "}" << std::endl;
+      std::cout << "  Extent (T): {"
+                << void_extent_data.coords[2] << ", "
+                << void_extent_data.coords[3] << "}" << std::endl;
+    } else {
+      std::cout << "  No valid extent data" << std::endl;
+    }
+  };
+
+  const auto print_endpoint_data =
+      [](ColorEndpointMode mode, int endpoint_range,
+         const std::vector<int>& encoded_vals) {
+    std::cout << "  Endpoint mode: "
+              << kModeStrings[static_cast<int>(mode)] << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "  Uses blue-contract mode: "
+              << (UsesBlueContract(endpoint_range, mode, encoded_vals)
+                  ? "true" : "false")
+              << std::endl;
+
+    RgbaColor endpoint_low, endpoint_high;
+    DecodeColorsForMode(encoded_vals, endpoint_range, mode,
+                        &endpoint_low, &endpoint_high);
+
+    std::cout << "  Low endpoint: " << endpoint_low << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "  High endpoint: " << endpoint_high << std::endl;
+  };
+
+  const auto print_color_data =
+      [&print_endpoint_data, &footprint](const IntermediateBlockData& ib_data) {
+    const int endpoint_range = ib_data.endpoint_range.value();
+    std::cout << "Endpoint range: " << endpoint_range << std::endl;
+
+    const int num_parts = ib_data.endpoints.size();
+    if (ib_data.partition_id.hasValue()) {
+      const int part_id = ib_data.partition_id.value();
+      std::cout << "Parititon ID: " << part_id << std::endl;
+
+      const auto part = GetASTCPartition(footprint, num_parts, part_id);
+      assert(part.assignment.size() == footprint.Height() * footprint.Width());
+
+      std::cout << "Assignment:" << std::endl;
+      for (int y = 0; y < footprint.Height(); ++y) {
+        std::cout << " ";
+        for (int x = 0; x < footprint.Width(); ++x) {
+          const int texel_index = y * footprint.Width() + x;
+          std::cout << " " << part.assignment[texel_index];
+        }
+        std::cout << std::endl;
+      }
+    } else {
+      std::cout << "Single partition" << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    int endpoint_index = 0;
+    for (const auto& ep_data : ib_data.endpoints) {
+      if (num_parts == 1) {
+        std::cout << "Endpoints:" << std::endl;
+      } else {
+        std::cout << "Endpoint " << (endpoint_index++) << ": " << std::endl;
+      }
+      print_endpoint_data(ep_data.mode, endpoint_range, ep_data.colors);
+    }
+
+    if (ib_data.dual_plane_channel) {
+      std::cout << "Dual plane channel: "
+                << ib_data.dual_plane_channel.value() << std::endl;
+    } else {
+      std::cout << "Single plane" << std::endl;
+    }
+  };
+
+  const auto print_weight_data =
+      [&footprint](const IntermediateBlockData& ib_data) {
+    std::cout << "Weight grid dimensions: "
+              << ib_data.weight_grid_dim_x << "x" << ib_data.weight_grid_dim_y
+              << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Weight range: " << ib_data.weight_range << std::endl;
+
+    std::cout << "Encoded weight grid: " << std::endl;
+    int weight_idx = 0;
+    for (int j = 0; j < ib_data.weight_grid_dim_y; ++j) {
+      std::cout << "  ";
+      for (int i = 0; i < ib_data.weight_grid_dim_x; ++i) {
+        std::cout << std::setw(3) << std::left << std::setfill(' ')
+                  << ib_data.weights[weight_idx++];
+      }
+      std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    std::cout << "Actual weight grid: " << std::endl;
+    std::vector<int> actual_weights = ib_data.weights;
+    for (auto& weight : actual_weights) {
+      weight = astc_codec::UnquantizeWeightFromRange(
+          weight, ib_data.weight_range);
+    }
+
+    actual_weights = astc_codec::InfillWeights(
+        actual_weights, footprint, ib_data.weight_grid_dim_x,
+        ib_data.weight_grid_dim_y);
+
+    weight_idx = 0;
+    for (int j = 0; j < footprint.Height(); ++j) {
+      std::cout << "  ";
+      for (int i = 0; i < footprint.Width(); ++i) {
+        std::cout << std::setw(3) << std::left << std::setfill(' ')
+                  << actual_weights[weight_idx++];
+      }
+      std::cout << std::endl;
+    }
+  };
+
+  if (pb.IsVoidExtent()) {
+    Optional<VoidExtentData> ve = astc_codec::UnpackVoidExtent(pb);
+    if (!ve) {
+      std::cerr << "ERROR: Failed to unpack void extent block." << std::endl;
+    } else {
+      print_void_extent(ve.value());
+    }
+  } else {
+    Optional<IntermediateBlockData> ib =
+        astc_codec::UnpackIntermediateBlock(pb);
+    if (!ib) {
+      std::cerr << "ERROR: Failed to unpack intermediate block." << std::endl;
+    } else {
+      const auto& ib_data = ib.value();
+      print_color_data(ib_data);
+      print_weight_data(ib_data);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+  bool error = false;
+
+  std::string filename;
+  size_t block_index = 0;
+  bool has_block_index = false;
+
+  if (argc >= 2) {
+    filename = argv[1];
+
+    if (argc == 3) {
+      int32_t param = astc_codec::base::ParseInt32(argv[2], -1);
+      if (param < 0) {
+        std::cerr << "ERROR: Invalid block index." << std::endl;
+        error = true;
+      } else {
+        block_index = static_cast<size_t>(param);
+        has_block_index = true;
+      }
+    } else if (argc != 2) {
+      std::cerr << "ERROR: Too many parameters." << std::endl;
+      error = true;
+    }
+  } else {
+    error = true;
+  }
+
+  if (error) {
+    std::cout << ((argc >= 0) ? argv[0] : "astc_inspector_cli")
+              << " <filename> [<block index>]" << std::endl
+              << std::endl
+              << "Collects the various statistics of a stream of ASTC data "
+              << "stored in an ASTC file." << std::endl
+              << std::endl
+              << "    filename        ASTC file path." << std::endl
+              << "    block index     If specified, show detailed information about a block"
+              << std::endl;
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  std::string error_string;
+  std::unique_ptr<ASTCFile> astc_file = ASTCFile::LoadFile(argv[1], &error_string);
+  if (!astc_file) {
+    std::cerr << "ERROR: " << error_string << std::endl;
+    return 2;
+  }
+
+  if (has_block_index) {
+    Optional<astc_codec::Footprint> footprint =
+        astc_codec::Footprint::Parse(astc_file->GetFootprintString().c_str());
+    if (!footprint) {
+      std::cerr << "ERROR: Invalid footprint \"" << astc_file->GetFootprintString() << "\"" << std::endl;
+      return 3;
+    }
+
+    PrintStatsForBlock(astc_file->GetBlock(block_index), footprint.value());
+  } else {
+    std::cout << "Dimensions: " << astc_file->GetWidth() << "x"
+              << astc_file->GetHeight() << ", depth " << astc_file->GetDepth()
+              << std::endl;
+
+    ASTCFileStats stats(astc_file);
+
+    std::cout << std::endl
+              << "Total bits used: " << 128 * astc_file->NumBlocks()
+              << " (" << astc_file->NumBlocks() << " blocks, "
+              << (astc_file->NumBlocks() * 16) << " bytes)"
+              << std::endl << std::endl;
+
+    stats.PrintStats();
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/decoder/types.h b/src/decoder/types.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..728d5ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/types.h
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_ASTC_TYPES_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_ASTC_TYPES_H_
+
+#include <array>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// The color endpoint mode determines how the values encoded in the ASTC block
+// are interpreted in order to create the RGBA values for the given endpoint
+// pair. The order of this enum is required to match the ASTC specification in
+// Section C.2.14.
+enum class ColorEndpointMode {
+  kLDRLumaDirect = 0,
+  kLDRLumaBaseOffset,
+  kHDRLumaLargeRange,
+  kHDRLumaSmallRange,
+  kLDRLumaAlphaDirect,
+  kLDRLumaAlphaBaseOffset,
+  kLDRRGBBaseScale,
+  kHDRRGBBaseScale,
+  kLDRRGBDirect,
+  kLDRRGBBaseOffset,
+  kLDRRGBBaseScaleTwoA,
+  kHDRRGBDirect,
+  kLDRRGBADirect,
+  kLDRRGBABaseOffset,
+  kHDRRGBDirectLDRAlpha,
+  kHDRRGBDirectHDRAlpha,
+
+  // The total number of color endpoints defined by the ASTC specification.
+  // This isn't a specific endpoint mode and its sole purpose is to be used
+  // as a constant number.
+  kNumColorEndpointModes
+};
+
+// Returns the class for the given mode as defined in Section C.2.11.
+constexpr int EndpointModeClass(ColorEndpointMode mode) {
+  return static_cast<int>(mode) / 4;
+}
+
+// Returns the number of encoded color values for the given endpoint mode. The
+// number of encoded color values and their range determines the size of the
+// color data in a physical ASTC block. This information is taken from
+// Section C.2.17 of the ASTC specification.
+constexpr int NumColorValuesForEndpointMode(ColorEndpointMode mode) {
+  return (EndpointModeClass(mode) + 1) * 2;
+}
+
+// We define a number of convenience types here that give more logical meaning
+// throughout the ASTC utilities.
+using RgbColor = std::array<int, 3>;
+using RgbaColor = std::array<int, 4>;
+using Endpoint = RgbaColor;
+using EndpointPair = std::pair<Endpoint, Endpoint>;
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_ASTC_TYPES_H_
diff --git a/src/decoder/weight_infill.cc b/src/decoder/weight_infill.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62909aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/weight_infill.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/decoder/weight_infill.h"
+#include "src/decoder/integer_sequence_codec.h"
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <utility>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+namespace {
+
+// The following functions are based on Section C.2.18 of the ASTC specification
+int GetScaleFactorD(int block_dim) {
+  return static_cast<int>((1024.f + static_cast<float>(block_dim >> 1)) /
+                          static_cast<float>(block_dim - 1));
+}
+
+std::pair<int, int> GetGridSpaceCoordinates(
+    Footprint footprint, int s, int t, int weight_dim_x, int weight_dim_y) {
+  const int ds = GetScaleFactorD(footprint.Width());
+  const int dt = GetScaleFactorD(footprint.Height());
+
+  const int cs = ds * s;
+  const int ct = dt * t;
+
+  const int gs = (cs * (weight_dim_x - 1) + 32) >> 6;
+  const int gt = (ct * (weight_dim_y - 1) + 32) >> 6;
+
+  assert(gt < 1 << 8);
+  assert(gs < 1 << 8);
+
+  return std::make_pair(gs, gt);
+}
+
+// Returns the weight-grid values that are to be used for bilinearly
+// interpolating the weight to its final value. If the returned value
+// is equal to weight_dim_x * weight_dim_y, it may be ignored.
+std::array<int, 4> BilerpGridPointsForWeight(
+    const std::pair<int, int>& grid_space_coords, int weight_dim_x) {
+  const int js = grid_space_coords.first >> 4;
+  const int jt = grid_space_coords.second >> 4;
+
+  std::array<int, 4> result;
+  result[0] = js + weight_dim_x * jt;
+  result[1] = js + weight_dim_x * jt + 1;
+  result[2] = js + weight_dim_x * (jt + 1);
+  result[3] = js + weight_dim_x * (jt + 1) + 1;
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+std::array<int, 4> BilerpGridPointFactorsForWeight(
+    const std::pair<int, int>& grid_space_coords) {
+  const int fs = grid_space_coords.first & 0xF;
+  const int ft = grid_space_coords.second & 0xF;
+
+  std::array<int, 4> result;
+  result[3] = (fs * ft + 8) >> 4;
+  result[2] = ft - result[3];
+  result[1] = fs - result[3];
+  result[0] = 16 - fs - ft + result[3];
+
+  assert(result[0] <= 16);
+  assert(result[1] <= 16);
+  assert(result[2] <= 16);
+  assert(result[3] <= 16);
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+int CountBitsForWeights(int weight_dim_x, int weight_dim_y,
+                        int target_weight_range) {
+  int num_weights = weight_dim_x * weight_dim_y;
+  return IntegerSequenceCodec::
+      GetBitCountForRange(num_weights, target_weight_range);
+}
+
+std::vector<int> InfillWeights(const std::vector<int>& weights,
+                               Footprint footprint, int dim_x, int dim_y) {
+  std::vector<int> result;
+  result.reserve(footprint.NumPixels());
+  for (int t = 0; t < footprint.Height(); ++t) {
+    for (int s = 0; s < footprint.Width(); ++s) {
+      const auto grid_space_coords =
+          GetGridSpaceCoordinates(footprint, s, t, dim_x, dim_y);
+      const auto grid_pts =
+          BilerpGridPointsForWeight(grid_space_coords, dim_x);
+      const auto grid_factors =
+          BilerpGridPointFactorsForWeight(grid_space_coords);
+
+      int weight = 0;
+      for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+        if (grid_pts[i] < dim_x * dim_y) {
+          weight += weights.at(grid_pts[i]) * grid_factors[i];
+        }
+      }
+      result.push_back((weight + 8) >> 4);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
diff --git a/src/decoder/weight_infill.h b/src/decoder/weight_infill.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a09d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/decoder/weight_infill.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_WEIGHT_INFILL_H_
+#define ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_WEIGHT_INFILL_H_
+
+#include "src/decoder/footprint.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace astc_codec {
+
+// Returns the number of bits used to represent the weight grid at the target
+// dimensions and weight range.
+int CountBitsForWeights(int weight_dim_x, int weight_dim_y,
+                        int target_weight_range);
+
+// Performs weight infill of a grid of weights of size |dim_x * dim_y|. The
+// weights are fit using the algorithm laid out in Section C.2.18 of the ASTC
+// specification. Weights are expected to be passed unquantized and the returned
+// grid will be unquantized as well (i.e. each weight within the range [0, 64]).
+std::vector<int> InfillWeights(const std::vector<int>& weights,
+                               Footprint footprint, int dim_x, int dim_y);
+
+}  // namespace astc_codec
+
+#endif  // ASTC_CODEC_DECODER_WEIGHT_INFILL_H_